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简介：Liberalism is an innovative introductory textbook exploring the dominant discourse of contemporary political theory and the core ideas that underpin it. Despite the ubiquity of liberalism there remains considerable disagreement about what contemporary political liberals believe. This book distinguishes modern political liberalism from earlier manifestations of the concept, yet shows how contemporary liberalism is derived from a long-standing historical tradition that includes John Locke, Immanuel Kant and J.S. Mill. Contemporary liberalism combines ideas from this historical tradition to make a political theory that places at its heart the equal treatment of each person. Paul Kelly provides an overview of the basic building blocks of contemporary liberalism - contractarianism, impartiality, justice and freedom, - and introduces students to the ideas of its key theorists John Rawls, Brian Barry and Ronald Dworkin. He goes on to consider three major challenges facing liberalism today and concludes with a defence of the continuing relevance of political liberalism in the contemporary world.

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简介：　　In 1784, the German newspaper "Berlinische Monatsschrift" asked its audience to reply to the question "What is Enlightenment?" Immanuel Kant took the opportunity to investigate the purported truths and assumptions of his age. Two hundred years later, Michel Foucault wrote a response to Kant's initial essay, positioning Kant as the initiator of the discourse and critique of modernity. "The Politics of Truth" takes this initial encounter between Foucault and Kant, as a framework for its selection of unpublished essays and transcripts of lectures Foucault gave in America and France between 1978 and 1984, the year of his death. Ranging from reflections on the Enlightenment and revolution to a consideration of the Frankfurt School, this collection offers insight into the topics preoccupying Foucault as he worked on what would be his last body of published work, the three-volume "History of Sexuality." It also offers what is in a sense the most "American" moment of Foucault's thinking, for it was in America that he realized the necessity of tying his own thought to that of the Frankfurt School.　　

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简介：Immanuel Kant famously said that he was awoken from his "dogmatic slumbers," and led to question the possibility of metaphysics, by David Hume's doubts about causation. Because of this, many philosophers have viewed Hume's influence on Kant as limited to metaphysics. More recently, some philosophers have questioned whether even Kant's metaphysics was really motivated by Hume. In Knowledge, Reason, and Taste, renowned Kant scholar Paul Guyer challenges both of these views. He argues that Kant's entire philosophy - including his moral philosophy, aesthetics, and teleology, as well as his metaphysics - can fruitfully be read as an engagement with Hume. In this book, the first to describe and assess Hume's influence throughout Kant's philosophy, Guyer shows where Kant agrees or disagrees with Hume, and where Kant does or doesn't appear to resolve Hume's doubts. In doing so, Guyer examines the progress both Kant and Hume made on enduring questions about causes, objects, selves, taste, moral principles and motivations, and purpose and design in nature. Finally, Guyer looks at questions Kant and Hume left open to their successors. - Dust jacket.

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简介： Rescued in 1972 from a storeroom in which rats and seeping water had severely damaged the fifty-year-old manuscript, this text is the earliest major work (1919-1921) of the great Russian philosopher M. M. Bakhtin. Toward a Philosophy of the Actcontains the first occurrences of themes that occupied Bakhtin throughout his long career. The topics of authoring, responsibility, self and other, the moral significance of "outsideness," participatory thinking, the implications for the individual subject of having "no-alibi in existence," the difference between the world as experienced in actions and the world as represented in discourse--all are broached here in the heat of discovery. This is the "heart of the heart" of Bakhtin, the center of the dialogue between being and language, the world and mind, "the given" and "the created" that forms the core of Bakhtin's distinctive dialogism. A special feature of this work is Bakhtin's struggle with the philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Put very simply, this text is an attempt to go beyond Kant's formulation of the ethical imperative. mci will be important for scholars across the humanities as they grapple with the increasingly vexed relationship between aesthetics and ethics.

