Matter and Measurements p. 2
Types of Matter p. 3
Measurements p. 8
Properties of Substances p. 15
Chemistry: The Human Side: Antoine Lavoisier p. 16
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Titanium: A Space-Age Metal p. 19
Chapter Highlights p. 20
Summary Problem p. 21
Questions & Problems p. 21
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions p. 26
Atoms and the Atomic Theory p. 27
Chemistry: The Human Side: John Dalton p. 27
Components of the Atom p. 28
Introduction to the Periodic Table p. 33
Molecules and Ions p. 35
Formulas of Ionic Compounds p. 40
Names of Compounds p. 41
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Ethyl Alcohol and the Law p. 45
Chapter Highlights p. 46
Summary Problem p. 47
Questions & Problems p. 47
Mass Relations in Chemistry; Stoichiometry p. 52
Atomic Masses p. 53
The Mole p. 56
Mass Relations in Chemical Formulas p. 58
Mass Relations in Reactions p. 61
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Hydrates p. 68
Chapter Highlights p. 69
Summary Problem p. 69
Questions & Problems p. 70
Reactions in Aqueous Solution p. 76
Solute Concentrations; Molarity p. 77
Precipitation Reactions p. 79
Acid-Base Reactions p. 82
Chemistry: The Human Side: Svante August Arrhenius p. 87
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions p. 87
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Antacids p. 94
Chapter Highlights p. 95
Summary Problem p. 95
Questions & Problems p. 96
Gases p. 102
Measurements on Gases p. 103
The Ideal Gas Law p. 105
Gas Law Calculations p. 107
Stoichiometry of Gaseous Reactions p. 110
Chemistry: The Human Side: Amadeo Avogadro p. 112
Gas Mixtures: Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions p. 113
Kinetic Theory of Gases p. 115
Real Gases p. 121
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Airbags p. 123
Chapter Highlights p. 124
Summary Problem p. 124
Questions & Problems p. 125
Electronic Structure and the Periodic Table p. 130
Light, Photon Energies, and Atomic Spectra p. 131
The Hydrogen Atom p. 134
Quantum Numbers p. 138
Atomic Orbitals; Shapes and Sizes p. 141
Electron Configurations in Atoms p. 141
Chemistry: The Human Side: Glenn Seaborg p. 145
Orbital Diagrams of Atoms p. 146
Electron Arrangements in Monatomic Ions p. 148
Periodic Trends in the Properties of Atoms p. 150
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: The Aurora p. 155
Chapter Highlights p. 156
Summary Problem p. 156
Questions & Problems p. 157
Covalent Bonding p. 162
Lewis Structures; The Octet Rule p. 164
Chemistry: The Human Side: G. N. Lewis p. 172
Molecular Geometry p. 173
Polarity of Molecules p. 180
Atomic Orbitals; Hybridization p. 183
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: The Noble Gases p. 188
Chapter Highlights p. 189
Summary Problem p. 189
Questions & Problems p. 190
Thermochemistry p. 194
Principles of Heat Flow p. 195
Measurement of Heat Flow; Calorimetry p. 198
Enthalpy p. 201
Thermochemical Equations p. 202
Enthalpies of Formation p. 206
Bond Enthalpy p. 210
The First Law of Thermodynamics p. 212
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Energy Balance in the Human Body p. 216
Chapter Highlights p. 218
Summary Problem p. 218
Questions & Problems p. 219
Liquids and Solids p. 224
Liquid-Vapor Equilibrium p. 225
Phase Diagrams p. 230
Molecular Substances; Intermolecular Forces p. 233
Network Covalent, Ionic, and Metallic Solids p. 238
Crystal Structures p. 244
Chemistry: The Human Side: Dorothy Hodgkin p. 247
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Allotropy p. 249
Chapter Highlights p. 250
Summary Problem p. 251
Questions & Problems p. 252
Solutions p. 256
Concentration Units p. 257
Principles of Solubility p. 261
Colligative Properties of Nonelectrolytes p. 264
Colligative Properties of Electrolytes p. 271
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Maple Syrup p. 274
Chapter Highlights p. 275
Summary Problem p. 275
Questions & Problems p. 276
Rate of Reaction p. 282
Meaning of Reaction Rate p. 283
Reaction Rate and Concentration p. 286
Reactant Concentration and Time p. 290
Models for Reaction Rate p. 295
Chemistry: The Human Side: Henry Eyring p. 299
Reaction Rate and Temperature p. 299
Catalysts p. 302
Reaction Mechanisms p. 304
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: The Ozone Story p. 308
Chapter Highlights p. 310
Summary Problem p. 310
Questions & Problems p. 311
Gaseous Chemical Equilibrium p. 320
The N[subscript 2]O[subscript 4]-NO[subscript 2] Equilibrium System p. 321
