Table Of Contents:
Preface xxii
To the Instructor xxiv
Before You Begin: A Primer on Study Skills xxvii

Part I: Introduction and Foundations 1(110)

What Is Psychology? 2(30)

Prologue 3(1)

Psyche + Science = Psychology 4(3)

Definition of Psychology 5(1)

Goals of Psychology 5(2)

The Many Viewpoints in Psychology and Their Origins 7(8)

Nature of Conscious Experience 7(1)

Wundt, Titchener, and Structuralism 7(1)

J. Henry Alston 8(1)

Max Wertheimer and Gestalt Psychology 8(1)

Functions of the Conscious Mind 9(1)

William James and Functionalism 9(1)

Studies of Memory: Hermann Ebbinghaus and Mary Whiton Calkins 10(1)

Contemporary Cognitive Psychology 11(1)

Psychometrics: Alfred Binet 11(1)

Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory 11(1)

Ivan Pavlov 11(1)

John B. Watson and Margaret Floy Washburn 12(1)

Contemporary Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory 12(1)

The Nature of the ``Unconscious Mind'' 13(1)

Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis 13(1)

Humanistic Psychology and the Unconscious Mind 14(1)

Contemporary Perspectives in Psychology 15(7)

Neuroscience Perspective 16(1)

sociocultural Perspective 17(1)

Human Diversity: Different Yet the Same 18(1)

Sociocultural Factors in the History of Psychology 19(1)

Evolutionary Perspective 20(1)

Positive Psychology 21(1)

Specialty-Areas of Modern Psychology 22(3)

Basic Areas of Modern Psychology 22(1)

Applied Areas of Modern Psychology 23(1)

Relationship between Psychology and Psychiatry 24(1)

What We Know about Human Behavior: Some Starting Places 25(7)

Summary 29(1)

Resources 30(1)

Visual Review of Historical Time Line 31(1)

Research Methods in Psychology 32(24)

Prologue 33(1)

Basic Concepts of Research 34(1)

Empirical Evidence and Operational Definitions 34(1)

Theories and Hypotheses 34(1)

Representativeness of Samples 35(1)

Importance of Replication in Research 35(1)

Research Methods 35(12)

Descriptive Studies 36(1)

Survey Method 36(1)

Naturalistic Observation 37(1)

Clinical Method 37(1)

Correlational Studies 38(4)

Formal Experiments 42(2)

Elements and Logic of Formal Experiments 44(1)

Placebo Control in Formal Experiments 45(1)

``Blind'' Formal Experiments 45(1)

Manipulation Checks 46(1)

Ethical Principles of Research 47(9)

Ethics of Research with Human Participants 47(2)

Ethics of Research with Nonhuman Animals 49(2)

Application of Psychology: Design Your Own Formal Experiment 51(2)

Summary 53(2)

Resources 55(1)

Biological Foundations of Behavior 56(55)

Prologue 57(1)

Nervous System: Biological Control Center 58(12)

Neurons: The Units of the Nervous System 58(1)

Parts of Neurons 58(2)

Neural Transmission 60(2)

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission 62(3)

Divisions of the Nervous System 65(1)

Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System 66(1)

Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 67(3)

Structures and Functions of the Brain 70(16)

Images of the Brain at Work 70(2)

Hindbrain and Midbrain: Housekeeping Chores and Reflexes 72(1)

Forebrain: Cognition, Motivation, Emotion, and Action 72(2)

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Limbic System 74(1)

Cerebral Cortex: Sensory, Cognitive, and Motor Functions 74(1)

Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex 75(5)

Functions of the Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex 80(1)

Functions of the Left and Right Cerebral Hemispheres 80(1)

Split Brains 80(1)

Hemispheres of the Cerebral Cortex and Emotion 81(3)

Plasticity of the Cerebral Cortex 84(1)

The Brain Is a Developing System 84(1)

The Brain Is an Interacting System 85(1)

Endocrine System: Chemical Messengers of the Body 86(5)

Pituitary Gland 87(1)

Adrenal Glands 88(1)

Islets of Langerhans 88(1)

Gonads 88(1)

Thyroid Gland 89(1)

Parathyroid Glands 89(1)

Pineal Gland 89(2)

Genetic Influences on Behavior 91(20)

What Is Inherited? 91(1)

Biological Mechanisms of Inheritance: Genetic Codes 91(1)

Genes, Chromosomes, and DNA 91(2)

Dominant and Recessive Traits 93(1)

Chromosome Abnormalities 94(1)

How Do Genes Influence Our Behavior and Mental Processes? 94(1)