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简介：　　A philosophical exploration of J.R.R. Tolkien's beloved classic--just in time for the December 2012 release of Peter Jackson's new film adaptation, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey J.R.R. Tolkien's The Hobbit is one of the best-loved fantasy books of all time and the enchanting "prequel" to The Lord of the Rings. With the help of some of history's great philosophers, this book ponders a host of deep questions raised in this timeless tale, such as: Are adventures simply "nasty, disturbing, uncomfortable things" that "make you late for dinner," or are they exciting and potentially life-changing events? What duties do friends have to one another? Should mercy be extended even to those who deserve to die? * Gives you new insights into The Hobbit's central characters, including Bilbo Baggins, Gandalf, Gollum, and Thorin and their exploits, from the Shire through Mirkwood to the Lonely Mountain * Explores key questions about The Hobbit's story and themes, including: Was the Arkenstone really Bilbo's to give? How should Smaug's treasure have been distributed? Did Thorin leave his "beautiful golden harp" at Bag-End when he headed out into the Wild? (If so, how much could we get for that on eBay?) * Draws on the insights of some of the world's deepest thinkers, from Confucius, Plato, and Aristotle to Immanuel Kant, William Blake, and contemporary American philosopher Thomas Nagel From the happy halls of Elrond's Last Homely House to Gollum's "slimy island of rock," The Hobbit and Philosophy is a must read for longtime Tolkien fans as well as those discovering Bilbo Baggins and his adventures "there and back again" for the first time.　　

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简介：Summary: Publisher Summary 1 Defining "a priori knowledge" as the concept of nonexperiential justification in epistemology, Casullo (philosophy, U. of Nebraska at Lincoln) summarizes the arguments between those who believe in the a priori versus those who don't. Operating within the conceptual framework proposed by Immanuel Kant, he argues that proponents of the a priori need to more fully articulate their claims and provide empirical supporting evidence. Finally he examines the relationships between the a priori, the necessary, and the analytic. Annotation (c) Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)   Publisher Summary 2 The major divide in contemporary epistemology is between those who embrace and those who reject a priori knowledge. Albert Casullo provides a systematic treatment of the primary epistemological issues associated with the controversy. By freeing the a priori from traditional assumptions about the nature of knowledge and justification, he offers a novel approach to resolving these issues which assigns a prominent role to empirical evidence. He concludes by arguing that traditional approaches to the a priori, which focus primarily on the concepts of necessity and analyticity, are misguided.  

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简介：An updated edition (first, 1986) of an anthology for a course in international relations. The 52 contributions include short pieces and excerpts from the work of Thucydides, Margaret Mead, Immanuel Kant, and many others and are divided into four sections: morality and politics; method and theory; foreign policy and global conflict; and peace. Lacks an index. Annotation c. by Book News, Inc., Portland, Or.

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简介：This book introduces the moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant-in particular, the concepts of autonomy, dignity, and character-to economic theory, explaining the importance of integrating these two streams of intellectual thought. Mainstream economics is rooted in classical utilitarianism, recommending that decision makers choose the options that are expected to generate the largest net benefits. For individuals, the standard economic model fails to incorporate the role of principles in decision-making, and also denies the possibility of true choice, which can be independent of preferences and principles altogether. For policymakers, standard decision-making frameworks recommend tradeoffs that are beneficial in terms of material goods or wealth, but may be morally questionable from a more person-centered perspective. Integrating Kantian ethics affects economics in three important ways. This integration allows for a more complete understanding of human choice, incorporating not just preferences and constraints, but also principles and strength of will or character. It demonstrates the broader impact of welfare economics, which generates policies that affect not only persons' well-being, but also their dignity and autonomy. Finally, it reconciles the traditional, individualist stance in economic models of choice with the social responsibility emphasized by many systems of philosophical ethics and heterodox schools of economics.

