Ecology : concepts and applications /

Table Of Contents:
Preface xv

Introduction: What Is Ecology? 1(9)

The Ecology of Forest Birds: Using Field Studies to Test Theory 2(1)

The Ecology of Bumblebees: Contributions of Field and Laboratory Studies 3(2)

Forest Nutrient Budgets: Inventories and Large-Scale Experiments 5(2)

Vegetation Change: Information from Pollen Records and Modeling 7(2)

The Nature and Scope of Ecology 9(1)

On the Net 9(1)
SECTION I NATURAL HISTORY 10(72)

Life on Land 12(36)

Concepts 16(1)

Case Histories: Large-Scale Patterns of Climatic Variation 16(3)

Temperature, Atmospheric Circulation, and Precipitation 16(2)

Climate Diagrams 18(1)

Case Histories: Natural History and Geography of Biomes 19(24)

Tropical Rain Forest 19(3)

Tropical Dry Forest 22(3)

Tropical Savanna 25(1)

Desert 26(3)

Temperate Woodland and Shrubland 29(3)

Temperate Grassland 32(2)

Temperate Forest 34(2)

Boreal Forest 36(2)

Tundra 38(3)

Mountains: Islands in the Sky 41(2)

Applications and Tools: Constructing Climate Diagrams 43(2)

Summary 45(1)

Review Questions 46(1)

Suggested Readings 46(1)

On the Net 47(1)

Life in Water 48(34)

Concepts 49(1)

Case Histories: The Hydrologic Cycle 49(1)

Case Histories: The Natural History of Aquatic Environments 50(27)

The Deep Blue Sea 50(5)

Life in Shallow Marine Waters: Kelp Forests and Coral Gardens 55(4)

Marine Shores: Life Between High and Low Tides 59(4)

Estuaries, Salt Marshes, and Mangrove Forests 63(4)

Rivers and Streams: Life Blood and Pulse of the Continents 67(4)

Lakes: Small Seas 71(6)

Applications and Tools: Biological Integrity---Assessing the Health of Aquatic Systems 77(2)

Summary 79(1)

Review Questions 80(1)

Suggested Readings 81(1)

On the Net 81(1)
SECTION II INDIVIDUALS 82(78)

Temperature Relations 84(25)

Concepts 85(1)

Case Histories: Microclimates 85(3)

Altitude 86(1)

Aspect 86(1)

Vegetation 86(1)

Color of the Ground 86(1)

Presence of Boulders and Burrows 87(1)

Aquatic Temperature 88(1)

Case Histories: Temperature and Performance of Organisms 88(4)

Temperature and Performance at the Molecular Level 89(1)

Extreme Temperatures and Photosynthesis 90(1)

Temperature and Bacterial Activity 91(1)

Case Histories: Regulating Body Temperature 92(10)

Balancing Heat Gain Against Heat Loss 92(1)

Temperature Regulation by Plants 93(3)

Temperature Regulation by Ectothermic Animals 96(1)

Temperature Regulation by Endothermic Animals 97(5)

Temperature Regulation of Thermogenic Plants 102(1)

Case Histories: Avoiding Extreme Temperatures 102(2)

Inactivity 103(1)

Reducing Metabolic Rate 103(1)

Applications and Tools: Climatic Warming and the Local Extinction of a Land Snail 104(2)

Summary 106(1)

Review Questions 107(1)

Suggested Readings 107(1)

On the Net 108(1)

Water Relations 109(26)

Concepts 111(1)

Case Histories: Water Availability 111(5)

Water Content of Air 111(1)

Water Movement in Aquatic Environments 112(1)

Water Movement Between Soils and Plants 113(3)

Case Histories: Water Regulation on Land 116(10)

Water Acquisition by Animals 116(2)

Water Acquisition by Plants 118(1)

Water Conservation by Plants and Animals 119(2)

Dissimilar Organisms with Similar Approaches to Desert Life 121(2)

Two Arthropods with Opposite Approaches to Desert Life 123(3)

Case Histories: Water and Salt Balance in Aquatic Environments 126(2)

Marine Fish and Invertebrates 126(1)

Freshwater Fish and Invertebrates 127(1)

Applications and Tools: The Once and Future Biomes 128(4)

Summary 132(1)

Review Questions 133(1)

Suggested Readings 133(1)

On the Net 134(1)

Energy and Nutrient Relations 135(25)

Concepts 136(1)

Case Histories: Energy Sources 136(10)

Using Light and CO2 137(3)

Using Organic Molecules 140(6)

Using Inorganic Molecules 146(1)

Case Histories: Energy Limitation 146(4)

Photon Flux and Photosynthetic Response Curves 146(2)

Food Density and Animal Functional Response 148(2)

Case Histories: Optimal Foraging Theory 150(3)

