Table Of Contents:
Part I: Basic Concepts

Introduction 3(8)

Motivation 3(1)

Historical Perspective 4(1)

Modern Approaches 5(6)

References 9(2)

Polarized Light 11(22)

Polarization of Coherent Electromagnetic Radiation 11(6)

Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic radiation 11(2)

The polarization ellipse 13(1)

Parameterization of polarization: Stokes vectors 13(3)

The principal frame 16(1)

The Poincare sphere 16(1)

Electric Dipole Radiation from Atomic Transitions 17(16)

Coordinate frames, scattering amplitudes, and Stokes parameters 17(5)

Atomic state parameters, electron charge clouds, and their experimental determination 22(4)

The incoherent case with conservation of atomic reflection symmetry 26(1)

The incoherent case without conservation of atomic reflection symmetry 27(2)

Summary of parameterization for P-state excitation 29(1)

Exercises 30(1)

References 31(2)

Polarized Electrons 33(8)

The Dirac Equation 33(1)

Pure Spain States: State-Vector Description 34(1)

Mixed Spain States: Density-Matrix Description 35(1)

Experimental Determination of Electron Polarization 36(5)

Exercises 39(1)

References 39(2)

Experimental Geometries and Approaches 41(22)

Integrated Cross Sections and Alignment 41(4)

Schematic setup for angle-integrated measurements 41(1)

Setup with results for electron-impact and atom-impact excitation 42(3)

Differential Cross Sections 45(2)

Schematic setup for angle-differential measurements 45(1)

A setup with results for electron-atom collisions 45(2)

A setup with results for atom-impact excitation 47(1)

Planar Scattering Symmetry: Alignment and Orientation Parameters 47(5)

Schematic setup for coherence and correlation analysis 47(2)

Setups with results for electron-impact excitation and de-excitation 49(1)

Setup with results for atom-impact excitation 50(2)

Generalized STU Parameters for Electron Collisions 52(3)

Generalized Stokes Parameters for Electron-Atom Collisions 55(4)

Atom-Atom Collisions with Laser-Prepared Targets 59(4)

References 61(2)

Density Matrices: Connecting Experiment and Theory 63(24)

Motivation 63(1)

Scattering Amplitudes 64(4)

Scattering amplitudes in different coordinate frames 64(2)

Symmetry properties 66(1)

Scattering amplitudes in the nonrelativistic limit 67(1)

Density Matrices 68(2)

An Explicit Example: Generalized STU Parameters 70(5)

Definition in terms of Scattering amplitudes 70(2)

Exact symmetry relationships 72(1)

An approximate symmetry: The fine-structure effect 73(2)

Irreducible Tensor Operators and State Multipoles 75(6)

Basic definitions 75(2)

Coupled systems 77(1)

Time evolution of state multipoles: Quantum beats 78(2)

Time integration over quantum beats 80(1)

Stokes Parameters 81(2)

Atomic and Photon Density Matrices for P-State Excitation 83(4)

Exercises 84(2)

References 86(1)

Computational Methods 87(26)

Electron vs. Heavy-Particle Impact 87(2)

Computational Methods for Electron Scattering 89(12)

Potential scattering 90(2)

Perturbation approaches 92(3)

The close-coupling expansion 95(5)

Time-dependent approaches 100(1)

Computational Methods for Heavy-Particle Collisions 101(5)

Semiclassical approaches 101(4)

Classical-Trajectory Monte-Carlo approach 105(1)

Visualization of Charge Clouds 106(7)

References 109(4)
Part II: Case Studies

Electron-Impact Excitation 113(78)

Angle-Integrated Stokes Parameters and Cross Sections 113(13)

Angle-Differential Stokes and STU Parameters 126(60)

Electron-impact excitation of helium 126(21)

Electron-impact excitation of hydrogen, lithium, and sodium 147(16)

Electron-impact excitation of heavy noble gases 163(3)

Electron-impact excitation of mercury 166(19)

Elastic electron scattering from cesium 185(1)

Conclusions 186(5)

References 187(4)

Ion- and Atom-Impact Excitation 191(62)

Angle-Differential S → P, D Excitation and Transfer 191(23)

S → P,D excitation in Mg+- and Li-rare-gas systems 191(8)

