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Physical Activity and Nutrition for Health
光盘作者: Chris Hopper (作者), Bruce Fisher (作者), Kathy Munoz (作者)
简介:Kids are struggling with weight issues as they never have before. In fact, more than 15 percent of children ages 6 to 19 are overweight, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Those same kids face greater risks of developing type 2 diabetes, elevated cholesterol levels, and heart disease. They're also more likely to experience depression, anxiety, social isolation, and decreased attendance at school. To combat this problem, many schools are turning to coordinated school health models to develop healthier students. And that's where Physical Activity and Nutrition for Health comes in. This book and CD-ROM package will help you promote fitness and nutrition among students and staff, and its nutrition services tools will help you garner support from parents and community members to enhance student success. This package includes - 60 developmentally appropriate, pilot-tested lessons for fitness and nutrition; - CD-ROM with 124 reproducibles, including 16 family activities, 45 worksheets, 6 transparencies, 27 exercise cards, 24 food cards, and 6 station cards; - tools that offer practical ideas for building student health physically, emotionally, and cognitively; - cross-curricular information that supports other subject areas and is adaptable for various grades; - multiple assessment techniques; and - family and community activities. The lessons are easy to understand and ready to go. In integrating fitness and nutrition concepts as part of a healthy lifestyle, the lessons will help students improve in all components of health-related fitness now while establishing healthy behaviors for the rest of their lives. The lessons are adaptable to involve children with disabilities and include challenges for higher-level and higher-skilled students. All the lesson plans are tied to the WOW! Health Education Series and can be used within that series or on their own. Section I explores the energy equation, including the calories for energy and the role of the heart and respiratory system in providing energy during exercise. Section II introduces the concept of aerobic activity and presents the FIT principle and the function of carbohydrate and fat as fuel sources for aerobic activities. Section III focuses on improving strength, endurance, and flexibility, and it broadens nutritional knowledge as it relates to weight management and obesity. Section IV emphasizes physical activity and nutrition as parts of a healthy lifestyle. Physical Activity and Nutrition for Health will help you plan and implement physical education and nutrition education programs that significantly improve health and reinforce standards in health, physical education, mathematics, and science. The fitness elements, nutrition services, and parent involvement tools all address major components of the CDC's coordinated school health model.
简介: The tobacco epidemic is a global challenge demanding concerted global and national action. Recognizing that globalization is accelerating the epidemic's spread and perceiving the limits of national action to contain a public health problem with transnational dimensions, Member States of the World Health Organization negotiated and adopted a unique public health treaty for tobacco control. Today, the WHO FCTC contains the blueprint for coordinated global action to address one of the most significant risks to health. Every day, across the world, people make improvements in health as a direct benefit of information and communication technologies (ICT). eHealth innovations like electronic health records computer-assisted prescription systems and clinical databases are transforming health today, and hold even greater promise for the future. ICT support, clinical care, provide health information to the general public and scientific information to professionals. They provide a platform for publishing, disseminating health alerts and supporting administrative functions. The World Health Organization's (WHO) strategy on eHealth focuses on strengthening health systems in countries; fostering public-private partnerships in ICT research and development for health; supporting capacity building for eHealth application in Member States; and the development and use of norms and standards. Success in these areas is predicated on a fifth strategic direction: investigating, documenting and analyzing the impact of eHealth and promoting better understanding by disseminating information. To that end WHO undertook a global survey on eHealth with which to garner baseline data on the current state of eHealth. Executed between mid-2005 and mid-2006, it represents the first attempt to examine eHealth from a regional as well as global perspective. Developed and implemented by the Global Observatory for eHealth (GOe), the survey focused on processes and outcomes in key eHealth action lines previously identified by the World Summit for the Information Society (WSIS) which are supported by WHO as an overall framework for action. Given that this survey was the first of its kind, the Observatory was greatly encouraged by the number of Member States that responded. Over 700 informants from 112 countries provided their expert knowledge (nearly 60% of the WHO Member States representing approximately 80% of the world's population).
作者: (美)艾伦·加纳(Alan Garner)著;林华等译
出版社:中国水利水电出版社,2004
简介: 本书第一版推出后就广受赞誉,成为影响深远的畅销书。人微言轻最新修订更新的第三版,本书包括了更多经实践证明的效的技巧,让你轻松学会如何借助谈话的力量获得成功! 《谈话的力量》已经成为全世界最受欢迎的教授谈话技巧的图书。多数人认为,一些人天生就有说话的天赋,而一些人则没有。事实上,并不存在说话的天赋这一说。善于交谈的人只不过是懂得一些简单的技艺而已,而这些技艺是任何人都可以学会的。运用这本教你的技巧,获得的成功一定会出乎你的意料!艾伦·加纳是美国知名的沟通学咨询专家。他教授过数百期“谈话技巧”培训班,学生数以万计《谈话的力量》基于数百例科学研究以及作者自身20年来教授学生的亲身体验,简洁实用,是社会交往批指南图书中的经典。
出版社:九洲音像出版公司,2011