Testing Optimal Foraging Theory 150(2)

Optimal Foraging by Plants 152(1)

Applications and Tools: Bioremediation---Using the Trophic Diversity of Bacteria to Solve Environmental Problems 153(3)

Summary 156(1)

Review Questions 157(1)

Suggested Readings 157(1)

On the Net 158(2)
SECTION III POPULATIONS 160(68)

Population Distribution and Abundance 162(24)

Concepts 164(1)

Case Histories: Distribution Limits 164(5)

Kangaroo Distributions and Climate 164(1)

A Tiger Beetle of Cold Climates 165(1)

Distributions of Plants Along a Moisture-Temperature Gradient 166(1)

Distributions of Barnacles Along an Intertidal Exposure Gradient 167(2)

Case Histories: Distribution Patterns 169(6)

Distributions of Individuals on Small Scales 169(3)

Distributions of Individuals on Large Scales 172(3)

Case Histories: Organism Size and Population Density 175(2)

Animal Size and Population Density 175(1)

Plant Size and Population Density 176(1)

Case Histories: Rarity and Extinction 177(3)

Seven Forms of Rarity and One of Abundance 177(3)

Applications and Tools: Estimating Abundance---From Whales to Sponges 180(3)

Summary 183(1)

Review Questions 184(1)

Suggested Readings 185(1)

On the Net 185(1)

Population Dynamics 186(22)

Concepts 188(1)

Case Histories: Patterns of Survival 188(4)

Estimating Patterns of Survival 188(1)

High Survival Among the Young 189(1)

Constant Rates of Survival 190(1)

High Mortality Among the Young 191(1)

Three Types of Survivorship Curves 191(1)

Case Histories: Age Distribution 192(2)

Stable and Declining Tree Populations 192(1)

A Dynamic Population in a Variable Climate 193(1)

Case Histories: Rates of Population Change 194(3)

Estimating Rates for an Annual Plant 194(1)

Estimating Rates When Generations Overlap 195(2)

Case Histories: Dispersal 197(6)

Dispersal of Expanding Populations 198(1)

Range Changes in Response to Climate Change 199(1)

Dispersal in Response to Changing Food Supply 200(1)

Dispersal in Rivers and Streams 201(2)

Applications and Tools: Using Population Dynamics to Assess the Impact of Pollutants 203(2)

Summary 205(1)

Review Questions 206(1)

Suggested Readings 206(1)

On the Net 207(1)

Population Growth 208(20)

Concepts 209(1)

Case Histories: Geometric and Exponential Population Growth 209(3)

Geometric Growth 210(1)

Exponential Growth 211(1)

Exponential Growth in Nature 211(1)

Case Histories: Logistic Population Growth 212(3)

Case Histories: Limits to Population Growth 215(3)

Environment and Birth and Death Among Galapagos Finches 215(3)

Case Histories: Small and Fast Versus Large and Slow---The Intrinsic Rate of Increase 218(3)

Population Growth by Small Marine Invertebrates 219(1)

Growth of a Whale Population 219(2)

Applications and Tools: The Human Population 221(3)

Summary 224(1)

Review Questions 225(1)

Suggested Readings 225(1)

On the Net 226(2)
SECTION IV INTERACTIONS 228(72)

Competition 230(23)

Concepts 232(1)

Case Histories: Resource Competition 232(3)

Intraspecific Competition Among Herbaceous Plants 232(1)

Intraspecific Competition Among Planthoppers 233(1)

Interference Competition Among Terrestrial Isopods 234(1)

Case Histories: Niches 235(3)

The Feeding Niches of Galapagos Finches 235(2)

The Habitat Niche of a Salt Marsh Grass 237(1)

Case Histories: Mathematical and Laboratory Models 238(4)

Modeling Interspecific Competition 238(2)

Laboratory Models of Competition 240(2)

Case Histories: Competition and Niches 242(6)

Niches and Competition Among Plants 242(1)

Niche Overlap and Competition Between Barnacles 243(1)

Competition and the Habitat of a Salt Marsh Grass 244(1)

Competition and the Niches of Small Rodents 244(2)

Character Displacement 246(2)

Evidence for Competition in Nature 248(1)

Applications and Tools: The Design of Field Experiments 248(2)

Summary 250(1)

Review Questions 251(1)

Suggested Readings 251(1)

On the Net 252(1)

Exploitation: Predation, Herbivory, Parasitism, and Disease 253(26)

Concepts 254(1)

Case Histories: Complex Interactions 254(4)

Parasites and Pathogens That Manipulate Host Behavior 255(2)

The Entangling of Exploitation with Competition 257(1)

Case Histories: Exploitation and Abundance 258(5)

An Herbivorous Stream Insect and Its Algal Food 258(2)

An Introduced Cactus and an Herbivorous Moth 260(2)

