Physical science / 5th ed.

Table Of Contents:
Preface ix
To the Reader xi

The World Around You 1(22)

Outline 1(1)

Objects and Properties 2(2)

Quantifying Properties 4(1)

Measurement Systems 4(2)

Standard Units for the Metric System 6(1)

Length 6(1)

Mass 6(1)

A Closer Look: The Leap Second 7(1)

Time 7(1)

Metric Prefixes 7(1)

Understandings from Measurements 8(6)

Data 8(1)

Ratios and Generalizations 9(1)

A Ratio Called Density 10(1)

Symbols and Equations 11(3)

The Nature of Science 14(5)

The Scientific Method 14(1)

Explanations and Investigations 15(1)

Laws and Principles 16(1)

Models and Theories 17(2)

A Closer Look: Problem Solving 19(1)

Summary 20(1)

Summary of Equations 20(1)

Key Terms 21(1)

Applying the Concepts 21(1)

Questions for Thought 22(1)

Parallel Exercises 22(1)

Motion 23(24)

Outline 23(1)

Describing Motion 24(1)

Measuring Motion 24(6)

Speed 25(2)

Velocity 27(1)

Acceleration 27(3)

Aristotle's Theory of Motion 30(2)

Natural Motion 30(1)

Forced Motion 30(2)

Forces 32(1)

Horizontal Motion on Land 32(4)

Falling Objects 36(1)

A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer's Edge 37(2)

Galileo versus Aristotle's Natural Motion 37(2)

Acceleration Due to Gravity 39(1)

Compound Motion 39(1)

A Closer Look: Deceleration and Seat Belts 40(3)

Vertical Projectiles 41(1)

Horizontal Projectiles 41(2)

Summary 43(1)

Summary of Equations 43(1)

Key Terms 44(1)

Applying the Concepts 44(1)

Questions for Thought 45(1)

Parallel Exercises 45(2)

Patterns of Motion 47(20)

Outline 47(1)

Laws of Motion 48(7)

Newton's First Law of Motion 48(2)

Newton's Second Law of Motion 50(3)

Newton's Third Law of Motion 53(2)

Momentum 55(1)

Forces and Circular Motion 56(1)

Newton's Law of Gravitation 57(1)

A Closer Look: Spin Down 58(2)

A Closer Look: Space Station Weightlessness 60(1)

People Behind the Science: Jean Bernard Leon Foucault (1819--1868) 61(2)

Summary 63(1)

Summary of Equations 63(1)

Key Terms 64(1)

Applying the Concepts 64(1)

Questions for Thought 65(1)

Parallel Exercises 65(2)

Energy 67(22)

Outline 67(1)

Work 68(4)

Units of Work 69(1)

Power 70(2)

Motion, Position, and Energy 72(3)

Potential Energy 72(1)

Kinetic Energy 73(2)

Energy Flow 75(5)

Work and Energy 75(1)

Energy Forms 75(3)

Energy Conversion 78(1)

Energy Conservation 79(1)

Energy Transfer 79(1)

A Closer Look: V Energy Saver 80(1)

Energy Sources Today 80(2)

Petroleum 81(1)

A Closer Look: Solar Technologies 82(2)

Coal 83(1)

Water Power 83(1)

People Behind the Science: James Prescott Joule (1818--1889) 84(1)

Nuclear Power 85(1)

Summary 85(1)

Summary of Equations 85(1)

Key Terms 86(1)

Applying the Concepts 86(1)

Questions for Thought 87(1)

Parallel Exercises 87(2)

Heat and Temperature 89(30)

Outline 89(1)

The Kinetic Molecular Theory 90(3)

Molecules 90(1)

Molecules Interact 91(1)

Phases of Matter 91(1)

Molecules Move 92(1)

Temperature 93(3)

Thermometers 93(1)

Thermometer Scales 94(2)

Heat 96(6)

Heat as Energy Transfer 97(1)

Measures of Heat 97(1)

Specific Heat 98(2)

Heat Flow 100(1)

