Table Of Contents:
About the Author xv
Preface xvii
Walkthrough xxx

PART I The Dimensions of Anthropology 3(40)

What Is Anthropology? 3(22)

Human Adaptability 3(1)

Adaptation, Variation, and Change 4(3)

General Anthropology 7(1)

Cultural Forces Shape Human Biology 8(1)

The Subdisciplines of Anthropology 8(7)

Cultural Anthropology 8(2)

Archaeological Anthropology 10(1)

Biological, or Physical, Anthropology 11(1)

Interesting Issues: Even Anthropologists Get Culture Shock 12(2)

Beyond the Classroom: The Utility of Hand and Foot Bones for Problems in Biological Anthropology 14(1)

Linguistic Anthropology 15(1)

Applied Anthropology 15(2)

Anthropology and Other Academic Fields 17(2)

Cultural Anthropology and Sociology 17(1)

Anthropology and Psychology 18(1)

Science, Explanation, and Hypothesis Testing 19(6)

Applying Anthropology 25(18)

What is Applied Anthropology? 25(1)

The Role of the Applied Anthropologist 26(3)

Academic and Applied Anthropology 29(1)

Theory and Practice 30(1)

Anthropology and Education 30(1)

Urban Anthropology 31(2)

Urban versus Rural 32(1)

Medical Anthropology 33(4)

Beyond the Classroom: New Life, Good Health 36(1)

Anthropology and Business 37(1)

Careers and Anthropology 38(5)

Interesting Issues: Hot Asset in Corporate: Anthropology Degrees 38(5)

PART II Cultural Diversity 43(262)

Ethics and Methods in Cultural Anthropology 43(20)

Ethics 43(3)

Methods---Ethnography 46(1)

Ethnographic Techniques 47(8)

Observation and Participant Observation 47(1)

Conversation, Interviewing, and Interview Schedules 48(1)

The Genealogical Method 49(1)

Key Cultural Consultants 49(1)

Life Histories 50(1)

Local Beliefs and Perceptions, and the Ethnographer's 50(1)

The Evolution of Ethnography 50(2)

Problem-Oriented Ethnography 52(1)

Longitudinal Research 52(1)

Team Research 53(1)

Culture, Space, and Scale 54(1)

Survey Research 55(8)

Beyond the Classroom: Stories from Women Domestics of the Yucatan 57(6)

Culture 63(18)

What Is Culture? 63(7)

Culture Is Learned 64(1)

Culture Is Shared 64(3)

Interesting Issues: Touching, Affection, Love, and Sex 67(1)

Culture Is Symbolic 68(1)

Culture and Nature 68(1)

Culture Is All-Encompassing 69(1)

Culture Is Integrated 69(1)

Culture Can Be Adaptive and Maladaptive 70(1)

Culture and the Individual: Agency and Practice 70(3)

Levels of Culture 71(1)

Ethnocentrism, Cultural Relativism, and Human Rights 71(2)

Universality, Generality, and Particularity 73(3)

Universality 73(1)

Generality 73(1)

Particularity: Patterns of Culture 74(1)

Beyond the Classroom: Folklore Reveals Ethos of Heating Plant Workers 75(1)

Mechanisms of Cultural Change 76(1)

Globalization 76(5)

Ethnicity and Race 81(26)

Ethnic Groups and Ethnicity 81(4)

Status Shifting 84(1)

Race 85(1)

Social Race 86(6)

Hypodescent: Race in the United States 86(1)

Beyond the Classroom: Perceptions of Race and Skin Color on an American College Campus 87(1)

Race in the Census 88(1)

Not Us: Race in Japan 89(1)

Phenotype and Fluidity: Race in Brazil 90(2)

Stratification and ``Intelligence'' 92(2)

Ethnic Groups, Nations, and Nationalities 94(1)

Nationalities and Imagined Communities 94(1)

Peaceful Coexistence 94(4)

Assimilation 95(1)

The Plural Society 95(1)

Multiculturalism and Ethnic Identity 95(1)

Interesting Issues: Ethnic Nationalism Runs Wild 96(2)

Roots of Ethnic Conflict 98(9)

Prejudice and Discrimination 98(1)

Chips in the Mosaic 99(1)

Aftermaths of Oppression 99(8)

Language and Communication 107(28)

What Is Language? 107(1)

