Preface p. xiii
Prologue: Why Study Human Evolution? p. xvii
How Evolution Works
Adaptation by Natural Selection p. 1
Explaining Adaptation before Darwin p. 1
Darwin's Theory of Adaptation p. 4
Darwin's Postulates p. 5
An Example of Adaptation by Natural Selection p. 6
Individual Selection p. 13
The Evolution of Complex Adaptations p. 14
Why Small Variations Are Important p. 15
Why Intermediate Steps Are Favored by Selection p. 17
Rates of Evolutionary Change p. 20
Darwin's Difficulties Explaining Variation p. 24
Genetics p. 27
Mendelian Genetics p. 27
Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance p. 30
Mitosis and Meiosis p. 30
Chromosomes and Mendel's Experimental Results p. 32
Linkage and Recombination p. 37
Molecular Genetics p. 42
Genes Are DNA p. 43
The Chemical Basis of Life p. 45
DNA Codes for Protein p. 48
Not All DNA Codes for Proteins p. 53
The Modern Synthesis p. 58
Population Genetics p. 58
Genes in Populations p. 59
How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction Change Genotypic Frequencies p. 60
How Natural Selection Changes Gene Frequencies p. 64
The Modern Synthesis p. 66
The Genetics of Continuous Variation p. 66
How Variation Is Maintained p. 72
Natural Selection and Behavior p. 75
Constraints on Adaptation p. 79
Correlated Characters p. 79
Disequilibrium p. 82
Genetic Drift p. 83
Local versus Optimal Adaptations p. 87
Other Constraints on Evolution p. 89
Speciation and Phylogeny p. 94
What Are Species? p. 94
The Biological Species Concept p. 96
The Ecological Species Concept p. 97
The Origin of Species p. 99
Allopatric Speciation p. 100
Parapatric and Sympatric Speciation p. 103
The Tree of Life p. 109
Why Reconstruct Phylogenies? p. 113
How to Reconstruct Phylogenies p. 117
Problems Due to Convergence p. 118
Problems Due to Ancestral Characters p. 119
Reconstructing Phylogenies Using Genetic Distance Data p. 122
Taxonomy--Naming Names p. 127
Primate Ecology and Behavior
Introduction to the Primates p. 135
Two Reasons to Study the Primates p. 135
Primates Are Our Closest Relatives p. 136
Primates Are a Diverse Order p. 136
Features That Define the Primates p. 137
Primate Biogeography p. 143
A Taxonomy of Living Primates p. 144
The Prosimians p. 144
The Anthropoids p. 153
Primate Conservation p. 161
Primate Ecology p. 166
The Distribution of Food p. 167
Activity Patterns p. 179
Ranging Behavior p. 180
Predation p. 185
Primate Mating Systems p. 189
The Language of Adaptive Explanations p. 190
The Evolution of Reproductive Strategies p. 191
Reproductive Strategies of Primate Females p. 195
Female Dominance Hierarchies p. 197
Reproductive Tradeoffs p. 200
Primate Sociality p. 203
Why Do Primates Live in Groups? p. 205
How Big Should Groups Be? p. 210
What Kinds of Groups Should Primates Form? p. 211
Sexual Selection and Male Mating Strategies p. 215
Intrasexual Selection in Primates p. 217
Intersexual Selection in Primates p. 220
Sexual Selection and Primate Behavior p. 223
Monogamous Males p. 223
One-Male, Multifemale Groups p. 225
Multimale, Multifemale Groups p. 233
The Evolution of Social Behavior p. 238
Kinds of Social Interactions p. 239
Altruism: A Conundrum p. 240
Kin Selection p. 243
Hamilton's Rule p. 245
Evidence of Kin Selection in Primates p. 247
Reciprocal Altruism p. 257
Primate Intelligence p. 266
What Is Intelligence? p. 266
Why Are Primates So Smart? p. 268
Hypotheses Explaining Primate Intelligence p. 269
Testing Models of the Evolution of Intelligence p. 271
The Value of Studying Primate Behavior p. 293
The History of the Human Lineage
From Tree Shrew to Ape p. 297
Continental Drift and Climate Change p. 300
The Methods of Paleontology p. 302
The Evolution of the Early Primates p. 304
The First Anthropoids p. 309
The Emergence of the Hominoids p. 317
