Table Of Contents:
Preface ix

PART 1 WHAT IS ART, WHO MAKES IT, AND WHAT DO WE DO WITH IT? 1(150)

A Human Phenomenon 3(22)

Toward a Definition of Art 4(2)

Function 4(1)

Visual Form 4(1)

Content 5(1)

Aesthetics 6(1)

Creating Art 6(4)

Visual Perception 7(1)

The Artist's Response to the World 7(1)

Artistic Expression and Creativity 8(2)

Categories of Visual Arts 10(12)

Art, Popular Culture, and Kitsch 11(3)

Stylistic Categories 14(1)

Style Vocabulary 15(3)

Cultural Styles 18(3)

Styles of Artists within Their Cultures 21(1)

Other Categories 22(1)

Synopsis 22(1)

Food for Thought 23(2)

The Language of Art 25(30)

Formal Elements 26(19)

Line 26(2)

Light and Value 28(1)

Color 29(4)

Texture and Pattern 33(2)

Shape and Volume 35(1)

Space 36(6)

Time and Motion 42(1)

Chance/Improvisation/Spontaneity 43(1)

Engaging All the Senses 44(1)

Principles of Composition 45(5)

Balance 45(1)

Rhythm 46(1)

Proportion and Scale 47(2)

Emphasis 49(1)

Unity and Variety 49(1)

Art Materials and Media 50(3)

Natural and Synthetic Materials 50(3)

Synopsis 53(1)

Food for Thought 53(2)

The Language of Architecture 55(26)

Structural Systems 56(16)

Traditional Building Methods 56(11)

Recent Methods and Materials 67(5)

Aesthetic Design Decisions 72(3)

Visual Elements 72(1)

Organizing Principles 73(1)

Ornamentation 74(1)

The Natural Environment 75(4)

Landscape Architecture 75(2)

Incorporating Nature into the Constructed Environment 77(1)

Ecological Concerns 78(1)

Synopsis 79(1)

Food for Thought 79(2)

Deriving Meaning 81(20)

Formal Analysis 82(2)

Reading the Content 84(11)

Subject Matter 85(1)

Iconography 85(3)

Writings about Art 88(7)

Personal Interpretation 95(1)

The Influence of Context 95(2)

Ways We Encounter Art 97(1)

Synopsis 98(1)

Food for Thought 98(3)

Who Makes Art? 101(24)

Art Production as a Social Activity 102(1)

About Artists 103(9)

Training of Artists 103(2)

The Context for Art Making 105(7)

The Role of Artists in Various Cultures 112(6)

Art Making Based on Gender 112(1)

The Artist as Skilled Worker 113(1)

The Artist Scientist 114(1)

The Artist Priest 115(1)

The Creative Genius 116(1)

Rulers as Artists 117(1)

Support for Art Making 118(4)

Patronage and Private Support 118(1)

The Market 119(1)

Tax-Supported Art 120(2)

Synopsis 122(1)

Food for Thought 122(3)

What Do We Do with Art? 125(26)

Using Art 126(2)

Keeping Art 128(16)

Why Cultures Keep Art 128(5)

Art Collections 133(1)

Museums and Private Collections 133(5)

Museum Designs 138(1)

Preservation and Restoration 139(5)

When Art Is Not Saved 144(3)

Art Destroyed in Conflicts 144(1)

Art Used Dynamically in Rituals 145(2)

Non-Object Art 147(1)

Studying Art 147(1)

Synopsis 148(1)

Food for Thought 149(2)

PART 2 WHY DO WE MAKE ART? 151(2)

SECTION 1 SURVIVAL AND BEYOND 153(70)

Food and Shelter 155(40)

Securing the Food Supply 156(2)

Storing and Serving Food 158(6)

Containers 158(4)

Dishes and Serving Utensils 162(2)

Art That Glorifies Food 164(5)

Landscape and Still Life Paintings 164(4)

Food as a Symbol of Honor 168(1)

Art and the Act of Eating 169(5)

Domestic Architecture 174(10)

Group Living 175(2)

Individual Homes 177(7)

Commercial Architecture 184(6)

Late-Twentieth-Century Public Structures 186(4)

World History in Context 190(2)

Timeline 192(1)

Synopsis 193(1)

Food for Thought 193(2)

Reproduction and Sexuality 195(28)

The Promise of Fertility 196(6)

Fertility Goddesses and Gods 196(3)

Fertility Figures 199(1)

Rituals 200(2)

Art Depicting Primordial and Human Couples 202(4)

Art about Lovemaking, Sexuality, and Gender 206(9)

The Feminine Body and the Gaze 209(4)

Abstracted Sexual Imagery 213(2)

Images of Pregnancy, Childbirth, and Progeny 215(3)

World History in Context 218(2)

Timeline 220(1)

Synopsis 221(1)

Food for Thought 221(2)

SECTION 2 RELIGION 223(76)

Deities and Places of Worship 225(42)

Images of Spiritual Beings 226(8)

Early Deities 226(1)

The Greek Gods 227(1)

Hinduism 228(1)

Buddhism 229(2)

Judaism 231(1)

Christianity 232(2)

Gods for Special Purposes 234(1)

Humans Respond to God 234(5)