简介:商品描述《乔丝·史东:成名精选2003-2009》专辑介绍:起源自美国19世纪末的黑人福音,光耀于六十年代的灵魂乐,近几年来在大批蓝眼睛白皮肤的英伦女歌手带领下,反而在大西洋彼岸复兴了起来,这些成员包括了夺下格莱美奖最佳新人的Adele、最佳流行专辑的Duffy、还有不幸英年早逝的27俱乐部最新成员Amy Winehouse,当然其中最重要的、也是最不能忽略的,绝对是这波风潮的创始者《乔丝史东Joss Stone》。从2003年以16岁之姿发行首张个人专辑《The Soul Sessions》,在英国拿下三白金销售量,并横扫来年所有新人大奖,成为最受人瞩目的女歌手后,成功的以此种乐风开拓了全新的市场,就连好莱坞的阿汤哥也竖起大拇指来帮她推荐!而在发行了四张专辑,个人歌唱生涯即将迈入第二阶段之际,发行了这张集结过去所有畅销单曲的精选辑《The Best Of Joss Stone 2003-2009》,绝对能让所有对她陌生的听众们,能够藉由这些歌曲来好好认识她。 以改编自摇滚乐团The White Stripes《Fell In Love With A Girl》而成的《Fell In Love With A Boy》打开序幕,与原曲车库摇滚乐风不同的浓浓复古情怀,保证让你惊呼原来这首歌也能这样诠释,第二首则是重唱灵魂乐老将Willie Garner《Super Duper Love (Are You Diggin' on Me?)》,这首歌同时也是电影《麻雀变王妃》和《BJ单身日记:男人祸水》的剧中插曲。而来自第二张专辑《Mind Body & Soul》的四首单曲《You Had Me》、《Right To Be Wrong》、《Don't Cha Wanna Ride》以及《Spoiled》,通通都是Joss Stone自己的苦心创作,也让这张专辑成为Joss Stone至今最为成功的专辑之一,不但让她以史上最年轻之姿登上英国专辑榜第一,也顺利进攻美国,获得格莱美奖提名。 之后孕育三年的专辑《Introducing Joss Stone》,则从中选出了与老牌饶舌歌手Common合作的对唱曲《Tell Me What We're Going To Do Now》,在完美旋律之中,结合节奏蓝调与嘻哈两种元素,还带着点福音歌曲的味道,绝对听得出来Joss Stone在沉潜这三年中所做的努力,而专辑最大惊喜则是收录了香奈儿《摩登COCO》香水广告的主题曲,Joss Stone重新演绎著名爵士男歌手Nat King Cole名曲《L-O-V-E》,在温暖情境的歌声中,让Joss Stone带你跨越时间的鸿沟,重新感受灵魂音乐与那些年的美好。 ◆集结出道至今的13首经典作品!灵魂歌姬的个人首张精选! ◆选自《The Soul Sessions》、《Mind Body & Soul》、《Introducing Joss Stone》、《Colour Me Free》等四张排行专辑的代表单曲! ◆收录包括香奈儿香水广告代言曲《L-O-V-E》、重唱灵魂乐老将作品并荣膺电影插曲《Super Duper Love》、攻占全英单曲排行的《You Had Me》、《Right to Be Wrong》与《Don't Cha Wanna Ride》等13首跨越时间鸿沟、感受灵魂乐美好的个人金曲! ◆内附中英文歌本! 推荐曲目: 01 You Had Me 拥有我 02 L-O-V-E 爱 01 Fell In Love With A Boy 爱上一个男孩 02 Super Duper Love 假爱 03 You Had Me 拥有我 04 Right to Be Wrong 犯错的权利 05 Don't Cha Wanna Ride 想兜风吗 06 Spoiled 宠坏 07 Tell Me 'Bout It 告诉我 08 Baby Baby Baby 宝贝 宝贝 宝贝 09 Tell Me What We're Gonna Do Now 接下去做什么 10 Bruised But Not Broken 受了伤 11 L-O-V-E 爱 12 Free Me 让我自由 13 Stalemate 僵局 发行日期:2012年2月
出版社:West Publishing Co. 2014-5-1
简介: For more than a century, Black's Law Dictionary has been the gold standard for the language of law. Today, it s the most widely cited law book in the world. By Editor in Chief Bryan A. Garner, the world s leading legal lexicographer, the 10th Edition is the most authoritative, comprehensive law dictionary ever published. It contains more than 50,000 terms and includes: More than 7,500 terms new to this edition, including affluenza defense, bioweapon, cryptanalysis, gazump, hacker, legaldygook, intrapreneur, mommy track, one-bite rule, psephology, unperson, and zero-tolerance law 16,000 new definitions and expanded bibliographic coverage, with more than twice as many sources quoted and cited than in the 9th Edition Earliest usage dates in English-language contexts for nearly all terms (Black s is the only legal dictionary with this feature) Trusted authority every term has been reviewed for accuracy by attorneys across the country Definitions of more than 1,000 law-related abbreviations and acronyms Pronunciation guidance Thoroughly reviewed and edited Latin maxims, with 900 new maxims added
Education Finance for School Leaders:Strategic Planning and Administration
作者: (美)C.William Garner著;孙志军,金平,成刚译
出版社:中国轻工业出版社,2005
简介:本书从学校财务的角度探讨了学校管理者应该掌握的战略规划知识和财务知识。主要内容包括:学校融资、收入与支出规划、构建学校财务战略规划以及规划管理。 在本书中,作者从微观角度详细讨论了学校财政的理论与实践问题。全书共分三个部分:第一部分介绍学校财务管理的基本理念和依据。特别关注的是公共教育财政领域内学校制度中的一些变革。第二部分重点介绍如何进行学校财务管理,包括融资、收入、支出管理和学校财务规划的编制。第三部分则从微观的角度重点讨论了如何实施学校财务规划,并由此延伸开去,介绍如何以学区为单位,构建完整的财务体系。所有这些,对提高我国学校领导者乃至教育行政管理部门的财政与财务管理能力,都将是有益的借鉴。
简介:Every aspect of coverage has been examined and brought up to date--from publishing formats to editorial style and method, from documentation of electronic sources to book design and production, and everything in between. In addition to books, the Manual now also treats journals and electronic publications. All chapters are written for the electronic age, with advice on how to prepare and edit manuscripts online, handle copyright and permissions issues raised by technology, use new methods of preparing mathematical copy, and cite electronic and online sources. A new chapter covers American English grammar and usage, outlining the grammatical structure of English, showing how to put words and phrases together to achieve clarity, and identifying common errors. The two chapters on documentation have been reorganized and updated: the first now describes the two main systems preferred by Chicago, and the second discusses specific elements and subject matter, with examples of both systems. Coverage of design and manufacturing has been streamlined to reflect what writers and editors need to know about current procedures. And, to make it easier to search for information, each numbered paragraph throughout the Manual is now introduced by a descriptive heading. Clear, concise, and replete with commonsense advice, The Chicago Manual of Style, fifteenth edition, offers the wisdom of a hundred years of editorial practice while including a wealth of new topics and updated perspectives. For anyone who works with words, whether on a page or computer screen, this continues to be the one reference book you simply must have. What's new in the Fifteenth Edition: Updated material throughout to reflect current style, technology, and professional practice -- Scope expanded to include journals and electronic publications -- Comprehensive new chapter on American English grammar and usage by Bryan A. Garner (author of A Dictionary of Modern American Usage) -- Updated and rewritten chapter on preparing mathematical copy -- Reorganized and updated chapters on documentation, including guidance on citing electronic sources -- Streamlined coverage of current design and production processes, with a glossary of key terms -- Descriptive headings on all numbered paragraphs for ease of reference -- New diagrams of the editing and production processes for both books and journals, keyed to chapter discussions -- New, expanded Web site with special tools and features for Manual users.