The Equilibrium Constant Expression p. 324
Determination of K p. 329
Applications of the Equilibrium Constant p. 330
Effect of Changes in Conditions on an Equilibrium System p. 334
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: An Industrial Application of Gaseous Equilibrium p. 340
Chapter Highlights p. 342
Summary Problem p. 342
Questions & Problems p. 343
Acids and Bases p. 350
Bronsted-Lowry Acid-Base Model p. 351
The Ion Product of Water p. 352
pH and pOH p. 353
Weak Acids and Their Equilibrium Constants p. 357
Weak Bases and Their Equilibrium Constants p. 365
Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions p. 368
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Organic Acids and Bases p. 371
Chapter Highlights p. 373
Summary Problem p. 373
Questions & Problems p. 374
Equilibria in Acid-Base Solutions p. 378
Buffers p. 379
Acid-Base Indicators p. 386
Acid-Base Titrations p. 388
Chemistry: Beyond The Classroom: Acid Rain p. 394
Chapter Highlights p. 395
Summary Problem p. 396
Questions & Problems p. 396
Complex Ions p. 402
Composition of Complex Ions p. 403
Geometry of Complex Ions p. 407
Chemistry: The Human Side: Alfred Werner p. 411
Electronic Structure of Complex Ions p. 411
Formation Constants of Complex Ions p. 416
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Chelates: Natural and Synthetic p. 418
Chapter Highlights p. 420
Summary Problem p. 420
Questions & Problems p. 421
Precipitation Equilibria p. 424
Precipitate Formation; Solubility Product Constant (K[subscript sp]) p. 425
Dissolving Precipitates p. 431
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Qualitative Analysis p. 436
Chapter Highlights p. 438
Summary Problem p. 438
Questions & Problems p. 439
Spontaneity of Reaction p. 444
Spontaneous Processes p. 445
Entropy, S p. 447
Free Energy, G p. 452
Chemistry: The Human Side: J. Willard Gibbs p. 453
Standard Free Energy Change, [Delta]G[degree] p. 454
Effect of Temperature, Pressure, and Concentration on Reaction Spontaneity p. 457
The Free Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant p. 461
Additivity of Free Energy Changes; Coupled Reactions p. 462
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Global Warming p. 465
Chapter Highlights p. 466
Summary Problem p. 467
Questions & Problems p. 468
Electrochemistry p. 474
Voltaic Cells p. 475
Standard Voltages p. 479
Relations Between E[degree], [Delta]G[degree], and K p. 484
Effect of Concentration on Voltage p. 486
Electrolytic Cells p. 489
Chemistry: The Human Side: Michael Faraday p. 493
Commercial Cells p. 493
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Corrosion of Metals p. 498
Chapter Highlights p. 499
Summary Problem p. 500
Questions & Problems p. 500
Nuclear Reactions p. 506
Radioactivity p. 507
Chemistry: The Human Side: The Curies p. 511
Rate of Radioactive Decay p. 512
Mass-Energy Relations p. 514
Nuclear Fission p. 518
Nuclear Fusion p. 521
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Biological Effects of Radiation p. 523
Chapter Highlights p. 524
Summary Problem p. 525
Questions & Problems p. 525
Chemistry of the Metals p. 530
Metallurgy p. 531
Reactions of the Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals p. 537
Redox Chemistry of the Transition Metals p. 540
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Essential Metals in Nutrition p. 546
Chapter Highlights p. 547
Summary Problem p. 547
Questions & Problems p. 548
Chemistry of the Nonmetals p. 550
The Elements and Their Preparation p. 551
Hydrogen Compounds of Nonmetals p. 555
Oxygen Compounds of Nonmetals p. 559
Oxoacids and Oxoanions p. 562
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Arsenic and Selenium p. 570
Chapter Highlights p. 571
Summary Problem p. 571
Questions & Problems p. 572
Organic Chemistry p. 576
Saturated Hydrocarbons: Alkanes p. 577
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons: Alkenes and Alkynes p. 581
Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Derivatives p. 583
Oxygen Compounds; Functional Groups p. 585
Isomerism in Organic Compounds p. 588
Synthetic Organic Polymers p. 593
Chemistry: Beyond the Classroom: Cholesterol p. 596
Chapter Highlights p. 598
Summary Problem p. 598
Questions & Problems p. 599
Units, Constants, and Reference Data p. 603
Properties of the Elements p. 609
Exponents and Logarithms p. 611
Nomenclature p. 616
Molecular Orbitals p. 619
Answers to Even-Numbered and Challenge Questions & Problems p. 625
Gredits p. 643
Index/Glossary p. 647