Conduction 100(1)

Convection 101(1)

Radiation 102(1)

Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory 102(2)

Phase Change 103(1)

A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design 104(5)

Evaporation and Condensation 107(1)

Relative Humidity 108(1)

Thermodynamics 109(1)

A Closer Look: The Drinking Bird 110(3)

The First Law of Thermodynamics 110(1)

The Second Law of Thermodynamics 111(1)

The Second Law and Natural Processes 112(1)

People Behind the Science: Count Rumford (1753--1814) 113(1)

Summary 114(1)

Summary of Equations 115(1)

Key Terms 115(1)

Applying the Concepts 115(2)

Questions for Thought 117(1)

Parallel Exercises 117(2)

Wave Motions and Sound 119(26)

Outline 119(1)

Forces and Elastic Materials 120(2)

Forces and Vibrations 120(1)

Describing Vibrations 121(1)

Waves 122(3)

Kinds of Waves 122(1)

Waves in Air 123(1)

Hearing Waves in Air 124(1)

Wave Terms 125(1)

Sound Waves 126(2)

Velocity of Sound in Air 126(1)

Refraction and Reflection 127(1)

A Closer Look: Hearing Loss 128(4)

Interference 130(2)

Energy and Sound 132(1)

Loudness 132(1)

Resonance 132(1)

Sources of Sounds 133(5)

Vibrating Strings 134(2)

Vibrating Air Columns 136(1)

Closed Tube 136(1)

Open Tube 137(1)

Sounds from Moving Sources 137(1)

People Behind the Science: Johann Christian Doppler (1803--1853) 138(1)

Summary 139(1)

A Closer Look: Ultrasonics 140(1)

Summary of Equations 141(1)

Key Terms 141(1)

Applying the Concepts 142(1)

Questions for Thought 143(1)

Parallel Exercises 143(2)

Electricity 145(38)

Outline 145(1)

Electric Charge 146(7)

Electron Theory of Charge 146(1)

Electric Charge and Electrical Forces 147(1)

Electrostatic Charge 148(1)

Electrical Conductors and Insulators 149(1)

Measuring Electrical Charges 149(1)

Measuring Electrical Forces 150(1)

Force Fields 151(2)

Electric Potential 153(1)

Electric Current 153(5)

The Electric Circuit 154(1)

The Nature of Current 155(2)

Electrical Resistance 157(1)

A Closer Look: Household Circuits and Safety 158(5)

Electrical Power and Electrical Work 160(3)

Magnetism 163(3)

Magnetic Poles 163(1)

Magnetic Fields 163(2)

The Source of Magnetic Fields 165(1)

Permanent Magnets 165(1)

Earth's Magnetic Field 166(1)

Electric Currents and Magnetism 166(2)

Current Loops 167(1)

A Closer Look: Electromagnetic Fields and Health 168(3)

Applications of Electromagnets 169(1)

Electric Meters 169(1)

Electromagnetic Switches 170(1)

Telephones and Loudspeakers 170(1)

Electric Motors 171(1)

Electromagnetic Induction 171(1)

A Closer Look: The Home Computer and Data Storage 172(5)

Generators 173(1)

Transformers 174(3)

Summary 177(1)

Summary of Equations 177(1)

A Closer Look: Solar Cells 178(1)

Key Terms 179(1)

Applying the Concepts 180(1)

Questions for Thought 181(1)

Parallel Exercises 181(2)

Light 183(26)

Outline 183(1)

Sources of Light 184(2)

Properties of Light 186(6)

Light Interacts with Matter 186(1)

Reflection 187(2)

Refraction 189(2)

Dispersion and Color 191(1)

A Closer Look: Optics 192(2)

Evidence for Waves 194(1)

A Closer Look: The Rainbow 195(4)

Diffraction 195(1)

Interference 196(1)

Polarization 197(2)

Evidence for Particles 199(1)

Photoelectric Effect 199(1)

Quantization of Energy 200(1)

The Present Theory 200(1)

Summary 201(1)