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简介：Summary: Publisher Summary 1 While Giuseppe Mazzini (1895-72) is well remembered as a leading figure of the Italian Risorgimento (the political consolidation of the modern Italian state), the importance and influence of his political writings on democracy, national self-determination, and other issues has been not as well understood in the Anglo-American world, perhaps because many of his most seminal writings have never been translated into English. Rechhia (a doctoral candidate in political science at Columbia U.) and Urbinati (contemporary civilization and political theory, Columbia U.) here encourage the rediscovery of Mazzini's political thought by presenting 22 of his most significant essays, about half of which are newly translated from the original Italian or French (the others were originally written in English by Mazzini himself or originally translated under his supervision and are presented with only minor editorial interventions concerning sentence structure or spelling). The writings, spanning the years 1831 to 1871, address Mazzini's conceptions of republican democracy, national revolutions, international politics, and war. Recchia and Urbinati also include an introductory essay introducing the facts of Mazzini's life and providing an analytic overview of his political thought. Annotation 漏2010 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)   Publisher Summary 2 This anthology gathers Giuseppe Mazzini's most important essays on democracy, nation building, and international relations, including some that have never before been translated into English. These neglected writings remind us why Mazzini was one of the most influential political thinkers of the nineteenth century--and why there is still great benefit to be derived from a careful analysis of what he had to say. Mazzini (1805-1872) is best known today as the inspirational leader of the Italian Risorgimento. But, as this book demonstrates, he also made a vital contribution to the development of modern democratic and liberal internationalist thought. In fact, Stefano Recchia and Nadia Urbinati make the case that Mazzini ought to be recognized as the founding figure of what has come to be known as liberal Wilsonianism.The writings collected here show how Mazzini developed a sophisticated theory of democratic nation building--one that illustrates why democracy cannot be successfully imposed through military intervention from the outside. He also speculated, much more explicitly than Immanuel Kant, about how popular participation and self-rule within independent nation-states might result in lasting peace among democracies. In short, Mazzini believed that universal aspirations toward human freedom, equality, and international peace could best be realized through independent nation-states with homegrown democratic institutions. He thus envisioned what one might today call a genuine cosmopolitanism of nations.  

Die religion innerhalb der grenzen der blossen vernunft

作者：  (德)康德( Immanuel Kant)著;李秋零译

出版社：商务印书馆,2012

简介：《纯然理性界限内的宗教》是德国古典哲学大师康德论述宗教的的重要著作。内容包含四篇，分别为“论恶的原则与善的原则的共居或论人性中的根本恶”、“论善的原则与恶的原则围绕对人类的统治权所进行斗争”、“善的原则对恶的原则的胜利与上帝的国在地上的建立”、“论善的原则统治下的事奉和伪事奉，或论宗教与教权主义”。

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简介：Summary: Publisher Summary 1 A new translation of Kant's mature reflections on issues in the philosophy of natural science.   Publisher Summary 2 Immanuel Kant was actively concerned with issues in the philosophy of natural science throughout his career. The Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science presents his most mature reflections on these themes in the context of both his critical philosophy, presented in the Critique of Pure Reason, and the natural science of his time. This volume features a new translation which is especially clear and accurate, together with an historical and philosophical introduction and a guide to further reading.  

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简介：     From ancient Greece to nineteenth-century America, this collection traces the history of our civilization through the seminal works of its most influential thinkers. Perfect for anyone interested in understanding the progression of Western thought, this volume includes:          Plato: Apology, Crito, and Death of Socrates from Phaedo     Aristotle: Poetics     St. Anselm: The Ontological Proof of St. Anselm, from Proslogium     St. Thomas Aquinas: St. Thomas' Proofs of God's Existence, from The Summa Theologica     René Descartes: Meditations on the First Philosophy     David Hume: An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding     Immanuel Kant: Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics     John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism     William James: The Will to Believe

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简介：The concept of symmetry is inherent to modern science, and its evolution has a complex history that richly exemplifies the dynamics of scientific change. This study is based on primary sources, presented in context: the authors examine closely the trajectory of the concept in the mathematical and scientific disciplines as well as its trajectory in art and architecture. The principal goal is to demonstrate that, despite the variety of usages in many different domains, there is a conceptual unity underlying the invocation of symmetry in the period from antiquity to the 1790s which is distinct from the scientific usages of this term that first emerged in France at the end of the 18th century. The key figure in revolutionizing the concept of symmetry is the mathematician, Adrien-Marie Legendre. His achievements in solid geometry (1794) are contrasted with the views of the philosopher, Immanuel Kant, on the directionality of space (1768).