简介: "This outstanding collection of essays examines the very important question of how Machiavelli's work influenced modern political thought and practice. Its excellent contributors consider a wide variety of issues in their several ways, making a powerful contribution to our understanding of the subject." Donald Kagan, Yale University "This important volume is the best and most accessible source for the 'Straussian' perspective on Machiavelli's influence over modern political thought. It suggests how Machiavelli's 'lowering' of classical moral-political standards (by supplanting the good, moderation and justice with necessity, appetite, and domination) was absorbed and transmitted during the English Commonwealth, Scottish Enlightenment and American Founding. Since the volume heralds Machiavelli's decisive break with Aristotelian and Ciceronian republicanism, it will assume a prominent place alongside Machiavelli and Republicanism (Cambridge, 1990), which posited the opposite, 'Cambridge School,' view of Machiavelli as a faithful conduit of civic republicanism into modernity. While the real Machiavelli very likely corresponds with neither of these two diametrically opposed interpretations, Machiavelli's Liberal Republican Legacy is undoubtedly a major statement in this vibrant debate." John P. McCormick, University of Chicago "This deeply thought-provoking collection of original essays constitutes a major enrichment of our understanding of the sources and grounding of liberal republicanism. Machiavelli's subtle, complex, and manifold influence on our civic tradition has never before been explored in such range and depth." Thomas L. Pangle, University of Texas, Austin "This book is destined to takes its place among a small but distinguished shelf of works dealing with the role of Machiavelli in fashioning the world of Anglo-American republicanism. As such, it will garner readers for years to come. It will be of special interest to those wishing to understand the true, as opposed to the alleged, influence of Machiavelli on the generation of the American founders." Steven B. Smith, Yale University "Rahe and his collaborators attempt to supply a reading of the Machiavellian 'legacy' or tradition different from the one pioneered by J.G.A. Pocock some decades ago. They start from a different understanding of Machiavelli , explained subtly and intelligently in a lead-off essay by Markus Fischer, and end up seeing the Machiavellian tradition in richer and more modernist terms than Pocock did. Among other things, they avoid Pocock's untenable distinction between an antique Machiavellian republicanism and a modernist liberalism, a dichotomy which their treatment of Machiavelli's successors renders quite incredible. The volume, moreover, manages to combine the strengths of a single-authored book with those of a collection. The authors of the individual essays are expert in their subject, yet the collection as a whole has much of the unity of theme and manner of treatment one might expect in a single-authored book. Many of the individual essays are gems and the whole works as a book." Michael Zuckert, University of Notre Dame "I would strongly recommend this volume to all scholars who are interested in Machiavelli's influence on the evolution of that peculiar species of liberal republicanism that continues to survive and thrive in the United States." Perspectives on Politics, John Langton, Westminster College "The authors provide a valuable synopsis of some major, as well as some lesser-known, political thinkers in the Anglo-American tradition. I recommend this book to all those with an interest in the history of Anglo-American political thought, as well as those looking to transcend the standard liberal republican dichotomies in contemporary interpretations of the American founding." Canadian Journal of History Product Description The significance of Machiavelli's political thinking for the development of modern republicanism is a matter of great controversy. This reassessment examines the character of Machiavelli's own republicanism by charting his influence on Marchamont Nedham, James Harrington, John Locke, Algernon Sidney, John Trenchard, Thomas Gordon, David Hume, the baron de Montesquieu, Benjamin Franklin, George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. Concluding that although Machiavelli himself was not liberal, Paul Rahe argues that he did, nonetheless, set the stage for the emergence of liberal republicanism in England.
作者: (美)布莱恩·A·加纳(Bryan A. Garner)著;刘鹏飞,张玉荣译
出版社:知识产权出版社,2005
简介: 但不同的是,本书所针对的对象是律师、法律专业的学生、法官和书记官——所有从事法律写作的人。作为资深的法律从业者、学者、写作顾问,布莱恩·a·加纳掌握有关法律写作中所存在的各种问题的第一手资料,并在书中对这些问题给予了特殊的关注。 加纳不仅是公认的法律文献方面的专家,更是一位教导现代法律作者如何写作的良师。本书中他用一段鼓舞人心的前言和一段同样鼓舞人心的后记搭建起全书的框架,援引大量丰富的具体例子,有条不紊地讲解了如何正确、有效地写作。这些例子出自古往今来最优秀的法律作家之手,包括奥利弗·温德尔·霍姆斯,克拉伦斯·达罗,弗兰克·伊斯特布鲁克,安东尼·斯卡利亚等大家的经典片段。不管是
