Handbook of plant nutrition /

Table Of Contents:

Section I Introduction 1(18)

Introduction 3(16)

Allen V. Barker

David J. Pilbeam

Definitions 3(2)

Plant Nutrient 3(2)

Diagnostic Criteria 5(7)

Visual Diagnosis 5(3)

Plant Analysis 8(1)

Quantitative Analysis 8(1)

Tissue Testing 9(1)

Biochemical Tests 10(1)

Soil Tests 11(1)

Approaches in Research 12(7)

References 13(6)

Section II Essential Elements---Macronutrients 19(220)

Nitrogen 21(30)

Allen V. Barker

Gretchen M. Bryson

Determination of Essentiality 22(1)

Nitrogen Metabolism and Nitrogenous Constituents in Plants 22(4)

Nitrate Assimilation 23(1)

Nitrate Reductase 23(1)

Nitrite Reductase 23(1)

Ammonium Assimilation 23(1)

Glutamine Synthetase 24(1)

Glutamate Synthase 24(1)

Glutamic Acid Dehydrogenase 24(1)

Transamination 24(1)

Amidation 24(1)

Proteins and Other Nitrogenous Compounds 25(1)

Diagnosis of Nitrogen Status in Plants 26(6)

Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess 26(2)

Concentrations of Nitrogen in Plants 28(1)

Concentrations of Nitrogen in Plant Parts 29(2)

Ratios of Concentrations of Nitrogen to Other Nutrients in Plants 31(1)

Nitrogen in Soils 32(3)

Forms of Nitrogen in Soils 32(1)

Organic Nitrogen in Soil 33(2)

Inorganic Nitrogen in Soil 35(1)

Soil Testing for Nitrogen 35(4)

Determinations of Total Nitrogen 36(1)

Biological Determinations of Availability Indexes 36(1)

Determination of Inorganic Nitrogen 36(1)

Ammonium 36(1)

Nitrate 37(1)

Amino Sugars 38(1)

Nitrogen Fertilizers 39(12)

Properties and Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers 40(1)

Anhydrous Ammonia (82% N) 40(1)

Aqua Ammonia (21% N) 40(1)

Urea (46% N) 40(1)

Ammonium Nitrate (34% N) 41(1)

Ammonium Sulfate (21% N) 41(1)

Nitrogen Solutions (28--32% N) 41(1)

Ammonium Phosphates (10--21% N) 42(1)

Other Inorganic Nitrogen Fertilizers 42(1)

Organic Nitrogen Fertilizers (0.2--15% N) 42(1)

References 43(8)

Phosphorus 51(40)

Charles A. Sanchez

Background Information 51(3)

Historical Information 51(1)

Phosphorus Functions in Plants 52(1)

Nature and Transformations of Soil Phosphorus 53(1)

Diagnosing Phosphorus Deficiency 54(21)

Visual Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess 54(1)

Tissue Testing for Phosphorus 55(16)

Soil Testing for Phosphorus 71(4)

Factors Affecting Management of Phosphorus Fertilization 75(16)

Crop Response to Phosphorus 75(1)

Soil Water 76(2)

Soil Temperature 78(1)

Sources of Phosphorus 79(1)

Timing of Application of Phosphorus Fertilizers 79(1)

Placement of Phosphorus Fertilizers 79(2)

Foliar-Applied Phosphorus Fertilization 81(1)

Fertilization in Irrigation Water 81(1)

References 82(9)

Potassium 91(30)

Konrad Mengel

Historical Information 91(1)

Determination of Essentiality 92(7)

Function in Plants 93(1)

Enzyme Activation 93(1)

Protein Synthesis 93(1)

Ion Absorption and Transport 94(1)

Potassium Absorption 94(1)

Potassium Transport within Tissues 95(1)

Osmotic Function 95(1)

Photosynthesis and Respiration 96(1)

Long-Distance Transport 97(2)

Diagnosis of Potassium Status in Plants 99(2)

Symptoms of Deficiency 99(1)

Symptoms of Excess 100(1)

Concentrations of Potassium in Plants 101(4)

Assessment of Potassium Status in Soils 105(7)

Potassium-Bearing Minerals 105(2)

Potassium Fractions in Soils 107(2)

Plant-Available Potassium 109(2)

Soil Tests for Potassium Fertilizer Recommendations 111(1)

Potassium Fertilizers 112(9)

Kinds of Fertilizers 112(1)

Application of Potassium Fertilizers 113(3)

