Preface p. xiii
Acknowledgements p. ii
That Which Has Come Before p. 1
Recorded Sound p. 2
Phonograph p. 3
Graphophone p. 4
Gramophone p. 6
Electric Recording p. 8
Beyond 78 p. 9
Stereo and Quadraphonic Sound p. 9
Magnetic Recording p. 10
Sound Transmission p. 12
Telephone p. 12
Radio p. 14
It's a Journey, not a Destination p. 16
Sound p. 17
Intro to Sound p. 18
Longitudinal Waves p. 18
Waveforms p. 21
Pure Tones p. 21
Propagation of Sound p. 25
Diagramming Sound Movement p. 25
Speed of Sound p. 27
Wavelength p. 28
Reflection p. 29
Refraction p. 31
Diffraction p. 34
Interference p. 35
Beat Frequency p. 36
Doppler Effect p. 37
Sound Intensity and Power p. 40
Logarithms p. 40
Decibels p. 41
Sound Power p. 41
Sound Intensity p. 42
Pressure p. 43
Decibels Revisited p. 46
The Frequency Domain p. 48
Sounds of Interest p. 53
Sine Waves p. 54
Square Waves p. 54
Triangular Waves p. 55
Saw-tooth Waves p. 55
White Noise p. 56
Pink Noise p. 56
Measuring Sound Quality p. 57
Harmonic Distortion p. 57
Signal to Noise Ratio p. 58
Dynamic Range p. 59
Summary p. 60
Hearing p. 61
Useful Concepts p. 62
Nonlinearity p. 62
Filters p. 65
Physiology p. 68
Outer Ear p. 68
Middle Ear p. 69
Inner Ear p. 70
Brain p. 71
Intensity and Loudness p. 71
Intensity p. 71
Loudness p. 72
Frequency and Pitch p. 76
Frequency p. 76
Frequency Selectivity p. 77
Pitch p. 77
Timbre p. 79
Masking p. 79
Simultaneous Masking p. 79
Non-simultaneous Masking p. 81
Critical Bands p. 82
Temporal Resolution p. 84
Sound Localization p. 85
Monaural Cues p. 85
Binaural Cues p. 86
Summary p. 90
Speakers p. 91
Drivers p. 92
Driver Types p. 92
Driver Characteristics p. 98
Woofers and Tweeters p. 101
Crossovers p. 103
Enclosures p. 105
Materials p. 105
Topology p. 106
Polarity p. 116
Speaker Types p. 119
Passive vs. Active p. 119
Applications p. 120
Summary p. 124
Microphones p. 125
Transducer Types p. 125
Dynamic p. 126
Ribbon p. 126
Condenser p. 127
Piezoelectric p. 129
Carbon p. 129
Laser p. 130
Characteristics p. 130
Impedance p. 130
Sensitivity p. 131
Frequency Response p. 132
Polar Patterns p. 132
Measuring Directivity p. 143
Self Noise p. 146
Maximum Input Level p. 146
Microphone Types p. 147
Standard p. 147
Lapel p. 147
Boundary p. 148
Shotgun p. 150
Parabolic p. 153
Which Microphone is Best? p. 154
Summary p. 155
Multichannel Sound p. 157
Monophonic Sound p. 157
Stereophonic Sound p. 158
Playback p. 158
Recording p. 160
Binaural p. 163
Surround Sound p. 165
Naming Conventions p. 165
Common Configurations p. 166
Summary p. 168
Digital Audio p. 169
Digital vs. Analog p. 169
A Metaphor p. 170
Advantages of Digital p. 174
Living in an Analog World p. 175
Sampling p. 175
Ideal Sampling p. 176
Aliasing p. 182
Real World Sampling p. 186
Quantization p. 191
Oversampling p. 198
Noise Shaping p. 201
Coding Methods p. 203
Pulse Code Modulation p. 203
Differential Pulse Code Modulation p. 203
Delta Modulation p. 204
Delta Sigma Modulation p. 205
Summary p. 206
Connections p. 207
Audio Signal Basics p. 207
Unbalanced and Balanced Signals p. 207
The Ground Loop p. 208
Analog Levels p. 209
SPDIF p. 209
Connecters p. 210
Phone p. 210
Phono p. 211
XLR p. 211
TOSLINK p. 212
Summary p. 212
Compact Disc p. 213
Overview p. 213
Advantages p. 215
Drawbacks p. 215
Types p. 215
Disc Details p. 220
Disc Layout p. 220
Tracks and Pits p. 221
Rotation p. 224
CD-DA Details p. 224
AAD, ADD, and DDD p. 224
Data Format p. 225
Content Protection p. 228
Other Audio Optical Disc Formats p. 229
HCCD p. 229
SACD p. 230
MiniDisc p. 231
DVD p. 232
Summary p. 232
MPEG p. 233
Overview p. 233
The Many Flavors of MPEG p. 234
MPEG Audio p. 235
MPEG-1 Audio p. 236
Layer I p. 237
Layer II p. 240
Layer III p. 241
ID3 p. 243
Psychoacoustical Models p. 244
MPEG-2 Audio p. 246
MPEG-2 LSF p. 246
MPEG-2 BC p. 246
MPEG-2 AAC p. 247
MPEG-4 Audio p. 252
General Audio Coding p. 252
Speech Coding p. 255
Synthetic Sound p. 257
Scalability p. 259
Profiles and Levels p. 260
Summary p. 263
DVD p. 265
Overview p. 265
History of DVD p. 265
DVD Specifications p. 266
Format Overview p. 267
Format Compatibility p. 269
Physical Structure p. 270
Sides, Layers and Capacities p. 271
DVD-Video p. 274
Features p. 274
File Layout and Logical Structures p. 277
Audio Formats p. 280
DVD-Audio p. 284
Features p. 285
File Layout and Logical Structures p. 286
Audio Formats p. 288
Compatibility p. 291
Summary p. 292
Digital TV and Radio p. 293
Digital Television p. 293
ATSC p. 294
DVB p. 298
Digital Terrestrial Radio p. 299
DAB p. 299
IBOC p. 302
Digital Satellite Radio p. 305
Summary p. 306
Audio on the PC p. 307
Evolution of PC Sound p. 307
Sound Cards p. 308
Hardware Abstraction Layer p. 309
Soft Sound p. 310
Usage Models p. 312
Editing p. 313
Ripping p. 313
Burning p. 314
Downloading p. 314
Streaming p. 315
File Sharing p. 316
Digital Home p. 319
Summary p. 320
That Which is Yet to Come p. 321
Ruminations p. 322
The Persistence of Speakers and Microphones p. 322
The Death of Analog p. 322
Smaller, Faster, Cheaper p. 323
New Distribution Models p. 324
The Digital Home p. 325
The Universal Network p. 326
Glossary p. 329
Selected Bibliography p. 341
Index p. 349