Legal writing in plain English:a text with exercises
出版社:北京大学出版社,2008
简介: 本书不仅是为学生和非法律人士所著,它同时还是为职业法律人,甚 至是经验丰富的法律工作者定制的。在设计习题的时候,我所假定的场景 是写作课堂或者是一个由法律写作者组成的小组定期举行学习交流活动。 本书的大部分建议都依赖于,甚至有助于完善严密的法律分析。在这 里强调思维方式看似有些离题,但是书中很多章节都是围绕正确的思维方 式而展开的。这一点相当重要,因为好的写作离不开清晰的头脑。
Beyond Design: the synergy of apparel product development
作者: (美)桑德拉·J. 凯瑟(Sandra J. Keiser),(美)麦尔娜·B. 加纳(Myrna B. Garner)著;白敬艳,余明泾,忻雁译
出版社:上海人民美术出版社,2009
简介: 这是一本实用性很强的教材,分步骤地告诉读者有关服装产品开发的 每一个流程:从通过流行趋势预测开始进行产品策划开始、到选择面料、 开发廓形、制定产品的规格,到如何为产品定价以及怎样寻找合适的外包 服务,本书都提供了实用的信息。本书还配备很多图片和图表。更加清楚 地向读者解释了为什么所有这些步骤必须很好地合作才能向零售商提供合 格的产品、才能让消费者愿意为某个产品支付某个价格。本教材还阐述了 面料供应商、产品开发商、生产商和零售商之间的相互关系以及科技对于 服装产品开发行业带来的影响。
作者: (美)卡利·加纳(Carley Garner),保罗·布里廷(Paul Brittain)著;赵蓉译
出版社:中国财政经济出版社,2011
简介:《商品期权》是一本关于期货期权市场操作实务的专业书籍,书中讲述了美国期货期权市场的运行机制和运作原理、股票期权交易和期货期权交易的本质区別、交易所如何进行限仓和控制风险等。作者运用实际操作的案例,介绍了交易者每天都在使用且有效的期货期权交易策略;分析了交易者使用这些期货期权交易策略时如何管理和控制风险,特别是如何控制卖出期权风险等业内人士经常探讨的问题。
简介:During the decade many associate with the Beatles, hippies, and flower power, designers in Europe, Asia, and the Americas were fundamentally rethinking modernist principles. Sixties Designis a documentation and analysis of that era during which belief in modernist design began to crumble. As modernism--the foremost design mode of the 20th century--reached its golden years, it came to be considered by many an autocratic, almost fascistically impersonal movement that strove to raise the standards of large groups by ignoring the peccadilloes of individuals. At the same time, the modern era and its designers are responsible for remarkable innovations that have forever changed the way we live, work, and play. The book captures an interesting moment during which modernism and its refutations began to coexist. Author Philippe Garner breaks the book up into five sections. In each he addresses a different aspect of the designed '60s, and his insights add dimension to the hundreds of illustrations. He makes connections between the cold war and Jane Fonda's erotic antics in a fur-lined spaceship from the movie Barbarella--with photo-documentation to boot--and he provides a startlingly lucid and economical analysis of Swedish modern furniture design in the context of minimalist principles and the craft revival. From Florence Knoll's office designs to Oscar Niemeyer's unparalleled "master plan" city, Brasilia; from Richard Avedon's fashion photography to Neal Armstrong's space walk, Sixties Designoffers countless vistas from which to rethink a decade too long associated with paisleys and free love. --Loren E. Baldwin
简介:全新的《布莱克法律大词典》(第九版)经由全球知名的词典编辑专家Bryan A. Garner重新编辑和整理,最新收录了超过45,000条解释和3,000条引文,新增2,500个词条,大量相关的缩写词和首字母缩略语,以及5,300多条单词的不同拼写方式和同义词,可以称得上是法律术语的一部大百科全书。同时,第九版《布莱克法律大词典》在编写过程中,得到了全美200 多名律师的协助,他们谨慎地评审了词条的定义,使其为法律专业人士提供更权威、专业的内容。 《布莱克法律大词典》(第九版),新版新内容: 比第八版新增2,500个词条; 新增大量与知识产权领域相关的词条; 精选45,000多条条解释; 包含来自过去五个世纪以来权威著作的3000条引文; 清晰标注被英、美裁判文书初次引用日期的精选法律术语; 超过1,000个法律相关的缩写词和首字母缩略语; 5,300多条单词的不同拼写方式和同义词。 此外,全新《布莱克法律大词典》(第九版)也有豪华版,配有首字母索引,方便查找,值得珍藏。 For more than a century Black''s has been the gold standard for the language of law. Today it is the most widely cited law book in the world. Edited by Bryan A. Garner, the world s leading legal lexicographer, the 9th Edition is the most authoritative, comprehensive law dictionary ever published. It contains more than 45,000 terms and includes: 2,000 more terms than the 8th Edition and 19,000 more than the 7th Edition including click fraud, Code Adam, collaborative law, ecoterrorism, environmental tort, friendly subpoena, happy-slapping, honor crime, secret detention, Schumer box, and super precedent. The date when selected terms were first used in English-language contexts, especially in judicial opinions. Heightened accuracy having more than 200 lawyers around the country reviewed terms. Definitions of more than 1,000 law-related abbreviations and acronyms. Almost 3,000 quotations drawn from sources over five centuries. Alternate spellings or equivalent expressions for more than 5,300 terms and West Key Numbers.
简介:This beautifully written, heartfelt memoir touched a nerve among both readers and reviewers. Elizabeth Gilbert tells how she made the difficult choice to leave behind all the trappings of modern American success (marriage, house in the country, career) and find, instead, what she truly wanted from life. Setting out for a year to study three different aspects of her nature amid three different cultures, Gilbert explored the art of pleasure in Italy and the art of devotion in India, and then a balance between the two on the Indonesian island of Bali. By turns rapturous and rueful, this wise and funny author (whom Booklist calls "Anne Lamott’s hip, yoga- practicing, footloose younger sister") is poised to garner yet more adoring fans. --This text refers to an alternate Paperback edition.