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简介：Summary: Publisher Summary 1 Kant scholarship has remained strong since the 1992 edition of this companion, and the 18 articles here reflect the contributors' ongoing research. The articles cover the idea of a priori, the perception of space and time, mathematics, metaphysical deductions of the categories, the philosophy of the cognitive mind, proofs of substance and causation, transcendental arguments, metaphysics, natural science, morality, freedom of the will, the Kantian state, sex and marriage, peace, virtue, moral faith and the highest good. An article describes Kant's ambitions in the third Critique and another describes the reception of Kant's critical philosophy from 1781 to 1786. Annotation 漏2006 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)   Publisher Summary 2 The philosophy of Immanuel Kant is the watershed of modern thought, which irrevocably changed the landscape of the field and prepared the way for all the significant philosophical movements of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This volume, which complements The Cambridge Companion to Kant, covers every aspect of Kant's philosophy, with a particular focus on his moral and political philosophy. It also provides detailed coverage of Kant's historical context and of the enormous impact and influence that his work has had on the subsequent history of philosophy. The bibliography also offers extensive and organized coverage of both classical and recent books on Kant. This volume thus provides the broadest and deepest introduction currently available on Kant and his place in modern philosophy, making accessible the philosophical enterprise of Kant to those coming to his work for the first time.   Publisher Summary 3 This volume provides the broadest and deepest introduction to Kant currently available.  

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简介：Discusses the theories of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume, David Hartley, Alexander Bain, Herbert Spencer, Immanuel Kant, Johann Herbart, Galen, Marshall Hall, Sir Charles Bell, Franz Joseph Gall, Hermann von Helmholtz, Ewald Hering, Ernest H. Weber, Gustav Theodor Fechner, Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton, Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt, William James, John Dewey, James Rowland Angell, Harvey A. Carr, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Vladimir Bekhterev, Edward Lee Thorndike, McDougall, Woodworth, John Broadus Watson, Albert P. Weiss, Karl Lashley, Walter S. Hunter, Edwin B. Holt, Edwin R. Guthrie, Clark L. Hull, J. R. Kantor, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Albert Bandura, Immanuel Kant, John Stuart Mill, Franz Brentano, Carl Stumpf, Ernst Mach, Christian von Ehrenfels, Max Wertheimer, Lewin, Tolman, Jean Piaget, Noam Chomsky, Leibnitz, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Sigmund Freud, Alfred Adler, Carl Jung, Karen Horney, Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erik Erikson, Carl Rogers, Soren Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Karl Jaspers, Adrian von Kaam, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, Rollo May, and others.

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简介：Space and time are probably the most important elements in physics. Within the memory of man, all essential things are represented within the frame of space-time pictures. This is obviously the most basic information. What can we say about space and time? It is normally assumed that the space is a container filled with matter and that the time is just that which we measure with our clocks. However, there are some reasons to take another standpoint and to consider this container-conception as unrealistic, as prejudice so to say. Already the philosopher Immanuel Kant pointed on this serious problem. In this monograph, the author discusses the so-called projection theory. In contrast to the container-conception (reality is embedded in space and time), within projection theory the physical reality is projected onto space and time and quantum processes are of particular relevance. Like Whitehead and Bergson, the author argues for the primacy of process. One of the most interesting results is that projection theory automatically leads to a new aspect for the notion "time". Here we have not only the time of conventional physics, which is exclusively treated as an external parameter, but we obtain within projection theory a system-specific time. Just this system-specific time might be of fundamental importance in the future description of physical systems. For example, the self-assembly of nano-systems could lead to predictions that are even not thinkable within usual physics. Also in connection with cosmology the projection principle must inevitably lead to fundamentally new statements.