A Closer Look: The Compact Disc (CD) 202(1)

Summary of Equations 202(1)

Key Terms 203(1)

A Closer Look: Fiber Optics 204(1)

People Behind the Science: Thomas Young (1773--1829) 205(1)

Applying the Concepts 206(1)

Questions for Thought 207(1)

Parallel Exercises 207(2)

Atomic Structure 209(22)

Outline 209(1)

First Definition of the Atom 210(1)

Atomic Structure Discovered 211(5)

Discovery of the Electron 212(2)

The Nucleus 214(2)

The Bohr Model 216(4)

The Quantum Concept 216(1)

Atomic Spectra 216(1)

Bohr's Theory 217(1)

Allowed Orbits 218(1)

Radiationless Orbits 218(1)

Quantum Jumps 218(2)

Quantum Mechanics 220(5)

Matter Waves 220(2)

Wave Mechanics 222(1)

The Quantum Mechanics Model 222(1)

Electron Configuration 223(2)

Summary 225(1)

A Closer Look: The Quark 226(1)

Summary of Equations 227(1)

Key Terms 227(1)

Applying the Concepts 227(2)

Questions for Thought 229(1)

Parallel Exercises 229(2)

Elements and the Periodic Table 231(24)

Outline 231(1)

Classifying Matter 232(3)

Metals and Nonmetals 232(1)

Solids, Liquids, and Gases 232(2)

Mixtures and Pure Substances 234(1)

Elements 235(7)

Reconsidering the Fire Element 235(1)

Discovery of Modern Elements 236(2)

Names of the Elements 238(1)

Chemical Symbols 238(1)

Symbols and Atomic Structures 239(3)

The Periodic Law 242(1)

A Closer Look: Elements 116 and 118 Discovered at Berkeley Lab 243(1)

The Modern Periodic Table 243(7)

Periodic Patterns 244(2)

Chemical Families 246(1)

Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors 247(3)

A Closer Look: The Rare Earths 250(1)

Summary 250(1)

Key Terms 251(1)

Applying the Concepts 251(2)

Questions for Thought 253(1)

Parallel Exercises 253(2)

Compounds and Chemical Change 255(22)

Outline 255(1)

Compounds and Chemical Change 256(2)

Valence Electrons and Ions 258(1)

Chemical Bonds 259(6)

Ionic Bonds 260(1)

Energy and Electrons in Ionic Bonding 260(1)

Ionic Compounds and Formulas 261(1)

Covalent Bonds 262(1)

Covalent Compounds and Formulas 262(1)

Multiple Bonds 263(1)

Coordinate Covalent Bonds 264(1)

Bond Polarity 265(2)

Composition of Compounds 267(3)

Ionic Compound Names 267(1)

Ionic Compound Formulas 268(1)

Covalent Compound Names 269(1)

A Closer Look: Microwave Ovens and Molecular Bonds 270(2)

Covalent Compound Formulas 271(1)

Summary 272(1)

Summary of Equations 273(1)

Key Terms 274(1)

Applying the Concepts 274(1)

Questions for Thought 275(1)

Parallel Exercises 276(1)

Chemical Formulas and Equations 277(22)

Outline 277(1)

Chemical Formulas 278(3)

Molecular and Formula Weights 279(1)

Percent Composition of Compounds 279(2)

Chemical Equations 281(9)

Balancing Equations 281(5)

Generalizing Equations 286(1)

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 286(1)

Types of Chemical Reactions 287(1)

Combination Reactions 287(1)

Decomposition Reactions 288(1)

Replacement Reactions 288(1)

Ion Exchange Reactions 289(1)

Information from Chemical Equations 290(4)

Units of Measurement Used with Equations 292(1)

Quantitative Uses of Equations 293(1)

A Closer Look: The Catalytic Converter 294(1)

Summary 295(1)

Summary of Equations 295(1)

Key Terms 296(1)

Applying the Concepts 296(1)

Questions for Thought 297(1)

Parallel Exercises 297(2)