Ceremonies 234(1)

Offerings 235(2)

Sacrifices 237(1)

Prayers 238(1)

The Cosmos 239(3)

Places of Worship and Their General Characteristics 242(6)

Housing Sacred Objects 243(1)

Incorporating Elements of Nature 243(2)

Providing Sites for Sacred Ceremonies 245(1)

Using Geometry Symbolically 245(2)

Providing Destinations for Pilgrimages 247(1)

Temple Complexes and Large-Scale Sacred Architecture 248(14)

The Greek Temple 249(2)

The Egyptian Temple 251(2)

The Mesoamerican Temple 253(2)

The Hindu Temple 255(1)

The Gothic Cathedral 256(2)

The Buddhist Temple 258(1)

The Islamic Mosque 259(3)

World History in Context 262(2)

Timeline 264(1)

Synopsis 265(1)

Food for Thought 265(2)

Mortality and Immortality 267(32)

Mounds and Mountains 268(11)

Ancient Burials 268(2)

Furnished Tombs 270(9)

Development of Cemeteries and Grave Monuments 279(2)

Burial in Places of Worship 281(5)

Christian Burials 282(3)

Islamic Mausoleums 285(1)

Reliquaries 286(2)

Modern Commemorative Art 288(6)

Modern Cemeteries 288(2)

Contemporary Memorial Art and Practices 290(4)

World History in Context 294(2)

Timeline 296(1)

Synopsis 297(1)

Food for Thought 297(2)

SECTION 3 THE STATE 299(68)

Power, Politics, and Glory 301(36)

The Glory of the Ruler 302(5)

Divine Rulers and Royalty 302(2)

Objects of Royalty and Prestige 304(1)

Contemporary Political Leaders 305(2)

The Power of the State 307(9)

Palaces 307(5)

Seats of Government 312(2)

Monuments 314(2)

War 316(13)

Art Depicting Warriors 316(2)

Fortifications, Armor, and Weapons 318(4)

War Scenes 322(5)

War Memorials 327(2)

Peace 329(3)

Art about Peace 329(1)

Peace Offerings and Peace Monuments 330(2)

World History in Context 332(2)

Timeline 334(1)

Synopsis 335(1)

Food for Thought 335(2)

Social Protest/Affirmation 337(30)

Protests against Military Action 338(6)

Fighting for the Oppressed 344(11)

Strategies for Protesting Oppression 344(8)

Affirming the Values of the Oppressed 352(3)

Questioning the Status Quo 355(7)

The Social Environment 356(3)

Art versus Politics 359(3)

World History in Context 362(2)

Timeline 364(1)

Synopsis 365(1)

Food for Thought 365(2)

SECTION 4 SELF AND SOCIETY 367(133)

The Body 369(30)

Depicting the Body 370(19)

Portraits 370(4)

Self-Portraits 374(2)

The Physical Body 376(7)

The Limits of the Self 383(5)

Sickness and Death 388(1)

The Body in Art and as Art 389(5)

The Body as Art Material 389(4)

The Body as an Art Tool 393(1)

World History in Context 394(2)

Timeline 396(1)

Synopsis 397(1)

Food for Thought 397(2)

Race, Gender, Clan, and Class 399(36)

Race and Art 400(4)

Art That Promotes Ethnic History and Values 400(3)

Who Is Looking at Whom? 403(1)

Gender Issues 404(6)

Art and Ritual Perpetuating Gender Roles 405(1)

Gender Reflected in Art and Architecture 406(2)

Critiquing Gender Roles 408(2)

Clan 410(7)

The Extended Family 410(5)

The Nuclear Family 415(2)

Class 417(13)

Class Status and Body Styles 417(1)

Class Activities and Lifestyles 418(9)

Art Objects That Indicate Class Status 427(3)

World History in Context 430(2)

Timeline 432(1)

Synopsis 433(1)

Food for Thought 433(2)

Nature, Knowledge, and Technology 435(34)

Nature 436(17)

Animals 436(6)

The Land 442(1)

Landscape Imagery 443(10)

Knowledge 453(5)

Informative Images 453(3)

Art and Intuited Knowledge 456(1)

The Critique of Learning 457(1)

Technology 458(6)

Technological Advances 459(2)

Evaluating the Constructed World 461(3)

World History in Context 464(2)

Timeline 466(1)

Synopsis 467(1)

Food for Thought 467(2)

Entertainment 469(31)

``Houses'' for the Arts 470(7)

Theaters, Museums, and Opera Houses 470(4)

Other Visual and Performing Art Environments 474(3)

The Visual Arts within the Performing Arts 477(10)

Art and Theater 477(5)

Art and Music 482(2)

Dance 484(1)

Music and Dance Imagery 484(3)

The Technology Revolution in Entertainment 487(3)

Film and Television 487(3)

Animation and Digital Imaging 490(1)

Sports and Sports Arenas 490(6)

Sport Sites 490(3)

Sport Imagery 493(3)

World History in Context 496(2)

Timeline 498(1)

Synopsis 499(1)

Food for Thought 499(1)
Postscript 500(3)
Pronunciation Guide 503(3)
Glossary 506(12)
Bibliography 518(6)
Credits 524(3)
Index 527