A Pathogenic Parasite, a Predator, and Its Prey 262(1)

Case Histories: Dynamics 263(4)

Cycles of Abundance in Snowshoe Hares and Their Predators 263(2)

Population Cycles in Mathematical and Laboratory Models 265(2)

Case Histories: Refuges 267(7)

Refuges and Host Persistence in Laboratory and Mathematical Models 267(2)

Exploited Organisms and Their Wide Variety of ``Refuges'' 269(5)

Applications and Tools: Using Predators to Control a Parasite 274(2)

Summary 276(1)

Review Questions 276(1)

Suggested Readings 277(1)

On the Net 278(1)

Mutualism 279(21)

Concepts 281(1)

Case Histories: Plant Mutualisms 281(8)

Plant Performance and Mycorrhizal Fungi 281(4)

Ants and Bullshorn Acacia 285(2)

A Temperate Plant Protection Mutualism 287(2)

Case Histories: Coral Mutualisms 289(2)

Zooxanthellae and Corals 289(1)

A Coral Protection Mutualism 290(1)

Case Histories: Evolution of Mutualism 291(3)

Facultative Ant-Plant Protection Mutualisms 293(1)

Applications and Tools: Mutualism and Humans 294(3)

Summary 297(1)

Review Questions 298(1)

Suggested Readings 298(1)

On the Net 299(1)
SECTION V COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS 300(106)

Species Abundance and Diversity 302(20)

Concepts 304(1)

Case Histories: Species Abundance 304(1)

The Lognormal Distribution 304(1)

Case Histories: Species Diversity 305(3)

A Quantitative Index of Species Diversity 306(1)

Rank-Abundance Curves 307(1)

Case Histories: Environmental Complexity 308(5)

Forest Complexity and Bird Species Diversity 308(1)

Niches, Heterogeneity, and the Diversity of Algae and Plants 309(1)

The Niches of Algae and Terrestrial Plants 310(1)

Complexity in Plant Environments 310(2)

Soil and Topographic Heterogeneity and the Diversity of Tropical Forest Trees 312(1)

Algal and Plant Species Diversity and Increased Nutrient Availability 312(1)

Case Histories: Disturbance and Diversity 313(4)

The Nature of Equilibrium 313(1)

The Nature and Sources of Disturbance 313(1)

The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis 314(1)

Disturbance and Diversity in the Intertidal Zone 314(1)

Disturbance and Diversity in Temperate Grasslands 315(2)

Applications and Tools: Disturbance by Humans 317(2)

Summary 319(1)

Review Questions 320(1)

Suggested Readings 321(1)

On the Net 321(1)

Food Webs 322(20)

Concepts 323(1)

Case Histories: Community Webs 323(3)

Detailed Food Webs Reveal Great Complexity 323(1)

Strong Interactions and Food Web Structure 324(2)

Case Histories: Keystone Species 326(9)

Food Web Structure and Species Diversity 327(1)

Experimental Removal of Starfish 328(1)

Consumers' Effects on Local Diversity 329(2)

Fish as Keystone Species in River Food Webs 331(2)

The Effects of Predation by Birds on Herbivory 333(2)

Case Histories: Exotic Predators 335(2)

Introduced Fish: Predators That Simplify Aquatic Food Webs 335(2)

Applications and Tools: Humans as Keystone Species 337(2)

Summary 339(1)

Review Questions 340(1)

Suggested Readings 341(1)

On the Net 341(1)

Primary Production and Energy Flow 342(20)

Concepts 344(1)

Case Histories: Patterns of Terrestrial Primary Production 344(3)

Actual Evapotranspiration and Terrestrial Primary Production 344(1)

Soil Fertility and Terrestrial Primary Production 345(2)

Case Histories: Patterns of Aquatic Primary Production 347(3)

Patterns and Models 347(1)

Whole Lake Experiments on Primary Production 347(1)

Global Patterns of Marine Primary Production 348(2)

Case Histories: Consumer Influences 350(3)

Piscivores, Planktivores, and Lake Primary Production 350(2)

Grazing by Large Mammals and Primary Production on the Serengeti 352(1)

Case Histories: Trophic Levels 353(3)

A Trophic Dynamic View of Ecosystems 353(1)

Energy Flow in a Temperate Deciduous Forest 354(2)

Applications and Tools: Using Stable Isotope Analysis to Trace Energy Flow Through Ecosystems 356(3)

Summary 359(1)

Review Questions 359(1)

Suggested Readings 360(1)

On the Net 361(1)

Nutrient Cycling and Retention 362(19)

Concepts 366(1)

Case Histories: Rates of Decomposition 366(4)

Decomposition in Two Temperate Woodland Ecosystems 366(2)

Decomposition in Two Temperate Forest Ecosystems 368(1)

