About the Author
PrefaceWalkthrough
Part 1 The Dimensions of Anthropology
Chapter 1 What is Anthropology?Overview
Human Adaptability
Adaptation, Variation, and Change
General Anthropology
Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology
The Subdisciplines of Anthropology
Cultural Anthropology
Archaeological Anthropology
Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock
Biological, or Physical Anthropology
Linguistic Anthropology
Beyond the Classroom: The Unity of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology
Applied Anthropology
Anthropology and Other Academic Fields
Cultural Anthropology and Sociology
Anthropology and Psychology
Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing
Chapter 2 Applying Anthropology
What is Applied Anthropology?Academic and Applied Anthropology
Theory and Practice
Anthropology and Education
Urban Anthropology
Urban versus Rural
Medical Anthropology
Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health
Anthropology and Business
Interesting Issues: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees
Careers and Anthropology
Part 2 Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
Chapter 3 Ethics and Methods in Physical Anthropology and Archaeology
Overview
Ethics
Methods
Multidisciplinary Approaches
Primatology
Anthropometry
Bone Biology
Molecular Anthropology
Interesting Issues: A Novel Method of Assessing Why People Cooperate
Paleoanthropology
Survey and Excavation
Systematic Survey
Excavation
Kinds of Archaeology
Dating the Past
Relative Dating
Absolute Dating: Radiometric Techniques
Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology
Molecular Dating
Chapter 4 Evolution and Genetics
Overview
Evolution
Genetics
Mendel''s Experiments
Independent Assortment and Recombination
Biochemical, or Molecular Genetics
Cell Division
Crossing Over
Mutation
Interesting Issues: Genetic Politics
Population Genetics and Mechanisms of Genetic Evolution
Natural Selection
Mutations and Variety
Random Genetic Drift
Gene Flow
The Modern Synthesis
Gradual or Rapid Change
Chapter 5 Human Variation and Adaptation
Overview
Race: A Discredited Concept in Biology
Races are Not Biologically Distinct
Interesting Issues: American Anthropological Association (AAA) Statement on "Race"Explaining Skin Color
Beyond the Classroom: Skin Pigmentation in Papua New Guinea
Human Biological Adaptation
Genes and Disease
Facial Features
Size and Body BuildLactose Tolerance
Chapter 6 The Primates
Overview
Our Place among Primates
Homologies and Analogies
Primate Tendencies
Prosimians
Anthropoids
Beyond the Classroom: Providing Apes Refuge: A Cultural Study of the Great Ape Sanctuary Community
Monkeys
New World Monkeys
Old World Monkeys
Apes
Gibbons
Orangutans
Gorillas
Chimpanzees
Interesting Issues: Saving the Orangutan
Bonobos
Endangered Primates
Human-Primate Similarities
Learning
Tools
Predation and Hunting
Aggression and Resources
Human-Primate Differences
Sharing and Cooperation
Mating and Kinship
Behavioral Ecology and Fitness
Bringing it All Together: Saving the Forests
Chapter 7 Primate Evolution
Overview
Fossils and Chronology
Early Primates
Early Cenozoic Primates
Beyond the Classroom: A Behavioral Ecology Study of Two Lemur Species
Oligocene Anthropoids
Miocene HominoidsProconsul
Afropithecus and Kenyapithecus
Sivapithecus
Ginantopithecus
Dryopithecus
Oreopithecus
A Missing Link?"Toumai"Orrorin tugenensis
Beyond the Classroom: Maceration of a Canadian Lynx
Chapter 8 Early Hominids
Overview
Chronology of Hominid Evolution
The Earliest Hominids
Ardipithecus and Kenyan
Thropus
The Varied Australopithecines
Australopiethecus afarensis
Gracile and Robust Australopithecines
The Australopithecines and Early Homo
H. rudolfensis and H. habilis
Oldowan ToolsA. garhi and Early Stone Tools
Beyond the Classroom: Hydrodynamic Sorting of Avian Skeletal Remains
Chapter 9 The Genus HomoEarly Homo
Interesting Issues: Headstrong Hominids
Out of Africa: Homo erectus
Paleolithic Tools
Adaptive Strategies of Homo erectus
The Evolution and Expansion of Homo erectus
Archaic Homo sapiens
The Neandertals
Cold-Apapted Neandertals
The Neandertals and Modern People
Homo sapiens sapiens (AMHs)Out of Africa IIMultiregional Evolution
Advances in Technology
Glacial Retreat
Cave Art
Interesting Issues: Prehistoric Art Treasure Is Found in French Cave
The Mesolithic
Beyond the Classroom: Paleolithic Butchering at Verberie
Bringing it All Together: When Did Humans Start Acting Like Humans?
