简介
The concept of symmetry is inherent to modern science, and its evolution has a complex history that richly exemplifies the dynamics of scientific change. This study is based on primary sources, presented in context: the authors examine closely the trajectory of the concept in the mathematical and scientific disciplines as well as its trajectory in art and architecture. The principal goal is to demonstrate that, despite the variety of usages in many different domains, there is a conceptual unity underlying the invocation of symmetry in the period from antiquity to the 1790s which is distinct from the scientific usages of this term that first emerged in France at the end of the 18th century. The key figure in revolutionizing the concept of symmetry is the mathematician, Adrien-Marie Legendre. His achievements in solid geometry (1794) are contrasted with the views of the philosopher, Immanuel Kant, on the directionality of space (1768).
目录
Preface 6
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 10
Chapter 1 Introduction 14
Part I Tradition: Ancient Perspectives and Their Survival in the Early Modern Era 79
Chapter 2 The Mathematical Path 80
Chapter 3 The Aesthetic Path 103
Chapter 4 New Aesthetic Sensibilities in Italian and French Architecture 120
Chapter 5 The Ancient Concept of Symmetry in Scientific Contexts in Early Modern Times and Its Association with Harmony 165
Part II The Path to Revolution: Symmetry as a Modern Scientific Concept 185
Chapter 6 The Treatment of Symmetry in Natural History (1738-1815) 186
Chapter 7 Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): \ 209
Chapter 8 Legendre's Revolutionary Definition of Symmetry as a Scientific Concept (1794) 226
Chapter 9 New Applications of Symmetry in Mathematics and Physics: 1788-1815 267
Coda: Legendre's Choice of Symmetry\u2014What's in a Word? 298
Postscript 303
References 304
Index 324
Acknowledgments 9
Contents 10
Chapter 1 Introduction 14
Part I Tradition: Ancient Perspectives and Their Survival in the Early Modern Era 79
Chapter 2 The Mathematical Path 80
Chapter 3 The Aesthetic Path 103
Chapter 4 New Aesthetic Sensibilities in Italian and French Architecture 120
Chapter 5 The Ancient Concept of Symmetry in Scientific Contexts in Early Modern Times and Its Association with Harmony 165
Part II The Path to Revolution: Symmetry as a Modern Scientific Concept 185
Chapter 6 The Treatment of Symmetry in Natural History (1738-1815) 186
Chapter 7 Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804): \ 209
Chapter 8 Legendre's Revolutionary Definition of Symmetry as a Scientific Concept (1794) 226
Chapter 9 New Applications of Symmetry in Mathematics and Physics: 1788-1815 267
Coda: Legendre's Choice of Symmetry\u2014What's in a Word? 298
Postscript 303
References 304
Index 324
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