References 116(5)

Calcium 121(24)

David J. Pilbeam

Philip S. Morley

Historical Information 121(1)

Determination of Essentiality 121(1)

Functions in Plants 122(3)

Effects on Membranes 122(1)

Role in Cell Walls 122(2)

Effects on Enzymes 124(1)

Interactions with Phytohormones 125(1)

Other Effects 125(1)

Diagnosis of Calcium Status in Plants 125(10)

Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess 125(3)

Concentrations of Calcium in Plants 128(1)

Forms of Calcium Compounds 128(1)

Distribution of Calcium in Plants 128(4)

Calcicole and Calcifuge Species 132(1)

Critical Concentrations of Calcium 133(1)

Tabulated Data of Concentrations by Crops 133(2)

Assessment of Calcium Status in Soils 135(2)

Forms of Calcium in Soil 135(2)

Soil Tests 137(1)

Tabulated Data on Calcium Contents in Soils 137(1)

Fertilizers for Calcium 137(8)

Kinds of Fertilizer 137(2)

Application of Calcium Fertilizers 139(1)

Acknowledgment 140(1)

References 140(5)

Magnesium 145(38)

Donald J. Merhaut

Historical Information 146(1)

Determination of Essentiality 146(1)

Function in Plants 146(2)

Metabolic Processes 146(1)

Growth 147(1)

Fruit Yield and Quality 147(1)

Diagnosis of Magnesium Status in Plants 148(8)

Symptoms of Deficiency and Excess 148(1)

Symptoms of Deficiency 148(1)

Symptoms of Excess 149(1)

Environmental Causes of Deficiency Symptoms 149(1)

Nutrient Imbalances and Symptoms of Deficiency 150(1)

Potassium and Magnesium 150(1)

Calcium and Magnesium 151(1)

Nitrogen and Magnesium 151(1)

Sodium and Magnesium 152(1)

Iron and Magnesium 152(1)

Manganese and Magnesium 153(1)

Zinc and Magnesium 153(1)

Phosphorus and Magnesium 153(1)

Copper and Magnesium 154(1)

Chloride and Magnesium 154(1)

Aluminum and Magnesium 154(1)

Phenotypic Differences in Accumulation 155(1)

Genotypic Differences in Accumulation 155(1)

Concentrations of Magnesium in Plants 156(9)

Magnesium Constituents 156(1)

Distribution in Plants 156(1)

Seasonal Variations 156(1)

Physiological Aspects of Magnesium Allocation 156(1)

Critical Concentrations 157(1)

Tissue Magnesium Concentration Associations with Crop Yields 157(1)

Tabulated Data of Concentrations by Crops 157(8)

Assessment of Magnesium in Soils 165(5)

Forms of Magnesium in Soils 165(1)

Sodium Absorption Ratio 165(5)

Soil Tests 170(1)

Tabulated Data on Magnesium Contents in Soils 170(1)

Soil Types 170(1)

Fertilizers for Magnesium 170(13)

Kinds of Fertilizers 170(1)

Effects of Fertilizers on Plant Growth 170(2)

Application of Fertilizers 172(1)

References 172(11)

Sulfur 183(56)

Silvia Haneklaus

Elke Bloem

Ewald Schnug

Luit J. de Kok

Ineke Stulen

Introduction 183(1)

Sulfur in Plant Physiology 184(14)

Uptake, Transport, and Assimilation of Sulfate 185(2)

Foliar Uptake and Metabolism of Sulfurous Gases 187(1)

Major Organic Sulfur Compounds 188(4)

Secondary Sulfur Compounds 192(3)

Interactions between Sulfur and Other Minerals 195(1)

Nitrogen--Sulfur Interactions 195(2)

Interactions between Sulfur and Micronutrients 197(1)

Sulfur in Plant Nutrition 198(4)

Diagnosis of Sulfur Nutritional Status 198(1)

Symptomatology of Single Plants 198(2)

Symptomatology of Monocots 200(1)

Sulfur Deficiency Symptoms on a Field Scale 201(1)

Soil Analysis 202(4)

Plant Analysis 206(13)

Analytical Methods 206(2)

Assessment of Critical Nutrient Values 208(9)

Sulfur Status and Plant Health 217(2)

Sulfur Fertilization 219(20)

Acknowledgment 223(1)

References 223(16)

Section III Essential Elements---Micronutrients 239(198)

Boron 241(38)