Research on Inheritance in Humans 94(1)

Studies of Twins 94(1)

Studies of Adopted Children 95(1)

Genetic Influences on Complex Human Behavior 96(3)

Application of Psychology: Madness and the Brain 99(4)

Summary 103(2)

Resources 105(1)

Visual Review of Brain Structures 106(5)

Part II: Awareness 111(84)

Sensation and Perception 112(48)

Prologue 113(1)

Sensation: Receiving Messages about the World 114(4)

Stimuli: What Messages Can Be Received? 114(1)

Transduction: Translating Messages for the Brain 114(1)

Sensory Limits: How Strong Must Messages Be? 115(1)

Sensory Adaptation 115(1)

Psychophysics 115(3)

Vision: Your Human Camera 118(8)

Light: What Is It? 118(1)

The Eye: How Does It Work? 119(1)

Dark and Light Adaptation 120(2)

Color Vision 122(4)

Hearing: Sensing Sound Waves 126(5)

Sound: What Is It? 126(2)

The Ear: How Does It Work? 128(1)

Outer Ear 128(1)

Middle Ear 128(1)

Inner Ear 128(3)

Body Senses: Messages from Myself 131(9)

Orientation and Movement 132(1)

Vestibular Organ 132(1)

Kinesthetic Sense 133(1)

Skin Senses 133(1)

Pressure 134(1)

Temperature 134(1)

Pain 134(1)

Pain Gates 135(2)

Peripheral Sensitization 137(1)

Phantom Limbs 137(1)

Human Diversity: Culture and Pain 138(2)

Chemical Senses: The Flavors and Aromas of Life 140(3)

Taste 140(1)

Smell 141(1)

Pheromone Detection 142(1)

Perception: Interpreting Sensory Messages 143(17)

Visual Perception 144(1)

Perceptual Organization 144(1)

Perceptual Constancy 145(1)

Depth Perception 146(3)

Visual Illusions 149(3)

Individual and Cultural Influences on Perception 152(2)

Application of Psychology: Visual Perception, Illusion, and Art 154(2)

Summary 156(1)

Resources 157(1)

Visual Review of the Sense Organs 158(2)

States of Consciousness 160(35)

Prologue 161(1)

Wide Awake: Normal Waking Consciousness 162(3)

Daydreams 162(1)

Divided Consciousness: Being Two Places (Mentally) at the Same Time 162(1)

The Concept of the Unconscious Mind 163(2)

Sleep and Dreams: Conscious While Asleep 165(11)

Stages of Sleep 165(1)

Hypnagogic State 165(1)

Stages of Light and Deep Sleep 165(1)

REM Sleep and Dreams 165(2)

Autonomic Storms 167(1)

Time Spent Dreaming 167(1)

Non-REM Sleep and Dreams 168(1)

Circadian Rhythms 168(2)

Content of Dreams 170(1)

Images and Characters in Dreams 170(1)

Sweet Dreams: The Emotional Content of Dreams 171(1)

Creative and Bizarre Aspects of Dreams 171(1)

Meaning of Dreams 171(1)

Day Residue and Stimulus Incorporation 172(1)

Dream Interpretation 172(1)

Reasons for Sleep and Dreams 173(1)

Nightmares and Other Sleep Phenomena 174(1)

Sleep Disorders 175(1)

Altered States of Consciousness 176(5)

Meditation 177(1)

Hypnosis 178(1)

Mesmer and Mesmerism 179(1)

Depersonalization 180(1)

Drugs and Altered Consciousness 181(14)

Drug Use: Some Basic Considerations 182(1)

Variable Response to Drugs 183(1)

Problems Associated with Drug Use 183(1)

Psychotropic Drugs 184(1)

Stimulants 184(2)

Human Diversity: Substance Abuse and Human Diversity 186(1)

Depressants 186(1)

Inhalants 187(1)

Hallucinogens 187(1)

Marijuana 188(1)

Act-Alike and Designer Drugs 188(2)

Application of Psychology: The Legal Consciousness-Altering Drugs 190(3)

Summary 193(1)

Resources 194(1)

Part III: Learning and Cognition 195(122)

Basic Principles of Learning 196(38)

Prologue 197(1)

Definition of Learning 198(1)

Classical Conditioning: Learning by Association 199(7)

Association: The Key Element in Classical Conditioning 200(1)

Terminology of Classical Conditioning 201(1)

Definition of Classical Conditioning 202(2)

Importance of Classical Conditioning 204(2)

Operant Conditioning: Learning from the Consequences of Your Behavior 206(13)