A Good Day [Board Book] 美好的一天 ISBN9780061857782
作者: Henkes
简介:
Using his signature bright colors and the looser, thicker lineof Kitten’s First Full Moon, Kevin Henkes shows us how a bad daycan transform into very, very good one. A bird loses his favoritetail feather, a white dog’s leash is tangled, a fox can’t find hismother, and a little brown squirrel drops her acorn. But then goodthings happen to each of them, and their bad day becomes a goodday. This board book puts the hardships and happy endings of fourirresistible animals—and a spunky little girl—in the hands of thevery youngest of readers. The bright colors and bold scenes willcaptivate, and the simple story will inspire. The Horn Book calledit “the rare example of near-perfection in a picture book” and theNew York Times proclaimed A Good Day to be “an almost perfectpictur
【媒体评论】
* A NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER: A Good Day spent five weeks onthe New York Times bestseller list * STELLAR REVIEWS FOR AUTHOR ANDBOOK: “Kevin Henkes is a genius,” according to the New York TimesBook Review. This glowing review of Henkes’s body of work called AGood Day “an almost perfect picture book.” A starred review fromThe Horn Book echoed this sentiment, calling it “the rare exampleof near-perfection in a picture book.” * AWARDS GALORE: A Good Daywas named an ALA Notable book, an ALA Booklist Editors’ Choice, aBook Sense Spring Children’s Pick, a Horn Book Fanfare Best Book of2007, a Kirkus Reviews Best Children’s Book of 2007, an SLJ Notablebook, and an SLJ Best Book of 2007. * PUBLISHING SIMULTANEOUSLYWITH HIS NEWEST BOOK: The author’s newest picture book, My Garden,releases in the same season as this board book edition of A GoodDay, which will garner much attention for both * A VERY GOOD BOOKFOR THE YOUNGEST CHILD: Every child experiences bad moments. Butsometimes with patience, sometimes with luck, sometimes with hardwork, good things can come from bad. * NOT A KITTEN, NOT A MOUSE:Here are four wonderful new animal characters from Kevin Henkes.And there’s a little girl at the conclusion of the story, as well.* DISTINCTIVE NEW ART STYLE: A Good Day features the same acclaimedthick lines as Old Bear, Kitten’s First Full Moon, and My Garden—astyle that has won him new fans * FOR READERS YOUNG AND OLD: Onceagain, Kevin Henkes has created a work that adults will find asappealing and winning as children do * SHORT, SIMPLE TEXT WITH LOTSOF HOPE: Each word is perfect, and the story is a universal onethat prompts a reader to make his or her own good day * NAMERECOGNITION: Kevin Henkes is one of the most beloved and respectedpicture book creators in the field today * AWARDS AND SALES: Henkesis the recipient of numerous awards and prizes, including theCaldecott Medal, a Caldecott Honor, and a Newbery Honor. Hispicture book sales number in the millions. * GREENWILLOW HOUSEAUTHOR: Henkes has worked exclusively with Greenwillow Books since1981, when he published his first picture book at the age ofnineteen * AT THE PINNACLE OF HIS CAREER: Kevin Henkes is at thepeak of his popularity and has a highly recognizable and respectedname. He receives widespread acclaim for each new book hepublishes: mostly recently Bird Lake Moon and the New York Timesbestsellers A Good Day and Old Bear. * A PERFECT GIFT FOR CHILDRENAND THEIR PARENTS: This is an ideal present for baby showers andchildren’s birthdays, and it is perfect for preschool classroomlessons on dealing with hardships and emotions * ONLINE PRESENCE:Active website features book information, excerpts, art samples,games for kids, and more! Website: www.
作者: 马乔里·J.科斯特尔尼克
简介:
众所周知,社会性发展是儿童健全发展的重要组成部分。但是在谈到如何帮助儿童建立对自己的积极认知,提升儿童与他人有效交往的能力,以及向儿童传授社交行为规范等具体问题时,父母和专业教育者在实际生活和工作中难免遇到急功近利、知易行难的尴尬,甚至可能因为缺乏正确的认识和教育技巧而对儿童的身心造成不良影响。
本书由多位儿童教育与心理发展领域专家联手打造,专为每一位从事儿童教育及相关工作的人士而著,不仅在儿童的成长与行为方面提供了广泛综合的理论知识,为今后的实践打下坚实基础;更是通过对丰富教学经验的总结、提炼,将能有效促进儿童社会性发展的实践技巧与应对策略倾囊相授。读者将在阅读中加深对儿童成长过程的了解程度,加强与儿童建立良好关系的能力,提升对儿童行为管控的驾驭水平,为儿童营造一个真正有助于提升社会能力、发展健全人格的环境。
【目录】
第1章 改变儿童的生活
社会能力是什么
在儿童发展和社会能力方面,幼教专业人士须知
学习与社会能力
社交环境
你在培养儿童社会能力方面所能发挥的作用
适应发展的教学法与社会能力
引导儿童社会性发展的框架
章节结构
第2章 好的开端:与婴幼儿建立关系
成人与儿童积极关系的基本要素
依恋是关系的基础
了解婴幼儿的暗示
支持儿童的个性化和社会化发展
在交流中发展儿童的能力
友情
培养儿童的自我调节能力
对待有特殊需要的婴幼儿
帮婴幼儿发展积极的社会关系的技巧
第3章 通过非言语沟通与儿童建立积极的关系
非言语沟通的作用
非言语沟通的渠道
与儿童发展非言语关系
通过非言语行为表达权力和安全感
发出和解释非言语信息可能遇到的潜在挑战
儿童对非言语交流技能的学习
帮儿童用非言语的方式发展积极关系的技能
第4章 通过言语交流培养儿童积极的自我意识
儿童自我意识的形成
语言环境
建立积极的语言环境
通过言语交流促进儿童的自我意识和自尊发展的技能
第5章 支持儿童的情绪发展
情绪是什么?它来自哪里?
情绪为什么很重要
幼儿教育人士需要了解儿童情绪发展的哪些方面
儿童表达情绪时的个体差异
儿童从婴儿期到7岁经历的情绪挑战
对儿童情绪的积极反应
支持儿童的情绪发展和学习的技能
第6章 培养儿童的韧性
什么是韧性
韧性是怎样发展的
压力、风险因素和逆境对韧性的影响
儿童自身的优势及保护性因素
与儿童的家人共同培养儿童的韧性
帮助儿童发展抗压能力和韧性的技能
第7章 将社会性发展融入游戏中
游戏的本质及它与社会能力的关系
游戏的种类
帮助、强化和扩展儿童游戏能力的技能
第8章 帮助儿童发展与同伴的关系和友谊
儿童与同伴和朋友关系的重要性
儿童对于朋友和友谊的理解
儿童怎样选择自己的朋友
每个儿童都需要掌握的交友技能
课程设置中如何安排有关友谊发展的内容
在帮助儿童与他人建立和保持友谊方面,成人所起的作用
帮助儿童发展同伴关系和友谊的技能
第9章 布置促进儿童社会性发展的物质环境
对空间和物品的布置
安排时间
布置物质环境促进儿童社会性发展,同时防止或消除不当行为的技能
第10章 培养儿童的自我调节能力:交流期望和规则
什么是自我调节
内化(内部控制) / 280
发展对自我调节能力的影响
经历对自我调节能力的影响
成人对儿童的引导方法
表达期望
对儿童表达期望和规则的技能
第11章 培养儿童的自我调节能力:结果的意义
有问题的行为及具可能的解决办法
结果
警告和后续行动与个人信息相结合
深入的个别化干预措施的必要性
帮助有特殊需求的儿童适应规则和结果
执行结果的技能
第12章 应对儿童带有攻击性的行为
什么是攻击性
儿童为什么会有攻击性
攻击性行为的出现
成人应对儿童的攻击性行为时使用的无效策略
怎样有效地应对儿童的攻击性行为
冲突调解的模型
当攻击性行为发展成欺凌后
应对攻击性行为的技能
第13章 促进儿童的亲社会行为发展
什么是亲社会行为
儿童的亲社会行为受到的各种影响
促进儿童亲社会行为的技能
第14章 培养儿童对性和多样性的正确态度
孩子的性心理发展
接纳有特殊需要的儿童
早熟的行为、害羞和困难气质对儿童社会性发展的影响
培养儿童正确对待性和多样性的技能
第15章 做出道德判断和决定
道德判断以及影响做出道德判断的因素
做道德判断时应遵循的原则
对儿童*行为的道德判断
侧重于儿童遭虐待和忽视的道德行为准则
就道德问题与儿童的家人进行沟通
做出道德判断所需具备的技能
附录一 案例分析
附录二 专业技能调查表
术语表
参考文献
【免费在线读】
第5章 支持儿童的情绪发展
一只蝴蝶落在肖恩的手上——他惊讶地睁大了眼睛。
*天去幼儿中心,在她妈妈要离开时,茉莉忍不住难过地哭了起来。
埃米莉冲过去接球,当她把球握在手中时,她非常激动。
隔壁房间传出成人愤怒的争吵声,而且声音越来越大,托尼感到很害怕。
当拉里说她笨时,詹妮弗愤怒地喊道:“不对,我不笨!”