Umesh C. Gupta

Historical Information 242(3)

Determination of Essentiality 242(1)

Functions in Plants 242(1)

Root Elongation and Nucleic Acid Metabolism 243(1)

Protein, Amino Acid, and Nitrate Metabolism 243(1)

Sugar and Starch Metabolism 243(1)

Auxin and Phenol Metabolism 244(1)

Flower Formation and Seed Production 244(1)

Membrane Function 244(1)

Forms and Sources of Boron in Soils 245(1)

Total Boron 245(1)

Available Boron 245(1)

Fractionation of Soil Boron 245(1)

Soil Solution Boron 245(1)

Tourmaline 246(1)

Hydrated Boron Minerals 246(1)

Diagnosis of Boron Status in Plants 246(5)

Deficiency Symptoms 247(1)

Field and Horticultural Crops 247(2)

Other Crops 249(1)

Toxicity Symptoms 249(1)

Field and Horticultural Crops 249(2)

Other Crops 251(1)

Boron Concentration in Crops 251(1)

Plant Part and Growth Stage 251(1)

Boron Requirement of Some Crops 252(1)

Boron Levels in Plants 252(5)

Soil Testing for Boron 257(3)

Sampling of Soils for Analysis 257(1)

Extraction of Available Boron 257(1)

Hot-Water-Extractable Boron 257(1)

Boron from Saturated Soil Extracts 258(1)

Other Soil Chemical Extractants 258(1)

Determination of Extracted Boron 259(1)

Colorimetric Methods 259(1)

Spectrometric Methods 259(1)

Factors Affecting Plant Accumulation of Boron 260(6)

Soil Factors 260(1)

Soil Acidity, Calcium, and Magnesium 260(1)

Macronutrients, Sulfur, and Zinc 261(2)

Soil Texture 263(1)

Soil Organic Matter 263(1)

Soil Adsorption 263(1)

Soil Salinity 263(1)

Other Factors 264(1)

Plant Genotypes 264(1)

Environmental Factors 264(1)

Method of Cultivation and Cropping 265(1)

Irrigation Water 265(1)

Fertilizers for Boron 266(13)

Types of Fertilizers 266(1)

Methods and Rates of Application 266(2)

References 268(11)

Chlorine 279(14)

Joseph R. Heckman

Historical Information 279(2)

Determination of Essentiality 280(1)

Functions in Plants 280(1)

Diagnosis of Chlorine Status in Plants 281(4)

Symptoms of Deficiency 281(2)

Symptoms of Excess 283(1)

Concentrations of Chlorine in Plants 283(1)

Chlorine Constituents 283(1)

Total Chlorine 283(1)

Distribution in Plants 284(1)

Critical Concentrations 285(1)

Chlorine Concentrations in Crops 285(1)

Assessment of Chlorine Status in Soils 285(2)

Forms of Chlorine 285(1)

Soil Tests 286(1)

Chlorine Contents of Soil 286(1)

Fertilizers for Chlorine 287(6)

Kinds 287(1)

Application 287(1)

References 288(5)

Copper 293(36)

David E. Kopsell

Dean A. Kopsell

The Element Copper 293(1)

Introduction 293(1)

Copper Chemistry 294(1)

Copper in Plants 294(20)

Introduction 294(1)

Uptake and Metabolism 294(19)

Phytoremediation 313(1)

Copper Deficiency in Plants 314(1)

Copper Toxicity in Plants 315(1)

Copper in the Soil 316(5)

Introduction 316(1)

Geological Distribution of Copper in Soils 317(1)

Copper Availability in Soils 317(4)

Copper in Human and Animal Nutrition 321(1)

Introduction 321(1)

Dietary Sources of Copper 321(1)

Metabolism of Copper Forms 321(1)

Copper and Human Health 322(7)

Introduction 322(1)

Copper Deficiency and Toxicity in Humans 322(1)

References 323(6)

Iron 329(22)

Volker Romheld

Miroslav Nikolic

Historical Information 329(1)

Determination of Essentiality 329(1)

Functions in Plants 330(1)

Forms and Sources of Iron in Soils 330(2)

Diagnosis of Iron Status in Plants 332(3)

Iron Deficiency 332(1)

Iron Toxicity 332(3)

Iron Concentration in Crops 335(4)

Plant Part and Growth Stage 335(1)

Iron Requirement of Some Crops 335(1)

Iron Levels in Plants 336(1)

Iron Uptake 336(2)