Water and Solutions 299(22)

Outline 299(1)

Solutions 300(4)

Concentration of Solutions 300(3)

Solubility 303(1)

Water Solutions 304(6)

Properties of Water Molecules 304(1)

The Dissolving Process 305(1)

Properties of Solutions 306(1)

Electrolytes 306(2)

Boiling Point 308(1)

Freezing Point 309(1)

Acids, Bases, and Salts 310(6)

Properties of Acids and Bases 310(1)

Explaining Acid-Base Properties 311(1)

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases 312(1)

The pH Scale 313(1)

Properties of Salts 314(1)

Hard and Soft Water 314(2)

A Closer Look: Acid Rain 316(1)

Buffers 317(1)

Summary 317(1)

Summary of Equations 318(1)

Key Terms 318(1)

Applying the Concepts 318(2)

Questions for Thought 320(1)

Parallel Exercises 320(1)

Organic Chemistry 321(30)

Outline 321(1)

Organic Compounds 322(1)

Hydrocarbons 323(6)

Alkenes and Alkynes 327(1)

Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons 328(1)

Petroleum 329(2)

Hydrocarbon Derivatives 331(5)

Alcohols 333(1)

Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones 334(1)

Organic Acids and Esters 334(2)

Organic Compounds of Life 336(4)

Proteins 336(2)

Carbohydrates 338(1)

Fats and Oils 339(1)

Synthetic Polymers 340(2)

Summary 342(2)

A Closer Look: How to Sort Plastic Bottles for Recycling 344(1)

A Closer Look: Organic Molecules and Heredity 345(1)

Key Terms 346(1)

Applying the Concepts 346(1)

Questions for Thought 347(1)

Parallel Exercises 348(3)

Nuclear Reactions 351(26)

Outlines 351(1)

Natural Radioactivity 352(8)

Nuclear Equations 352(3)

The Nature of the Nucleus 355(1)

Types of Radioactive Decay 356(2)

Radioactive Decay Series 358(2)

Measurement of Radiation 360(2)

Measurement Methods 360(1)

Radiation Units 361(1)

Radiation Exposure 362(1)

Nuclear Energy 362(2)

A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine 364(7)

Nuclear Fission 365(2)

Nuclear Power Plants 367(3)

Nuclear Fusion 370(1)

A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste 371(1)

The Source of Nuclear Energy 371(1)

Summary 372(1)

Summary of Equations 372(1)

People Behind the Science: Marie Curie (1867--1934) 373(1)

Key Terms 374(1)

Applying the Concepts 374(1)

Questions for Thought 375(1)

Parallel Exercises 376(1)

The Universe 377(28)

Outline 377(1)

Ancient Ideas 378(4)

The Night Sky 382(3)

Celestial Location 382(1)

Celestial Distance 383(2)

Stars 385(8)

Origin of Stars 385(1)

Brightness of Stars 386(2)

Star Temperature 388(1)

Star Types 388(2)

The Life of a Star 390(3)

Galaxies 393(6)

The Milky Way Galaxy 394(1)

Other Galaxies 395(1)

The Life of a Galaxy 396(3)

A Closer Look: Dark Matter 399(1)

Summary 400(1)

A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials? 401(1)

Key Terms 402(1)

Applying the Concepts 402(1)

Questions for Thought 403(2)

The Solar System 405(30)

Outline 405(1)

Ideas about the Solar System 406(3)

The Geocentric Model 406(1)

The Heliocentric Model 407(2)

Origin of the Solar System 409(2)

The Planets 411(7)

Mercury 414(1)

Venus 415(2)

Mars 417(1)

A Closer Look: A Recent Magellan Expedition 418(8)

Jupiter 421(1)

Saturn 422(2)

Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto 424(2)

Small Bodies of the Solar System 426(4)

Comets 427(1)

Asteroids 428(1)

Meteors and Meteorites 429(1)

A Closer Look: Strange Meteorites 430(1)

Summary 431(1)

Key Terms 432(1)