儿童每天都会经历数百种情绪。情绪存在于儿童的每一个活动中,由各种大大小小的事引发,也就是说,儿童周围的人或事引发他们产生了不同的情绪。表达自己的情绪和理解他人的情绪是儿童社会能力的重要组成部分。
情绪是什么?它来自哪里?
任何文化中的人都有情绪,快乐、悲伤、厌恶、生气、惊讶、感兴趣和恐惧等都是人普遍的情绪(Ekman,2007;Wellcome & Trust,2010)。虽然这些情绪之间有着明显的不同,但它们也有一些共性,即每一种情绪都是由内部或外部事件引发的,然后将信号传送到大脑和中枢神经系统。情绪的爆发是瞬间出现的,甚至连当事人都没意识到就发生了。
由于这些传送到大脑的信号,人被唤醒了,其身体机能也会随着心理变化产生反应。他的心跳加快,手掌出汗,喉咙发干,这些都属于情绪的身体反应。情绪还会带来其他可观察的变化,比如面部表情、姿势、声音和身体动作等方面的变化。
微笑、皱眉和大笑都是人的情绪的外在呈现,被称为情绪的表现部分。通过它们,个体传递了自己正处在怎样的状态的信息。当然,他们的整体情绪还受到当时的环境、他们的目的和过往的经历等影响(Calkins & Williford,2009)。综合所有因素,人们意识到自己正在一定程度的快乐、悲伤、愤怒或恐惧中,这被称为情绪的认知部分。
虽然科学家们对于身体感知、所表现出的反应和认知出现的顺序有不同的看法,但他们都一致认为,情绪是由这三方面共同构成的(Aamodt & Wang,2008)。为了更好地理解它们之间是怎样相互作用的,让我们看看下面这个例子:老师要求8岁的凯蒂朗读她写的报告时所发生的情况。
传达到凯蒂大脑的信号:老师叫出凯蒂的名字;其他的孩子保持沉默;教室后面传出一阵吃吃的笑声。
身体反应:凯蒂的嘴巴发干;心跳加快;胃有痉挛的感觉。
表现出的反应:凯蒂面带愁容;双肩下垂。
认知反应:凯蒂想到了自己以前在众人面前糟糕的表现,但同时她也非常渴望表现得好一点。
情绪:凯蒂感到很紧张。
如果凯蒂的认知反应能聚焦在过去在公开场合讲话成功的经验上,她就很可能认为自己此刻的情绪是兴奋,而不是紧张。无论是哪种情况,凯蒂都会根据自己的感觉做出*终的判断。即使别人认为凯蒂可以表现得很好,可如果她自己坚持认为当时的情形令她感到很害怕,她还是会紧张。这就是为什么面对同样的事情,两个人会因为认知反应的不同而产生完全不同的情绪反应。虽然凯蒂会觉得紧张,可班上的另一个孩子可能正昐着读自己的报告呢。这里没有对错之分,只是反映了不同儿童的实际情况而已。由于情绪与我们所做的每件事情都有关系,因此类似这样的情绪反应每天都会出现很多次。
情绪为什么很重要
儿童的情绪有许多种,既有快乐和喜爱,也有生气和沮丧。有些情绪可以带给人愉悦,有些则不能,但所有的情绪在儿童的生活中都起到了重要的作用。
从*基本的层面讲,情绪能够帮助儿童生存。在一些情形下,比如,快速躲过一辆急速驶来的三轮车,或者与生活中重要的人形成依恋关系,都说明表现出的反应可能盖住一个人的认知反应。在这两个事例中,情绪无意识地促使儿童做出了自我保护的反应,而无须“思考”发生了什么事(Ekman,2007)。
当他们确有机会思考时,情绪能给儿童提供有关幸福的信息(Lewis,2007),其结果是,儿童会采取一些行动以维持或改变他的情绪状态。比如,高兴和信任的感觉能让儿童产生一种安全和踏实感;爱的感觉会让儿童觉得自己是可爱的,并且得到了别人的珍视;骄傲感则证明他是有能力的。所有这些正面的情绪都给儿童提供了安全感,使他们继续或重复带给他们快乐的经历。反之,有些情绪会发出不满、不幸或危险的信号,提醒儿童事情有些不对头。生气会促使儿童去努力克服困难;悲伤会使儿童的精力下降,需要给他时间去适应损失或失望;恐惧则会让儿童以逃离、避开或者其他方式保护自己,远离一些事端。在每一种情形下,情绪都可以帮助儿童理解发生在他们身上的事情,并暗示他们要去适应变化了的环境。表5.1对这些情绪做出了归纳。
此外,情绪还是一种交流方式。比如,在婴儿学会说话前,微笑或哭泣等情绪表现是他们与成人进行沟通的*语言。即使在人们可以用言语和非言语暗示交流后,情绪仍然可以起到表达感受和更好地理解他人的感受的作用(Jaswal & Fernald,2007;Widen,Russell,2008)。
情绪还可以影响儿童的认知功能(Steedly,Schwartz,Levin,& Luke,2008)。*近的研究发现,大脑中控制情绪的神经回路与那些和智力活动有关的神经系统高度互动,所谓的智力活动包括:关注细节、设定目标、制订计划、解决问题和做出决定等(National Scientific Council on the Developing Child,2006)。所以,情绪既能协助也能干预人的认知行为。情绪如果管控不当或者是负面的,很可能削弱人的智力活动;而如果管控得当或者是正面的,则非常有助于人的更高层次的认知活动(Raver,Garner,& Smith-Donald,2007)。