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简介：David Ellison's book is an investigation into the historical origins and textual practice of European literary Modernism. Ellison's study traces the origins of Modernism to the emergence of early German Romanticism from the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, and emphasizes how the passage from Romanticism to Modernism can be followed in the gradual transition from the sublime to the uncanny. Arguing that what we call High Modernism cannot be reduced to a religion of beauty, an experimentation with narrative form, or even a reflection on time and consciousness, Ellison demonstrates that Modernist textuality is characterized by the intersection, overlapping, and crossing of aesthetic and ethical issues. Beauty and morality relate to each other as antagonists struggling for dominance within the related fields of philosophy and theory on the one hand (Kant, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Freud) and imaginative literature on the other (Baudelaire, Proust, Gide, Conrad, Woolf, Kafka).

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简介：A central idea in moral and political philosophy, 'autonomy' is generally understood as some form of self-governance or self-direction. Certain Stoics, modern philosophers such as Spinoza, and most importantly, Immanuel Kant, are among the great philosophers who have offered important insights on the concept. Some theorists analyze autonomy in terms of the self being moved by its higher-order desires. Others argue that autonomy must be understood in terms of acting from reason or from a sense of moral duty independent of the passions. Autonomy seems closely related to the notion of freedom, but in what sense: freedom from coercion, freedom from psychological constraints, or freedom from material necessity? Various approaches to these and similar questions yield different implications for public policy. Is capitalism, social democracy or socialism more favorable to autonomy? The essays in this volume address these important questions.

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简介：This is a significantly expanded second edition of an undergraduate level introductory textbook on applied ethics. The textbook aims to teach the importance of ethics to society; help students understand core concepts of ethical thinking; introduce the scientific, legal, and other background material pertinent to contemporary moral problems; and aid students in applying critical reasoning in order to ethically evaluate those problems. It first introduces the basic conceptual and theoretical issues of ethical philosophy and then offers chapters on the ethical issues of abortion, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide, capital punishment, pornography and censorship, equality and affirmative action, environmental ethics, animal rights, warfare, terrorism and torture, sexual morality and marriage, and global economic justice, with these latter two topics being new to this edition. Each chapter (including the introductory conceptual and theoretical material) includes readings by historic and contemporary philosophers (and others), including Plato, Ruth Benedict, Immanuel Kant, Robert Nozick, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Michael Walzer, to name just a few. A handful of new readings have been added to each of the moral issues chapters for a total of 24 new readings. Annotation 漏2010 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

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简介：Praised for its accessibility and comprehensiveness, Philosophy: The Quest for Truth provides an excellent selection of classical and contemporary readings on nineteen key problems in philosophy. Louis Pojman has carefully organized the essays in each section so that they present pro/con dialogues that allow students to compare and contrast the philosophers' positions. Topics covered include the nature of philosophy, the existence of God, immortality, knowledge, the mind-body question, personal identity, free will and determinism, ethics, political philosophy, and the meaning of life. The fifth edition offers selections from Plato, Rene Descartes, John Locke, David Hume, William James, Bertrand Russell, John Hick, John Hospers, and James Rachels--as well as essays by Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas, Blaise Pascal, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, Immanuel Kant, Gilbert Ryle, Albert Camus, Jean-Paul Sartre, Friedrich Nietzsche, Alvin Plantinga, and many others.In Philosophy: The Quest for Truth, 5th edition, Pojman offers substantial introductions to each of the nineteen philosophical problems. In addition, each of the seventy-three readings is accompanied by an individual introduction with a biographical sketch of the philosopher, study questions, and reflective questions that challenge students to analyze and critique the material. Short bibliographies following each major section, an appendix on how to read and write philosophy papers, and a detailed glossary further enhance the text's pedagogical value. Invaluable for introductory courses in philosophy, this highly acclaimed text inspires and guides students' quest for wisdom.The fifth edition adds new study questions and nine new articles:* Father F. C. Copleston and Bertrand Russell: "A Debate on the Argument from Contingency"* Corliss Lamont: "Freedom of the Will and Human Responsibility"* Richard Taylor: "Fate"* Louis Pojman: "A Critique of Ethical Egoism"* Robert Paul Wolff: "In Defense of Anarchism"* Brian Barry: "A Cosmopolitan Theory of International Society"* Thomas Nagel: "The Absurd"* Thurgood Marshall: "The Death Penalty Is a Denial of Human Dignity"* Burton Leiser: "The Death Penalty Is Permissible"