Applying the Concepts 432(1)

Questions for Thought 433(2)

Earth in Space 435(26)

Outline 435(1)

Shape and Size of Earth 436(2)

Motions of Earth 438(4)

Revolution 438(2)

Rotation 440(1)

Precession 441(1)

Place and Time 442(8)

Identifying Place 442(1)

Measuring Time 443(1)

Daily Time 444(4)

Yearly Time 448(1)

Monthly Time 449(1)

The Moon 450(3)

Composition and Features 450(2)

History of the Moon 452(1)

The Earth-Moon System 453(3)

Phases of the Moon 453(1)

Eclipses of the Sun and the Moon 454(1)

Tides 455(1)

Summary 456(1)

A Closer Look: Earth's Motions and Ice Ages 457(1)

Key Terms 458(1)

Applying the Concepts 458(2)

Questions for Thought 460(1)

Rocks and Minerals 461(20)

Outline 461(1)

Solid Earth Materials 462(1)

Minerals 463(6)

Crystal Structures 464(1)

Silicates and Nonsilicates 464(3)

Physical Properties of Minerals 467(2)

Mineral-Forming Processes 469(2)

Minerals Formed at High Temperatures 469(1)

Minerals Formed at Normal Temperatures 470(1)

Altered Minerals 470(1)

Ore Minerals 470(1)

A Closer Look: Asbestos 471(1)

Rocks 471(5)

Igneous Rocks 471(2)

Sedimentary Rocks 473(2)

Metamorphic Rocks 475(1)

The Rock Cycle 476(1)

Summary 476(1)

A Closer Look: The Next Crisis 477(1)

People Behind the Science: Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888--1947) 478(1)

Key Terms 479(1)

Applying the Concepts 479(1)

Questions for Thought 480(1)

Inside the Earth 481(20)

Outline 481(1)

History of Earth's Interior 482(1)

Evidence from Seismic Waves 483(1)

Earth's Internal Structure 484(4)

The Crust 484(2)

The Mantle 486(1)

A Different Structure 486(1)

Earth's Core 487(1)

Isostasy 488(1)

Earth's Magnetic Field 489(1)

Plate Tectonics 490(4)

Evidence from the Ocean 491(1)

Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries 492(2)

A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement 494(2)

Present-day Understandings 495(1)

A Closer Look: Earth's Hot Spots 496(1)

Summary 497(1)

People Behind the Science: Harry Hammond Hess (1906--1969) 498(1)

Key Terms 498(1)

People Behind the Science: Frederick John Vine (1939--1988) 499(1)

Applying the Concepts 499(1)

Questions for Thought 500(1)

Building Earth's Surface 501(22)

Outline 501(1)

Interpreting Earth's Surface 502(1)

Diastrophism 503(7)

Stress and Strain 504(1)

Folding 504(3)

Faulting 507(3)

Earthquakes 510(4)

Causes of Earthquakes 510(2)

Locating and Measuring Earthquakes 512(1)

Measuring Earthquake Strength 513(1)

Origin of Mountains 514(5)

Folded and Faulted Mountains 515(1)

Volcanic Mountains 515(4)

Summary 519(1)

Key Terms 519(1)

A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World 520(1)

Applying the Concepts 520(1)

People Behind the Science: James Hutton (1726--1797) 521(1)

People Behind the Science: Eduard Suess (1831--1914) 522(1)

Questions for Thought 522(1)

Shaping Earth's Surface 523(18)

Outline 523(1)

Weathering, Erosion, and Transportation 524(1)

Weathering 524(4)

Soils 528(1)

Erosion 529(6)

Mass Movement 529(1)

Running Water 530(1)

Stream Channels 530(1)

Stream Erosion and Deposit Features 530(3)

Glaciers 533(1)

Origin of Glaciers 533(1)

Glacial Erosion and Deposition 533(1)

Wind 534(1)

Wind Erosion and Transportation 534(1)

A Closer Look: Acid Rain and Chemical Weathering 535(1)

Wind Deposits 535(1)