鉴于上述原因,我们每天都不能忽视儿童的情绪发展。事实上,研究人员建议,对儿童情绪的密切关注应该覆盖其家庭生活和幼儿中心或学校生活的方方面面(Steedly et al.,2008)。
情绪发展要体现在课程设置中
作为幼儿教育工作者,你可以有很多机会帮助儿童:
更好地理解自己的情绪。
对他人的情绪更为敏感。
找到有效的方法来管控自己经历的各种情绪。
这些都是与情绪发展相关的重要能力,因此,从上幼儿园的儿童一直到十二年级的青少年都应当通过课程来学习与此有关的内容。表5.2中列出了美国几个州的学习标准。
你可以通过很多方法提高儿童管控情绪的能力,包括每天的互动、有意的引导和有组织的活动。无论你采取怎样的方法,要想把工作完成好,你首先必须对儿童情绪的发展有一个透彻的了解。
幼儿教育人士需要了解儿童情绪发展的哪些方面
从出生开始直到小学早期,儿童的情绪发展受到下面几个因素的影响:
儿童的情绪是怎样出现的。
儿童怎样发展其情绪意识。
儿童怎样觉察他人的情绪。
儿童控制情绪的能力。
儿童解决童年期情绪问题的能力。
所有这些发展过程都与儿童的成熟程度和经历有关,了解它们能够帮助你对儿童做出恰当的回应,从而提升他们的社会能力。
情绪的出现和成熟
纳迪亚出生刚两天,当她的哥哥把她一会儿抱起来,一会儿又放在大腿上时,她的脸上露出了难受的表情。一些科学家认为,这就是纳迪亚真实的情绪反应(Izard et al.,1995;2000)。不过也有一些学者认为,新生儿的这种表情只是一种条件反射,他们的观点是人的真实情绪要在出生几周后才会表现出来,因为只有到那个时候,他们的认知能力才发展到了足以使他们反映自己的经历(Sullivan & Lewis,2003)。尽管有不同的观点,但研究人员一致认为,在出生的*年中,婴儿会体验各种不同的情绪,但他们并不能把所有情绪都表达出来。只有随着儿童日趋成熟,他们的情绪才能变得更加丰富和复杂。成熟的情绪在发展到一定阶段就会出现,它与语言能力和身体发育一样,都是可预期的(Copple & Bredekamp,2009)。1岁以前,纳迪亚可以表现的情绪有:快乐(大约6周时)、生气(大约4—6个月时)、悲伤(大约5—8个月时)和恐惧(6—12个月时)。
快乐、生气、悲伤和恐惧被认为是初级情绪,从它们开始,儿童会发展出其他各种情绪(Widen & Russell,2008)。比如,从婴儿的*次社会性微笑中可以看到快乐,因为它是一个明白无误的表达愉快的信号,通常是他在看到主要照料者时发出的,并且被作为一个有重大意义的社会性事件而受到全世界所有家庭的欢迎(参见要点5.1)。
要点5.1
在传统的印地安纳瓦霍家庭中,人们要庆祝快乐的出现
一个正在微笑的婴儿
在传统的纳瓦霍文化中有这样的习俗:看到了孩子*次笑的朋友和家人可以荣幸地主办一场名为“孩子笑了”的庆祝活动,以节日的形式祝贺孩子的生活中有了快乐,这也标志着孩子从此成为一个真正的社会人和家庭成员。
快乐会被渐渐细分出惊奇、喜爱和骄傲;同样地,作为初级情绪的生气也会发展为沮丧、愤怒、妒忌、狂躁和厌恶。而这些情绪结合在一起还会产生更加复杂的反应,比如生气和厌恶在一起出现时就变成了轻蔑。图5.1整理归纳了四种初级情绪以及由它们衍生的情绪群。
新的情绪出现也就意味着早期的情绪变得更加丰富了。1岁末时,儿童的情绪就超出了*初的四种,而增添了由吃惊、激动、沮丧、分离造成的焦虑和因接触陌生人引起的痛苦。2岁开始会出现更多的、变化多端的情绪(Ekman,2007)。因为到了这个年龄,儿童有了更多的自我意识,所以诸如尴尬、喜爱、妒忌、抵抗和轻蔑这样的情绪也都出现了。3岁时,儿童开始越来越关注他人了,他们身上有了共情的迹象,并且他们对别的儿童的喜爱和他们对成人的爱也出现了差别。
3岁左右的时候,儿童也开始可以对自己的行为做出判断了,因此当他们成功地做完一件事后会感到很骄傲(他们会微笑、拍手或者大喊“我成功了”);如果失败了,他们会表现得很羞愧(他们会显得很沮丧,避免与他人目光接触,声称“我不擅长做这个”)(Harter,2012;Widen & Russell,2008)。图5.2记录了在儿童出生后的头3年中各种情绪出现和发展的大致顺序。到儿童上小学时,他们经历的情绪种类就更多了。
在生命的早期,儿童的初级情绪表现得非常强烈,情绪突然地爆发对婴幼儿来讲是非常普遍的现象。不过,随着情绪的逐渐细化,他们的反应也开始呈现不同的状况。
在逐渐长大的过程中,儿童不再完全靠着尖叫来表达愤怒了,他们会生气地大叫、失望地噘嘴、沮丧地抽泣,或者用语言表达他们不爽的感觉。新增的情绪表达方式是一些因素相互作用的结果,包括初级情绪、环境以及儿童不断发展的认知能力和语言能力。它们也促进了儿童对自己和他人情绪的理解。
儿童对自己情绪的理解
“老师,我很烦你,走开!”