Positive Reinforcement 206(2)

Primary and Secondary Reinforcement 208(1)

Schedules of Positive Reinforcement 209(1)

Shaping 210(2)

Negative Reinforcement 212(1)

Escape Conditioning 212(1)

Avoidance Conditioning 212(1)

Punishment 213(1)

Dangers of Punishment 213(1)

Guidelines for the Use of Punishment 214(1)

Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning 215(1)

Stimulus Discrimination and Generalization 216(3)

Extinction: Learning When to Quit 219(2)

Removing the Source of Learning 219(1)

Spontaneous Recovery and Disinhibition 220(1)

Theoretical Interpretations of Learning 221(13)

Cognition or Connection? 222(1)

Place Learning 222(1)

Latent Learning 223(1)

Insight Learning and Learning Sets 224(1)

Modeling: Learning by Watching Others 225(2)

Biological Factors in Learning 227(3)

Application of Psychology: Learning to Be Superstitious 230(1)

Summary 230(1)

Resources 231(3)

Memory 234(38)

Prologue 235(1)

Three Stages of Memory: An Information-Processing View 236(13)

Sensory Register 237(1)

Short-Term Memory 237(1)

Rehearsal in Short-Term Memory: Overcoming STM's Limited Life Span 238(1)

Chunking in Short-Term Memory: Overcoming STM's Limited Capacity 239(1)

Long-Term Memory 240(1)

Types of Long-Term Memory: Procedural, Episodic, and Semantic 241(1)

Organization in Long-Term Memory 242(2)

Retrieval of Long-Term Memories 244(2)

Human Diversity: Cultural Circumstances and Memory Skills 246(1)

Levels of Processing: An Alternative to the Stage Model 247(2)

Forgetting and Why It Occurs 249(8)

Decay Theory 249(1)

Interference Theory 250(1)

Reconstruction (Schema) Theory 251(3)

Motivated Forgetting 254(3)

Biological Basis of Memory 257(15)

Synaptic Theories of Memory: Search for the Engram 257(1)

Stages of Memory and the Brain 258(1)

Amnesia: Disorders of Memory 259(1)

Anterograde Amnesia 259(2)

Retrograde Amnesia 261(2)

Application of Psychology: Eyewitness Testimony and Memory 263(6)

Summary 269(1)

Resources 270(2)

Cognition, Language, and Intelligence 272(45)

Prologue 273(1)

Definition of Cognition 274(1)

Concepts: The Basic Units of Thinking 274(4)

Simple and Complex Concepts 275(1)

Natural Concepts 275(1)

Natural Concepts Are Basic 275(2)

Natural Concepts Are Good Prototypes 277(1)

Thinking and Problem Solving: Using Information to Reach Goals 278(7)

Cognitive Operations in Problem Solving 279(1)

Formulating the Problem 279(1)

Understanding and Organizing the Elements of the Problem 279(1)

Generating and Evaluating Alternative Solutions 280(1)

Heuristic Thinking 280(1)

Framing and Emotional Factors in Decision Making 281(1)

Artificial Intelligence 282(1)

Experts and Expertise 282(1)

Creative Problem Solving: Convergent and Divergent Thinking 283(2)

Language: Symbolic Communication 285(6)

Semantics: The Meaning of What Is Said 285(1)

Generative Property of Language: Elements and Rules 286(1)

Phonemes 286(1)

Morphemes 286(1)

Syntax 287(1)

Language and Thought: The Whorfian Hypothesis 287(2)

Animal Languages: Can We Talk to the Animals? 289(2)

Intelligence: The Sum Total of Cognition 291(26)

Differing Views of Intelligence 291(1)

Intelligence: General or Specific Abilities? 292(1)

The Biological Basis of General Intelligence 292(1)

Cognitive Components of Intelligent Behavior 293(1)

Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence 294(1)

Measures of Intelligence: The IQ Test 295(1)

Construction of Intelligence Tests 296(1)

Human Diversity: Cultural Influences on Inferential Reasoning 297(1)

Characteristics of Good Intelligence Tests 298(1)

Tacit Intelligence 299(1)

Individual Differences in Intelligence: Contributing Factors 300(1)

The Importance of Intelligence Scores in Modern Society 301(1)

Are People Becoming More Intelligent? 302(3)

Race-Ethnic Differences in Intelligence and Achievement: The Narrowing Gap 305(2)

``The Bell Curve'': Policy Implications of Differences in Intelligence 307(1)

Extremes in Intelligence: Mental Retardation and Giftedness 308(3)