Development of Landscapes 536(1)

Rock Structure 536(1)

Weathering and Erosion Processes 536(1)

State of Development 536(1)

Summary 536(2)

People Behind the Science: William Morris Davis (1850--1934) 538(1)

People Behind the Science: John Wesley Powell (1834--1902) 538(1)

Key Terms 539(1)

Applying the Concepts 539(1)

Questions for Thought 540(1)

Geologic Time 541(14)

Outline 541(1)

Fossils 542(3)

Early Ideas about Fossils 542(1)

Types of Fossilization 543(2)

Reading Rocks 545(4)

Arranging Events in Order 545(2)

Correlation 547(2)

Geologic Time 549(3)

Early Attempts at Earth Dating 549(1)

Modern Techniques 550(1)

Geologic Time Scale 550(2)

A Closer Look: Earth's Past and Future 552(1)

Summary 553(1)

Key Terms 553(1)

Applying the Concepts 554(1)

Questions for Thought 554(1)

The Atmosphere of Earth 555(22)

Outline 555(1)

The Atmosphere 556(6)

Composition of the Atmosphere 557(1)

Atmospheric Pressure 558(1)

Warming the Atmosphere 559(1)

Structure of the Atmosphere 560(2)

The Winds 562(1)

Local Wind Patterns 562(1)

A Closer Look: The Wind Chill Factor 563(3)

Global Wind Patterns 565(1)

Water and the Atmosphere 566(6)

Evaporation and Condensation 566(1)

Humidity 567(1)

The Condensation Process 568(2)

Fog and Clouds 570(2)

A Closer Look: Pollution of Earth's Atmosphere 572(2)

Summary 574(1)

Key Terms 574(1)

Applying the Concepts 574(2)

Questions for Thought 576(1)

Weather and Climate 577(26)

Outline 577(1)

Clouds and Precipitation 578(4)

Cloud-Forming Processes 579(2)

Origin of Precipitation 581(1)

Weather Producers 582(9)

Air Masses 583(2)

Weather Fronts 585(1)

Waves and Cyclones 586(1)

Major Storms 587(1)

Thunderstorms 587(2)

Tornadoes 589(1)

Hurricanes 590(1)

Weather Forecasting 591(1)

Climate 592(6)

Major Climate Groups 592(2)

Regional Climatic Influence 594(1)

Describing Climates 595(1)

Major Climate Zones 596(1)

Local Climates 596(2)

A Closer Look: El Nino and La Nina 598(1)

People Behind the Science: Vilhelm Firman Koren Bjerknes (1862--1951) 599(1)

People Behind the Science: Francis Beaufort (1774--1857) 599(1)

Summary 600(1)

Key Terms 600(1)

Applying the Concepts 600(2)

Questions for Thought 602(1)

Earth's Waters 603(24)

Outline 603(1)

Water on the Earth 604(6)

Freshwater 605(1)

Surface Water 606(1)

Groundwater 606(2)

Freshwater as a Resource 608(2)

A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment 610(2)

Seawater 612(8)

Oceans and Seas 612(2)

The Nature of Seawater 614(2)

Movement of Seawater 616(1)

Waves 616(3)

Ocean Currents 619(1)

The Ocean Floor 620(1)

A Closer Look: Deep Ocean Exploration and the Dynamic Earth 621(2)

Summary 623(1)

People Behind the Science: Alistair Clavering Hardy (1896--1985) 624(1)

Key Terms 625(1)

Applying the Concepts 625(1)

Questions for Thought 626(1)
APPENDIX A 627(8)

Mathematical Review 627(8)

Working with Equations 627(2)

Significant Figures 629(1)

Conversion of Units 630(1)

Scientific Notation 631(2)

The Simple Line Graph 633(2)
APPENDIX B Solubilities Chart 635(1)
APPENDIX C Relative Humidity Table 636(1)
APPENDIX D Solutions for Group A Parallel Exercises 637(36)
Glossary 673(18)
Credits 691(2)
Index 693