Animal Communication 108(5)

Call Systems 108(1)

Sign Language 108(5)

The Origin of Language 113(1)

Nonverbal Communication 113(1)

The Structure of Language 114(2)

Speech Sounds 115(1)

Language, Thought, and Culture 116(3)

Interesting Issues: Do Midwesterners Have Accents? 116(1)

The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 117(1)

Focal Vocabulary 117(1)

Meaning 118(1)

Sociolinguistics 119(7)

Linguistic Diversity 119(1)

Gender Speech Contrasts 120(1)

Language and Status Position 121(1)

Stratification 122(1)

Black English Vernacular (BEV), a.k.a. ``Ebonics'' 123(2)

Beyond the Classroom: Cybercommunication in Collegespace 125(1)

Historical Linguistics 126(4)

Bringing it all Together: Canada: Unity and Diversity in Culture and Language 130(5)

Making a Living 135(26)

Adaptive Strategies 135(1)

Foraging 136(6)

Correlates of Foraging 139(1)

Beyond the Classroom: Integrating Archaeological, Ethnographic, and Analytic Subsistence Data: A Case Study from Patagonia, South America 140(2)

Cultivation 142(3)

Horticulture 142(1)

Agriculture 142(1)

The Cultivation Continuum 143(1)

Intensification: People and the Environment 144(1)

Pastoralism 145(1)

Modes of Production 146(2)

Production in Nonindustrial Societies 146(1)

Means of Production 147(1)

Alienation in Industrial Economies 148(1)

Economizing and Maximization 148(3)

Alternative Ends 149(1)

Interesting Issues: Scarcity and the Betsileo 150(1)

Distribution, Exchange 151(2)

The Market Principle 151(1)

Redistribution 151(1)

Reciprocity 151(2)

Coexistence of Exchange Principles 153(1)

Potlatching 153(8)

Political Systems 161(28)

What Is ``The Political''? 161(1)

Types and Trends 162(2)

Bands and Tribes 164(11)

Foraging Bands 165(3)

Tribal Cultivators 168(1)

The Village Head 168(1)

The ``Big Man'' 169(2)

Pantribal Sodalities and Age Grades 171(2)

Nomadic Politics 173(1)

Beyond the Classroom: Perspectives on Group Membership 174(1)

Chiefdoms 175(3)

Political and Economic Systems in Chiefdoms 175(1)

Social Status in Chiefdoms 176(1)

Status Systems in Chiefdoms and States 176(2)

States 178(2)

Population Control 178(1)

Judiciary 179(1)

Enforcement 179(1)

Fiscal Systems 179(1)

Social Control: Politics, Shame, and Sorcery 180(9)

Families, Kinship, and Descent 189(22)

Families 189(7)

Nuclear and Extended Families 190(3)

Industrialism and Family Organization 193(1)

Changes in North American Kinship 193(2)

The Family among Foragers 195(1)

Descent 196(3)

Descent Groups 196(1)

Lineages, Clans, and Residence Rules 197(1)

Ambilineal Descent 198(1)

Family versus Descent 198(1)

Kinship Calculation 199(3)

Genealogical Kin Types and Kin Terms 199(1)

Interesting Issues: Social Security, Kinship Style 200(2)

Kinship Terminology 202(9)

Lineal Terminology 202(1)

Bifurcate Merging Terminology 202(1)

Generational Terminology 203(1)

Bifurcate Collateral Terminology 204(7)

Marriage 211(22)

What Is Marriage? 211(1)

Incest and Exogamy 212(4)

Explaining the Taboo 216(1)

Instinctive Horror 216(1)

Biological Degeneration 216(1)

Attempt and Contempt 216(1)

Marry Out or Die Out 217(1)

Endogamy 217(2)

Caste 218(1)

Royal Incest 218(1)

Marital Rights and Same-Sex Marriage 219(2)

Beyond the Classroom: Human Mate Preference in Matrimonial Advertisements from Gujarat, India 220(1)

Marriage as Group Alliance 221(4)

Bridewealth and Dowry 222(1)

Durable Alliances 223(1)

Interesting Issues: Love and Marriage 224(1)

Divorce 225(2)

Plural Marriages 227(6)

Polygyny 227(2)

Polyandry 229(4)

Gender 233(28)

Sex and Gender 233(4)

Recurrent Gender Patterns 237(3)