The Earliest Hominids p. 326
Australopithecus afarensis p. 327
Morphology p. 329
Bipedal Locomotion p. 331
Other Features of A. afarensis p. 337
When Is a Hominoid Also a Hominid? p. 340
Hominids before A. afarensis p. 340
Australopithecines after A. afarensis p. 343
A. africanus p. 343
Robust Australopithecines p. 349
Early Homo p. 361
Traits Defining Early Homo p. 361
How Many Species? p. 362
Flaked Stone Tools p. 364
Hominid Phylogenies p. 369
Before the Discovery of WT 17000 p. 369
After the Discovery of WT 17000 p. 370
The Lives of Early Hominids p. 375
From Ape to Human p. 376
Early Hominid Environments p. 378
Early Hominid Ecology--The Emergence of Meat Eating p. 380
Why Meat Eating Is Important p. 380
Comparison with Hunting in Chimpanzees p. 382
Seasonality and Meat Eating p. 384
Archaeological Evidence in Early Hominids p. 385
Hunters or Scavengers? p. 389
Early Hominid Social Organization p. 398
Sexual Division of Labor p. 398
Food Sharing p. 401
Archaeological Evidence p. 402
The Ancients p. 408
Homo erectus p. 409
Acheulean Tools p. 417
H. erectus Peoples the World p. 419
Cultural Adaptations of H. erectus p. 422
Middle Pleistocene Hominids: Archaic Homo sapiens p. 430
Upper Pleistocene Hominids: Neanderthals and Their Contemporaries p. 436
Mousterian and Middle Stone Age Tools p. 443
Neanderthal Lifeways p. 445
The Moderns p. 452
The Emergence of Anatomically Modern People p. 452
The Upper Paleolithic--the Human Revolution p. 455
Technology and Culture p. 457
Symbolic Behavior p. 460
Subsistence and Social Organization p. 462
Models for the Origin and Spread of Anatomically Modern Humans p. 471
Evidence from Fossils and Tool Kits p. 473
Genetic Data p. 477
The Evolution of Language p. 489
Language Is an Adaptation p. 490
Speech Production and Perception p. 491
Grammar p. 495
Language Capacities Are Derived p. 500
How Language Evolved p. 503
When Language Evolved p. 506
Did Language Arise Early? p. 507
Did Language Arise Late? p. 511
Evolution and Modern Humans
Human Genetic Diversity p. 517
Explaining Human Variation p. 517
Variation in Traits Influenced by Single Genes p. 521
Causes of Genetic Variation within Groups p. 523
Causes of Genetic Variation among Groups p. 526
Variation in Complex Phenotypic Traits p. 534
Genetic Variation within Groups p. 535
Genetic Variation among Groups p. 537
The Race Concept p. 540
Evolution and the Human Life Cycle p. 553
Maternal-Fetal Conflict during Pregnancy p. 554
Why There Is Parent-Offspring Conflict p. 554
Spontaneous Abortion p. 556
Blood Sugar p. 558
The Evolution of Senescence p. 563
Two Evolutionary Theories of Senescence p. 564
Evidence for the Theories p. 568
The Evolution of Menopause p. 570
Evolution and Human Behavior p. 581
Why Evolution Is Relevant to Human Behavior p. 581
Evolutionary Psychology p. 584
The Logic of Evolutionary Psychology p. 584
Reasoning about Reciprocity p. 586
Evolutionary Psychology and Human Universals p. 590
Color Terms p. 590
Inbreeding Avoidance p. 596
Evolution and Human Culture p. 603
Culture Is a Derived Trait in Humans p. 604
Culture Is an Adaptation p. 612
Human Behavioral Ecology p. 615
Human Mate Choice and Parenting p. 622
The Psychology of Human Mate Preferences p. 623
Some Social Consequences of Mate Preferences p. 628
Kipsigis Bridewealth p. 628
Nyinba Polyandry p. 630
Raising Children p. 633
Child Abuse and Infanticide p. 634
Cross-Cultural Patterns of Infanticide p. 635
Child Abuse in the United States and Canada p. 636
Adoption p. 638
Adoption in Oceania p. 639
Adoption in Industrialized Societies p. 640
Family Size p. 642
Is Human Evolution Over? p. 646
Epilogue: There Is Grandeur in this View of Life p. 651
The Skeletal Anatomy of Primates p. 1
Glossary p. 3
Credits p. 19
Index p. 1