Movement of Iron within Plants 338(1)

Factors Affecting Plant Uptake 339(5)

Soil Factors 339(4)

Plant Factors 343(1)

Soil Testing for Iron 344(1)

Fertilizers for Iron 344(7)

References 345(6)

Manganese 351(24)

Julia M. Humphries

James C.R. Stangoulis

Robin D. Graham

Introduction 351(1)

Forms of Manganese and Abundance in Soils 352(1)

Importance to Plants and Animals 352(1)

Essentiality of Manganese to Higher Plants 352(1)

Function in Plants 352(1)

Importance to Animals 353(1)

Absorption and Mobility 353(1)

Absorption Mechanisms 353(1)

Distribution and Mobility of Manganese in Plants 353(1)

Manganese Deficiency 354(2)

Prevalence 354(1)

Indicator Plants 354(1)

Symptoms 354(1)

Tolerance 355(1)

Toxicity 356(1)

Prevalence 356(1)

Indicator Plants 356(1)

Symptoms 356(1)

Tolerance 357(1)

Manganese and Diseases 357(8)

Conclusion 365(10)

Acknowledgments 365(1)

References 366(9)

Molybdenum 375(20)

Russell L. Hamlin

Historical Information 375(3)

Determination of Essentiality 375(1)

Function in Plants 376(1)

Nitrogenase 376(1)

Nitrate Reductase 377(1)

Xanthine Dehydrogenase 377(1)

Aldehyde Oxidase 378(1)

Sulfite Oxidase 378(1)

Diagnosis of Molybdenum Status of Plants 378(4)

Deficiency 378(1)

Excess 379(1)

Molybdenum Concentration and Distribution in Plants 379(3)

Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Molybdenum in Plants 382(1)

Assessment of Molybdenum Status of Soils 382(5)

Soil Molybdenum Content 382(2)

Forms of Molybdenum in Soils 384(1)

Interactions with Phosphorus and Sulfur 385(1)

Soil Analysis 386(1)

Determination of Total Molybdenum in Soil 386(1)

Determination of Available Molybdenum in Soil 386(1)

Molybdenum Fertilizers 387(8)

Methods of Application 387(1)

Soil Applications 387(1)

Foliar Fertilization 388(1)

Seed Treatment 388(1)

Crop Response to Applied Molybdenum 388(1)

References 389(6)

Nickel 395(16)

Patrick H. Brown

Introduction 395(1)

Discovery of the Essentiality of Nickel 396(1)

Physical and Chemical Properties of Nickel and Its Role in Animal and Bacterial Systems 397(4)

Nickel-Containing Enzymes and Proteins 397(1)

Essentiality and Function of Nickel in Plants 398(2)

Influence of Nickel on Crop Growth 400(1)

Diagnosis of Nickel Status 401(2)

Symptoms of Deficiency and Toxicity 401(2)

Concentration of Nickel in Plants 403(1)

Uptake and Transport 404(1)

Nickel in Soils 404(1)

Nickel Concentration in Soils 404(1)

Nickel Analysis in Soils 405(1)

Nickel Fertilizers 405(1)

Conclusion 406(5)

References 406(5)

Zinc 411(26)

J. Benton Storey

Introduction 411(1)

Early Research on Zinc Nutrition of Crops 411(1)

Absorption and Function of Zinc in Plants 412(1)

Zinc Deficiency 412(3)

Zinc Tolerance 415(7)

Trunk Injection 422(1)

Zinc in Soils 422(1)

Phosphorus--Zinc Interactions 423(1)

Tryptophan and Indole Acetic and Synthesis 423(1)

Root Uptake 423(1)

Foliar Absorption 424(4)

Influence of Humidity on Foliar Absorption 427(1)

Role of Zinc in DNA and RNA Metabolism and Protein Synthesis 428(1)

Zinc Transporters and Zinc Efficiency 428(1)

Summary 429(8)

References 430(7)

Section IV Beneficial Elements 437(160)

Aluminum 439(60)

Susan C. Miyasaka

N.V. Hue

Michael A. Dunn

Introduction 441(1)

Aluminum-Accumulating Plants 441(1)

Beneficial Effects of Aluminum in Plants 442(1)

Growth Stimulation 442(1)

Inhibition of Plant Pathogens 442(1)

Aluminum Absorption and Transport within Plants 442(2)

Phytotoxic Species 442(1)

Absorption 443(1)

Aluminum Speciation in Symplasm 443(1)