S → P transfer excitation in B3+-He, Ne collisions 199(4)

S → P transfer in small-angle H+, Li+-Na(3S) collisions 203(11)

Angle-Integrated Alignment Studies Using Optically Prepared Targets 214(10)

Alignment effects in H+, Li+-Na (3p) collisions 215(7)

Alignment effects in He2+-Na (3p) collisions 222(2)

Angle-Differential Studies Using Optically Prepared Targets 224(13)

Level populations in H+-Na (3p) → H(n=2,3)-Na+ scattering 224(9)

Level populations in Li+-Na (3p) → Li(2p)-Na+ scattering 233(4)

Angle-Differential Studies Using Optically Prepared Targets and Optical Final-State Analysis 237(16)

H+-Na(3p) → H(2p)-Na+ scattering experiments 241(1)

Li+-Na(3p) → Li(2p)-Na+ scattering experiments 242(6)

Future Directions 248(1)

References 249(4)

Propensity Rules 253(22)

Orientation in S → P Impact Excitation by Electrons and Positrons 253(5)

Orientation in S → P Impact Excitation by Protons and Antiprotons 258(3)

Orientation in Na (3s, 4s → 3p) Excitation and De-Excitation by Electrons and Positrons 261(8)

Principal Quantum Number Dependence of Orientation and Alignment Parameters 269(6)

References 273(2)

Impact Ionization 275(18)

Ionization by Electron Impact 275(10)

Angle-integrated studies 277(3)

Angle-differential studies 280(5)

Ionization with Excitation by Heavy-Particle Impact 285(8)

Angle-integrated studies 287(1)

Angle-differential studies 288(2)

References 290(3)

Related Topics and Applications 293(52)

Photoinoization 293(6)

Spin-Polarized Auger Electrons 299(2)

Autoinoization Anisotropies in Heavy-Particle Collisions 301(4)

Collisions with Molecules 305(4)

Electron collisions with molecules 305(2)

Heavy-particle collisions with molecules 307(2)

Collisions with Surfaces and Foils 309(2)

Polarization in Collisional Broadening and Redistribution 311(7)

Alignment and Orientation Studies at Thermal Energies 318(7)

Alignment studies involving an optically prepared atom 318(3)

Alignment and orientation studies involving two optically prepared atoms 321(4)

Plasma Polarization Spectroscopy 325(3)

Spin-Polarized Beams for Nuclear and Particle Physics 328(9)

References 331(6)
Part III: Selection of Historical Papers (1925--1976)

Introductory Summaries 337(8)

Prufung von D-Leuchten, das von einem nahezu parallelen Elektronenbundel angeregt ist, auf Polarisation, Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 77 (1925); 273--277, 286 345(6)

W. Kossel

C. Gerthsen

On the Excitation of Polarised Light by Electron Impact, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 112 (1926); 642, 651--660 351(12)

H. W. B. Skinner

On the Excitation of Polarised Light by Electron Impact. II.--Mercury, Proc. Roy. Soc. A 117 (1927); 224--225, 237--244 363(10)

H.W.B. Skinner

E.T.S. Appleyard

Zur Quantenmechanik der Richtungsentartung, Z. Phys. 43 (1927) 27--46 373(20)

J.R. Oppenheimer

On 'the Quantum Theory of the Polarization of Impact Radiation, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 13 (1927) 800--805 393(6)

J.R. Oppenheimer

On the Quantum Theory of Electronic Impacts, Phys. Rev. 32 )1928) 361--376

J.R. Oppenheimer

Die Polarisation des Stoßleschutens bei Edelgasen, Z. Phys. 52 (1928) 516--530

K. Steiner

Effect of Nuclear Spain on the Radiation Excited by Electron Impact, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 18 (1932) 231--237 399(8)

W.G. Penney

Polarisation des Stoßleuchtens, Handbuch der Physik 24 (1933) 508--515

H. Bethe

Collision Alignment of Molecules, Atoms, and Nuclei, Phys. Rev. 98, (1955) 1853 407(2)

N.F. Ramsey

The Polarization of Atomic Line Radiation Excited by Electron Impact, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A 251 (1858) 113--124, 129--138 409(22)