Gender among Foragers 240(1)

Gender among Horticulturalists 241(3)

Reduced Gender Stratification---Matrilineal, Matrilocal Societies 242(1)

Reduced Gender Stratification---Matrifocal Societies 242(1)

Increased Gender Stratification---Patrilineal-Patrilocal Societies 243(1)

Gender among Agriculturalists 244(1)

Patriarchy and Violence 245(1)

Gender and Industrialism 246(3)

The Feminization of Poverty 248(1)

Sexual Orientation 249(7)

Interesting Issues: Hidden Women, Public Men---Public Women, Hidden Men 250(6)

Bringing it all Together: The Basques 256(5)

Religion 261(24)

What Is Religion? 261(1)

Origins, Functions, and Expressions of Religion 262(7)

Animism 262(3)

Mana and Taboo 265(1)

Magic and Religion 265(1)

Anxiety, Control, Solace 266(1)

Rituals 266(1)

Rites of Passage 266(2)

Totemism 268(1)

Religion and Cultural Ecology 269(1)

Sacred Cattle in India 269(1)

Social Control 270(3)

Beyond the Classroom: Ewe Traditional and Biomedical Healing Practices in Ghana's Volta Region 270(3)

Kinds of Religion 273(1)

Religion in States 274(1)

Christian Values 275(1)

World Religions 275(2)

Religion and Change 277(3)

Revitalization Movements 277(1)

Syncretisms 277(2)

Antimodernism and Fundamentalism 279(1)

A New Age 280(1)

Secular Rituals 280(5)

The Arts 285(20)

What Is Art? 285(6)

Art and Religion 286(2)

Locating Art 288(1)

Art and Individuality 289(1)

The Work of Art 290(1)

Art, Society, and Culture 291(14)

The Cultural Transmission of the Arts 294(2)

Interesting Issues: I'll Get You, My Pretty, and Your Little R2 296(2)

The Artistic Career 298(1)

Beyond the Classroom: Capoeira: The Afro-Brazilian Art of Unity and Survival 299(1)

Continuity and Change 300(5)

PART III The Changing World 305

The Modern World System 305(22)

The Emergence of the World System 305(4)

Industrialization 309(1)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution 309(1)

Stratification 310(7)

Industrial Stratification 311(1)

Asian Factory Women 312(3)

Open and Closed Class Systems 315(1)

Beyond the Classroom: The Residue of Apartheid in Southern Africa 316(1)

The World System Today 317(10)

Interesting Issues: The American Periphery 318(2)

Industrial Degradation 320(7)

Colonialism and Development 327(22)

Colonialism 327(6)

Imperialism 328(1)

British Colonialism 328(2)

French Colonialism 330(2)

Colonialism and Identity 332(1)

Postcolonial Studies 332(1)

Development 333(1)

Neoliberalism 333(1)

The Second World 334(4)

Communism 334(2)

Postsocialist Transitions 336(2)

Development Anthropology 338(3)

The Greening of Java 339(2)

Equity 341(1)

Strategies for Innovation 341(8)

Overinnovation 342(1)

Underdifferentiation 343(1)

Third World Models 343(6)

Cultural Exchange and Survival 349

Acculturation 349(1)

Contact and Domination 350(4)

Development and Environmentalism 350(3)

Religious Change 353(1)

Resistance and Survival 354(5)

Interesting Issues: Voices of the Rainforest 354(2)

Weapons of the Weak 356(1)

Beyond the Classroom: Forging Activist Identities in the Kalaupapa Community of Leprosy Patients 356(2)

Cultural Imperialism 358(1)

Making and Remaking Culture 359(3)

Popular Culture 359(1)

Indigenizing Popular Culture 359(1)

Interesting Issues: Using Modern Technology to Preserve Linguistic and Cultural Diversity 360(1)

A World System of Images 361(1)

A Transnational Culture of Consumption 361(1)

People in Motion 362(2)

The Continuance of Diversity 364(4)

Bringing It All Together: The Biology and Culture of Overconsumption 368
Appendix 1: A History of Theories in Anthropology 1(10)
Appendix 2: Ethics and Anthropology 11(4)
Appendix 3: American Popular Culture 15
Bibliography 1(1)
Glossary 1(1)
Credits 1(1)
Name Index 1(1)
Subject Index 1