Radial Transport 444(1)

Mucilage 444(1)

Aluminum Toxicity Symptoms in Plants 444(3)

Short-Term Effects 444(1)

Inhibition of Root Elongation 444(1)

Disruption of Root Cap Processes 444(1)

Callose Formation 445(1)

Lignin Deposition 445(1)

Decline in Cell Division 445(1)

Long-Term Effects 445(1)

Suppressed Root and Shoot Biomass 445(1)

Abnormal Root Morphology 446(1)

Suppressed Nutrient Uptake and Translocation 446(1)

Restricted Water Uptake and Transport 446(1)

Suppressed Photosynthesis 446(1)

Inhibition of Symbiosis with Rhizobia 447(1)

Mechanisms of Aluminum Toxicity in Plants 447(6)

Cell Wall 447(1)

Modification of Synthesis or Deposition of Polysaccharides 448(1)

Plasma Membrane 448(1)

Binding to Phospholipids 448(1)

Interference with Proteins Involved in Transport 449(1)

H+-ATPases 449(1)

Potassium Channels 449(1)

Calcium Channels 450(1)

Magnesium Transporters 450(1)

Nitrate Uptake 450(1)

Iron Uptake 450(1)

Water Channels 450(1)

Signal Transduction 451(1)

Interference with Phosphoinositide Signal Transduction 451(1)

Transduction of Aluminum Signal 451(1)

Symplasm 451(1)

Disruption of the Cytoskeleton 451(1)

Disturbance of Calcium Homeostasis 452(1)

Interaction with Phytohormones 452(1)

Auxin 452(1)

Cytokinin 452(1)

Oxidative Stress 452(1)

Binding to Internal Membranes in Chloroplasts 453(1)

Binding to Nuclei 453(1)

Genotypic Differences in Aluminum Response of Plants 453(1)

Screening Tests 454(1)

Genetics 454(1)

Plant Mechanisms of Aluminum Avoidance or Tolerance 454(7)

Plant Mechanisms of Aluminum Avoidance 454(1)

Avoidance Response of Roots 455(1)

Organic Acid Release 455(2)

Exudation of Phosphate 457(1)

Exudation of Polypeptides 457(1)

Exudation of Phenolics 457(1)

Alkalinization of Rhizosphere 457(1)

Binding to Mucilage 458(1)

Binding to Cell Walls 458(1)

Binding to External Face of Plasma Membrane 458(1)

Interactions with Mycorrhizal Fungi 459(1)

Plant Mechanisms of Aluminum Tolerance 460(1)

Complexation with Organic Acids 460(1)

Complexation with Phenolics 460(1)

Complexation with Silicon 460(1)

Sequestration in Vacuole or in Other Organelles 460(1)

Trapping of Aluminum in Cells 461(1)

Aluminum in Soils 461(7)

Locations of Aluminum-Rich Soils 461(1)

Forms of Aluminum in Soils 461(4)

Detection or Diagnosis of Excess Aluminum in Soils 465(1)

Extractable and Exchangeable Aluminum 466(1)

Soil-Solution Aluminum 467(1)

Indicator Plants 468(1)

Aluminum in Human and Animal Nutrition 468(8)

Aluminum as an Essential Nutrient 468(1)

Beneficial Effects of Aluminum 469(1)

Beneficial Effects of Aluminum in Animal Agriculture 469(1)

Beneficial Uses of Aluminum in Environmental Management and Water Treatment 470(1)

Toxicity of Aluminum to Animals and Humans 471(1)

Toxicity to Wildlife 471(1)

Toxicity to Agricultural Animals 472(1)

Toxicity to Ruminants (Cattle and Sheep) 473(1)

Toxicity to Poultry 474(1)

Toxicity to Humans 474(1)

Overview of Aluminum Metabolism 474(1)

Overview of the Biochemical Mechanisms of Aluminum Toxicity 475(1)

Aluminum Concentrations 476(23)

In Plant Tissues 476(1)

Aluminum in Roots 476(1)

Aluminum in Shoots 476(3)

Soil Analysis 479(2)

References 481(18)

Cobalt 499(16)

Geeta Talukder

Archana Sharma

Introduction 500(1)

Distribution 500(2)

Microorganisms and Lower Plants 500(1)

Algae 500(1)

Fungi 501(1)

Moss 501(1)

Higher Plants 501(1)

Absorption 502(1)

Uptake and Transport 502(2)