Chapter 10 The First Farmers
The Neolithic
The First Farmers and Herders in the Middle East
Genetic Changes and Domestication
Food Production and the State
Other Old World Food Producers
The African Neolithic: Nabta Playa
The Neolithic in Europe and Asia
The First American Farmers
America''s First Immigrants
The Foundations of Food Production
Early Farming in the Mexican Highlands
From Early Farming to the State
Explaining the Neolithic
Geography and the Spread of Food Production
Costs and Benefits
Beyond the Classroom: House Construction and Destruction Patterns of the Early Copper Age on the Great Hungarian Plain
Chapter 11 The First Cities and States
The Origin of the State
Hydraulic Systems
Long-Distance Trade Routes
Population, War, and Circumscription
Attributes of States
State Formation in the Middle East
Urban Life
The Elite Level
Social Ranking and Chiefdoms
How Ethnography Helps in Interpreting the Archaeological Record
Advanced Chiefdoms
The Rise of the State
Beyond the Classroom: The Akhenaten Temple Project
Other Early States
State Formation in Mesoamerica
Early Chiefdoms and Elites
States in the Valley of Mexico
Why States Collapse
The Mayan Decline
Interesting Issues: Pseudo-Archaeology
Bringing It All Together: The Peopling of the Pacific
Part 3 Cultural Diversity
Chapter 12 Ethics and Methods in Cultural Anthropology
EthicsMethods--Ethnography
Ethnographic Techniques
Observation and Participant Observations
Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview Schedules
The Genealogical Method
Key Cultural Consultants
Life Histories
Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and the Ethnographer''s
The Evolution of Ethnography
Problem-Oriented Ethnography
Longitudinal Research
Team Research
Culture, Space, and Scale
Survey Research
Beyond the Classroom: Stories from the Women Domestics of the Yucatan
Chapter 13 CultureWhat is Culture?Culture Is Learned
Culture Is Shared
Culture Is Symbolic
Interesting Issues: Touching, Affection, Love, and Sex
Culture and Nature
Culture Is All-Encompassing
Culture Is Integrated
Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive
Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice
Levels of Culture
Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights
Universality, Generality, and Particularity
Universality
Generality
Particularity: Patterns of Culture
Beyond the Classroom: Folklore Reveals Ethos of Heating Plant Workers
Mechanisms of Cultural Change
Globalization
Chapter 14 Ethnicity and Race
Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity
Status Shifting
Race
Social Race
Beyond the Classroom: Perceptions of Race and Skin Color on an American College Campus
Hypodescent: Race in the United States
Race in the Census
Not Us: Race in Japan
Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil
Stratification and "Intelligence"Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities
Nationalities and Imagined Communities
Peaceful Coexistence
Assimilation
The Plural Society
Interesting Issues: Ethnic Nationalism Runs Wild
Multiculturalism and Ethnic Identity
Roots of Ethnic Conflict
Prejudice and Discrimination
Chips in the Mosaic
Aftermaths of Oppression
Chapter 15 Language and Communication
What Is Language?Animal Communication
Call Systems
Sign Language
The Origin of Language
Nonverbal Communication
The Structure of Language
Speech Sounds
Language, Thought, and Culture
Interesting Issues: Do Midwesterners Have Accents?The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Focal Vocabulary
Meaning
Sociolinguistics
Linguistic Diversity
Gender Speech Contrasts
Language and Status Position
Stratification
Black English Vernacular (BEV), a.k.a. "Ebonics"Historical Linguistics
Beyond the Classroom: Cybercommunication in Collegespace
Bringing It All Together: Canada: Unity and Diversity in Culture and Language
Chapter 16 Making a Living
Adaptive Strategies
Foraging
Beyond the Classroom: Integrating Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Analytic Subsistence D