——亚历克,3岁,来自美国费城
“所有的孩子都看着我说:瞧那个又丑又驼背的小男孩,这让我很生气,也让我很难过。我虽然驼背,可这并不等于说我的耳朵听不到,我的心不会感到受伤。”
——约翰,11岁,来自英国伦敦
从上面这两个例子可以看出,儿童在童年期对自己情绪的认识发生了极大的变化。在短短的几年里,他们就从简单地宣泄发展到能够进行复杂的推理,并且理解的范围也增大了。儿童刚开始时以为他们在一个时间内只会有一种情绪,幼儿或学龄前孩子的生气是彻头彻尾的,他们的高兴也是酣畅淋漓的(Harter,1998)。而且这些情绪反应变化得非常快,1分钟前,一个孩子还可能大叫着“不”,没过几分钟,他就会对着另一样东西大笑起来。情绪的急速变化是这个年龄段的儿童的典型特征(Gonnalez-Mena & Eyer,2012)。
到五六岁时,儿童已经能够识别自己的各种情绪了,并且承认他们在同一时间里会存在不止一种情绪,不过它们都属于同一情绪群。比如,一个幼儿园儿童可能会说他对去参加同伴的生日聚会感到既高兴又激动(Saarni et al.,2006)。但是他肯定不会说他对参加生日聚会感到既高兴又紧张,因为他知道这两类情绪只能针对不同的情境。
8—11岁时,儿童会意识到面对同一件事产生多种甚至相反的情绪是完全可能的。由于有了这样的认识,儿童可能会对一个人待在家里产生既害怕又骄傲的情绪(Harris,2008;Copple & Bredekamp,2009)。不过,刚开始的时候,儿童会认为这些情绪是一个接一个出现的,不是同时出现的;并且后面的情绪会取代前面的情绪,而不是共存的。也就是说,对一件事可以既高兴又难过,但不是同时发生的。
到了10—12岁,儿童终于承认他们可以在同一时间对同一件事持有两种或者多种情绪了。这意味着他们开始意识到“混合情绪”的存在了。起初,这种混合情绪会让他们感到不知所措,于是他们会对此表现出焦虑,觉得他们的情绪好像在“打架”(Whitesell & Harter,1989)。儿童只有在变得更成熟并且有了更多经历后才能学会理性地梳理混合情绪。这时候,他们差不多已经处在青少年期后期了(Larsen,To,& Fireman,2007)。这个阶段的儿童还会表现出另一个情绪特征,那就是他们的情绪不再像年幼儿童那样变化无常了。他们的情绪持续的时间比以前长了,而且反映的不仅是此时此地的状况,也与过去和未来有关。实际上,年龄稍大一点的儿童更愿意形容他们自己的心情好或不好,也就是说,他们希望自己的整体情绪能够在一段时间里保持相对稳定。图5.3总结归纳了上述情绪发展的顺序。
儿童学习识别他人的情绪
3岁的麦琪发现另一个孩子在哭泣,泪水从她的脸颊上流下来。于是,她指着这个哭泣的孩子说,“老师,你瞧露西,她很难过。”
在一次学校组织的家庭聚会上,妈妈要去冰箱拿饮料时,她让自己2岁的孩子和6岁的马克斯待在一起。这时,她的孩子小声地哭起来了。马克斯看到这一情景后,抓起2岁孩子的手说,“噢,没事的,她没有走远,她马上就回来了。别害怕,我在这里呢。”
能够察觉别人的情绪并做出解释是一项很重要的技能,而且随着儿童的成熟,他们在这方面的能力会越来越强。就像麦琪和马克斯所表现出的那样,在短短几年的时间里,儿童在解释他人的情绪并做出回应时,能够将注意力从身体方面发出的暗示转向其当时所处的环境。对情绪的识别在出生后的头3年里就开始了,只是那个阶段进展得比较缓慢,到了快上小学时,这方面的进步一下子加快了。
3岁以前
虽然婴幼儿也会对他人的情绪有反应,但他们尚不能够准确地解读这些情绪的含义,这是由于他们没有什么经历,而且词汇量有限(Widen & Russell,2008)。
3—5岁
学龄前儿童已经能够越来越准确地判断他人正面或者负面的情绪了(Berk,2006)。他们主要是通过别人的面部表情和说话时的声音做出判断的,也就是说,他们的判断更多地依赖对方的外表和声音,而不是当时的情境(Harris,2008)。根据这些表情暗示,儿童可以判定一个正在哭的人是悲伤的,因为他的眼泪正顺着脸颊流下来,但他并不清楚发生了什么。而且对他们来讲,识别那些初级情绪要比识别更复杂的情绪容易许多(Thompson & Lagattuta,2008)。同时,这一阶段的儿童在识别别人的情绪时,就如同识别自己的情绪一样,一次只能识别一种(参见图5.4)。因此,如果别人经历的是多种情绪,他们就很难都觉察到。
上小学后
上小学后,儿童就可以将他人的外在表情、情境以及以前的经历综合在一起理解和解释他的情绪了。随着日渐成熟和经验的增加,儿童会理解另一个孩子显得悲伤是因为他的玩具坏了或者因为他的小狗丢了,而不只是因为他在哭。他们还会发现,当玩具修好了,或者走失的小狗回来了时,那个儿童的情绪就转变成高兴了。通过图5.5中儿童的画可以看出儿童已经学会查明他人外在情绪的实际缘由了。儿童会逐渐明白一个人的情绪既可能是内在原因引起的,也可能是身体原因或外部环境造成的(Calkins & Williford,2009)。比如,他们会发现有些事情虽然是很早以前发生的,但仍可能对人的情绪造成影响。10岁的贾内尔说:“汤姆很难过,因为他感到很孤独,以前他有一只小狗,可是丢掉了。”这反映出她不仅清楚汤姆呈现了怎样的情绪,而且知道产生这种情绪的原因。此外,她这个年龄也能够理解人可以表现出一系列情绪,甚至是混合情绪。比如,汤姆既可能因丢了小狗而难过,也可能因家人正商量再买一只小狗而高兴起来(Pons et al.,2003)。小学结束时,大多数儿童还会意识到即使面对同一件事情,人们的情绪反应也可能不尽相同;同样的环境也会带给不同的人不同的反应,以及同一个人在不同的场合下会有不同的情绪反应。比如,很强烈的音乐会让特里西娅非常开心,却会令卡特里娜受不了。又比如,同样的音乐在周一还使詹妮特很兴奋,到了周二却让她变得很紧张。由于人的复杂多变,对小学生来讲,准确及时地识别情绪仍是一个很大的挑战。
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