Absorption as Related to Properties of Plants 502(1)

Absorption as Related to Properties of Soil 503(1)

Accumulation as Related to the Rhizosphere 503(1)

Cobalt Metabolism in Plants 504(1)

Effect of Cobalt in Plants on Animals 505(1)

Interaction of Cobalt with Metals and Other Chemicals in Mineral Metabolism 505(2)

Iron 506(1)

Zinc 506(1)

Cadmium 506(1)

Copper 506(1)

Manganese 507(1)

Chromium and Tin 507(1)

Magnesium 507(1)

Sulfur 507(1)

Nickel 507(1)

Cyanide 507(1)

Beneficial Effects of Cobalt on Plants 507(1)

Senescence 507(1)

Drought Resistance 507(1)

Alkaloid Accumulation 507(1)

Vase Life 508(1)

Biocidal and Antifungal Activity 508(1)

Ethylene Biosynthesis 508(1)

Nitrogen Fixation 508(1)

Cobalt Tolerance by Plants 508(7)

Algae 508(1)

Fungi 509(1)

Higher Plants 509(1)

References 509(6)

Selenium 515(36)

Dean A. Kopsell

David E. Kopsell

The Element Selenium 515(2)

Introduction 515(1)

Selenium Chemistry 516(1)

Selenium in Plants 517(4)

Introduction 517(1)

Uptake 517(1)

Metabolism 518(2)

Volatilization 520(1)

Phytoremediation 520(1)

Selenium Toxicity to Plants 521(1)

Selenium in the Soil 521(3)

Introduction 521(1)

Geological Distribution 522(1)

Selenium Availability in Soils 523(1)

Selenium in Human and Animal Nutrition 524(1)

Introduction 524(1)

Dietary Forms 524(1)

Metabolism and Form of Selenium 525(1)

Selenium and Human Health 525(1)

Introduction 525(1)

Selenium Deficiency and Toxicity in Humans 525(1)

Anticarcinogenic Effects of Selenium 526(1)

Importance of Selenium Methylation in Chemopreventive Activity 526(1)

Selenium Enrichment of Plants 526(17)

Selenium Tissue Analysis Values of Various Plant Species 543(8)

References 543(8)

Silicon 551(18)

George H. Snyder

Vladimir V. Matichenkov

Lawrence E. Datnoff

Introduction 551(1)

Historical Perspectives 552(1)

Silicon in Plants 553(1)

Plant Absorption of Silicon 553(1)

Forms of Silicon in Plants 553(1)

Biochemical Reactions with Silicon 553(1)

Beneficial Effects of Silicon in Plant Nutrition 554(3)

Effect of Silicon on Biotic Stresses 554(3)

Effect of Silicon on Abiotic Stresses 557(1)

Effect of Silicon on Plant Growth and Development 557(4)

Effect of Silicon on Root Development 557(1)

Effect of Silicon on Fruit Formation 557(1)

Effect of Silicon on Crop Yield 557(4)

Silicon in Soil 561(1)

Forms of Silicon in Soil 561(1)

Soil Tests 561(1)

Silicon Fertilizers 562(1)

Silicon in Animal Nutrition 562(7)

References 562(7)

Sodium 569(16)

John Gorham

Sodium in Soils and Water 569(2)

Salinity 570(1)

Sodicity 570(1)

Sodium as an Essential Element 571(1)

Beneficial Effects 571(2)

Growth Stimulation 571(1)

Interaction with Other Nutrients 572(1)

Sodium in Fertilizers 573(1)

Sodium Metabolism in Plants 573(1)

Effects on C4 Species 573(1)

Toxicity of Sodium 573(1)

Intracellular and Intercellular Compartmentation 574(1)

Sodium in Various Plant Species 574(11)

References 575(10)

Vanadium 585(12)

David J. Pilbeam

Khaled Drihem

Historical 585(1)

Growth Effects 586(2)

Growth Stimulation 586(1)

Toxicity 587(1)

Metabolism 588(1)

Vanadium in Plant Species 589(8)

Acknowledgment 594(1)

References 594(3)

Section V Conclusion 597(8)

Conclusion 599(6)

Allen V. Barker

David J. Pilbeam

Status of Current Knowledge and Research 599(1)

Soil Testing and Plant Analysis and Nutrient Availability 599(1)

Accumulation of Elements by Plants 600(1)

Genetics of Plant Nutrition 601(1)

General Remarks 602(3)

References 603(2)
Index 605