Decomposition in Aquatic Ecosystems 369(1)

Case Histories: Organisms and Nutrients 370(4)

Nutrient Cycling in Streams 370(2)

Animals and Nutrient Cycling in Terrestrial Ecosystems 372(1)

Plants and the Nutrient Dynamics of Ecosystems 373(1)

Case Histories: Disturbance and Nutrients 374(3)

Disturbance and Nutrient Loss from the Hubbard Brook Forest 374(1)

Flooding and Nutrient Export by Streams 375(2)

Applications and Tools: Altering Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems 377(2)

Summary 379(1)

Review Questions 379(1)

Suggested Readings 380(1)

On the Net 380(1)

Succession and Stability 381(25)

Concepts 383(1)

Case Histories: Community Change During Succession 383(4)

Primary Succession at Glacier Bay 383(1)

Secondary Succession in Temperate Forests 384(1)

Succession in Rocky Intertidal Communities 385(1)

Succession in Stream Communities 386(1)

Case Histories: Ecosystem Changes During Succession 387(4)

Ecosystem Changes at Glacier Bay 387(1)

Recovery of Nutrient Retention Following Disturbance 388(2)

Succession and Stream Ecosystem Properties 390(1)

Case Histories: Mechanisms of Succession 391(5)

Successional Mechanisms in the Rocky Intertidal Zone 392(2)

Successional Mechanisms in Forests 394(2)

Case Histories: Community and Ecosystem Stability 396(5)

Some Definitions 396(1)

Lessons from the Park Grass Experiment 397(1)

Replicate Disturbances and Desert Stream Stability 397(4)

Applications and Tools: Using Repeat Photography to Detect Long-Term Change 401(1)

Summary 402(1)

Review Questions 403(1)

Suggested Readings 403(1)

On the Net 404(2)
SECTION VI LARGE-SCALE ECOLOGY 406(71)

Landscape Ecology 408(24)

Concepts 410(1)

Case Histories: Landscape Structure 410(3)

The Structure of Six Landscapes in Ohio 410(2)

The Fractal Geometry of Landscapes 412(1)

Case Histories: Landscape Processes 413(5)

Landscape Structure and the Dispersal of Small Mammals 414(1)

Habitat Patch Size and Isolation and the Density of Butterfly Populations 415(2)

Landscape Position and Lake Chemistry 417(1)

Case Histories: Origins of Landscape Structure and Change 418(8)

Geological Processes, Climate, and Landscape Structure 418(3)

Organisms and Landscape Structure 421(4)

Fire and the Structure of a Mediterranean Landscape 425(1)

Applications and Tools: Restoring a Riverine Landscape 426(2)

Summary 428(1)

Review Questions 429(1)

Suggested Readings 430(1)

On the Net 431(1)

Geographic Ecology 432(23)

Concepts 434(1)

Case Histories: Area, Isolation, and Species Richness 434(4)

Sampling Area and Number of Species 434(1)

Island Area and Species Richness 434(1)

Habitat Patches on Continents: Mountain Islands 434(2)

Island Isolation and Species Richness 436(2)

Case Histories: The Equilibrium Model of Island Biogeography 438(4)

Species Turnover on Islands 439(1)

Experimental Island Biogeography 439(2)

Colonization of New Islands by Plants 441(1)

Manipulating Island Area 442(1)

Case Histories: Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness 442(4)

Area and Latitudinal Gradients in Species Richness 444(1)

Continental Area and Species Richness 445(1)

Case Histories: Historical and Regional Influences 446(3)

Exceptional Patterns of Diversity 446(1)

Historical and Regional Explanations 447(2)

Applications and Tools: Global Positioning Systems, Remote Sensing, and Geographic Information Systems 449(2)

Summary 451(1)

Review Questions 452(1)

Suggested Readings 453(1)

On the Net 454(1)

Global Ecology 455(22)

Concepts 457(1)

Case Histories: A Global System 458(6)

The Historical Thread 458(1)

El Nino Today 459(1)

El Nino and Marine Populations 460(2)

El Nino and the Great Salt Lake 462(1)

El Nino and Terrestrial Populations in Australia 462(2)

Case Histories: Human Activity and the Global Nitrogen Cycle 464(1)

Case Histories: Changes in Land Cover 465(5)

Tropical Deforestation 465(5)

Case Histories: Human Influence on Atmospheric Composition 470(3)

The Future 472(1)

Applications and Tools: Cooperative Research Networks for Global Ecology 473(1)

Summary 474(1)

Review Questions 475(1)

Suggested Readings 476(1)

On the Net 476(1)
Appendix A Abbreviations Used in This Text 477(1)
Appendix B List of Chapter Concepts 478(3)
Glossary 481(6)
References 487(11)
Credits 498(1)
Index 499