I.C. Percival

M.J. Seaton

Production of Highly Polarized Electron Beams by Low-Energy Scattering, Phys. Rev. Lett. 15 (1965) 575--577 431(4)

K. Jost

J. Kessler

Zur Polarisation langasmer Elektronen durch Streuung an Quecksilber zwischen 180 und 1700e V,Z. Phys. 195 (1966) 1--12

K. Jost

J. Kessler

The Perfect Scattering Experiment I. Comm. At. Mol. Phys. 1 (1969) 41--44 435(4)

B. Bederson

The Perfect Scattering Experiment II, Comm. At. Mol. Phys. 1 (1969) 65--69 439(6)

B. Bederson

Electron-Atom Excitation with Spin Analysis, Comm. At. Mol. Phys. 2 (1970) 160--164

B. Bederson

Experimental Verification of the Fano Effect, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24 (1969) 87--88 445(2)

J. Kessler

J. Lorenz

Elektronen-Spinpolarisation bei der Photoinisation unpolarisierter Casiumatome mit zirkularpolarisiertem Licht. Untersuchung des Fano-Effekts am Casium, Z. Phys. 240 (1970) 42--61

U. Heinzmann

J. Kesler

J. Lorenz

Measurement of Differential Charge-Transfer Cross Sections and Probabilities by Photon-Particle Coincidence Technique, Phys. Rev. Lett. 25 (1970) 491--494 447(4)

D.H. Jaecks

D.H. Crandall

R.H. McKnight

Theory of Atomic Photon-Particle Coincidence Measurements, Phys. Rev. A 4 (1971) 2288--2300 451(14)

J.H. Macek

D.H. Jaecks

Differential Measurement of the He 33P Excitation, in He+-He Collisions, by Using an Ion-Photon Coincidence Method, Phys. Rev. Lett. 26 (1971) 1411--1413 465(4)

G. Rhamat

G. Vassilev

J. Baudon

M. Barat

The Variation with Electron Scattering Angle of the Polarisation of Atomic Line Radiation Excited by Electron Impact, J. Phys. B 5 (1972) 1411--1413 469(2)

J. Wykes

Measurements of Complex Excitation Amplitudes in Electron-Helium Collisions by Angular Correlations Using a Coincidence Method, Phys. Rev. Lett. 31 (1973) 576--579 471(4)

M. Eminyan

K.B. MacAdam

J. Slevin

H. Kleinpoppen

Electron-Photon Angular Correlations in Electron-Helium Collisions: Measurements of Complex Excitation Amplitudes, Atomic Orientation and Alignment, J. Phys. B 7 (1974) 1519--1542

M. Eminyan

K.B. MacAdam

J. Slevin

H. Kleinpoppen

Impact Excitation and Polarization of the Emitted Light, Rev. Mod. Phys. 45 (1973) 553--565, 572--573 475(16)

U. Fano

J.H. Macek

Direct Observation of Exchange Scattering by Spin Flip of Polarized Electrons in Excitation of Mercury, Phys. Rev. Lett. 33 (1974) 341--343 491(4)

G.F. Hanne

J. Kessler

Study of Exchange Collisions in Mercury by Means of Polarized Electrons I. Experiment, J. Phys. B 9 (1976) 791--804

G.F. Hanne

J. Kessler

Theory of Electron Scattering from Laser Excited Atoms, J. Phys. B 7 (1974) 2173--2188 495(16)

J. H. Macek

I.V. Hertel

Measurements of Photon Polarization and Angular Correlation for He+-He Collisions Using an Ion-Photon Coincidence Technique, Phys. Rev. Lett. 34 (1975) 444--447 511(4)

G. Vassilev

G. Rhamat

J. Slevin

J. Baudon

Polarized-Photon, Scattered-Atom Coincidence Measurements in He+-He Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett 35 (1975) 723--725 515(4)

D.H. Jaecks

F.J. Eriksen

W. de Rijk

J. Macek

Photon Vector Polarization and Coherence Parameters in an Electron-Photon Coincidence Experiment in Helium, Phys. Rev. Lett. 36 (1976) 577--580 519(4)

M.C. Standage

H. Kleinpoppen
Further Readings 523(2)
Subject Index 525