Application of Psychology: Improving Critical Thinking 311(2)

Summary 313(2)

Resources 315(2)

Part IV: Developmental Psychology 317(48)

Developmental Psychology 318(47)

Prologue 319(1)

Basic Processes of Development 320(6)

Nature or Nurture? 320(1)

Maturation 320(1)

Early Experience and Critical Periods 321(1)

Imprinting 322(1)

Early Social Deprivation 323(1)

Variations in Development: Getting There at Different Times 324(1)

Human Diversity: Raising a Child Who Cannot Hear 325(1)

Stage Theories of Development 326(5)

Piaget's Stage Theory of Cognitive Development 327(1)

Stage Theories of Moral Development 328(1)

Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development 328(1)

Gilligan's Theory of Moral Development 329(1)

Erikson's Stage Theory of Personality Development 330(1)

The Concept of Development across the Life Span 331(2)

Development in Infancy and Childhood 333(7)

Neonatal Period: The Newborn 333(1)

Infancy: 2 Weeks to 2 Years 333(1)

Physical Development 333(1)

Cognitive Development (Sensorimotor Stage) 334(2)

Emotional and Social Development 336(1)

Early Childhood: 2 to 7 Years 337(1)

Cognitive Development (Preoperational Stage) 337(1)

Emotional and Social Development 338(1)

Middle Childhood: 7 to 11 Years 338(1)

Cognitive Development (Concrete Operational Stage) 339(1)

Emotional and Social Development 339(1)

Adolescent Development 340(5)

Physical Development 340(2)

Cognitive Development (Formal Operational Stage) 342(1)

Emotional and Social Development 343(1)

Adolescent Social Development 343(1)

Adolescent Emotions 343(2)

Adulthood: Young Adulthood through Older Adulthood 345(20)

Physical Development 345(1)

Cognitive Development 346(1)

Emotional and Social Development 346(1)

Early Adulthood: Intimacy vs. Isolation (17 to 45 Years) 347(2)

Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs. Stagnation (40 to 65 Years) 349(1)

Climacteric 350(1)

Later Adulthood: Integrity vs. Despair (65 Years On) 350(1)

Evaluation of Stage Theories of Adulthood 351(1)

Causes of Aging and Predictors of Longevity 352(1)

Death and Dying: The Final ``Stage'' 353(3)

Application of Psychology: Parenting 356(3)

Summary 359(3)

Resources 362(1)

Visual Review of Stage Theories of Development 363(2)

Part V: The Self 365(132)

Motivation and Emotion 366(42)

Prologue 367(1)

Definitions of Motivation and Emotion 368(1)

Primary Motives: Biological Needs 369(6)

Homeostasis: Biological Thermostats 369(1)

Hunger: The Regulation of Food Intake 369(2)

Body Weight and the ``Set Point'' 371(1)

Specific Hungers 372(1)

Psychological Factors in Hunger 372(1)

Thirst: The Regulation of Water Intake 373(1)

Biological Regulation of Thirst 373(1)

Psychological Factors in Thirst 374(1)

Psychological Motives 375(11)

Stimulus Motivation: Seeking Novel Stimulation 375(1)

Optimal Arousal Theory 375(1)

Arousal and Performance: The Yerkes-Dodson Law 376(1)

Affiliation Motivation 376(2)

Achievement Motivation 378(1)

Solomon's Opponent-Process Theory of Acquired Motives 379(2)

Human Diversity: Conflict and the First-Generation College Student 381(1)

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation 381(2)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Motives 383(1)

Self-Actualization and the American Dream 384(2)

Emotions 386(12)

Three Theories of Emotion 388(1)

James-Lange Theory 388(3)

Cannon-Bard Theory 391(1)

Cognitive Theory 391(3)

The Physiology of Emotion and Lie Detectors 394(1)

Role of Learning and Culture in Emotions 394(1)

The Pursuit of Happiness 395(3)

Aggression: Emotional and Motivational Aspects 398(10)

Freud's Instinct Theory: The Release of Aggressive Energy 398(1)

Frustration-Aggression Theory 399(1)

Social Learning Theory 399(1)

Violent Youth Gangs 400(2)

Application of Psychology: Should You Try to Lose Weight? If So, How? 402(2)

Summary 404(2)

Resources 406(1)

Visual Review of Theories of Motivation and Emotion 406(2)

Gender and Sexuality 408(52)

Prologue 409(1)

Gender and Sexual Orientation 410(20)

Gender Identity and Gender Roles 410(1)

Gender Similarities and Gender Differences 411(1)

Gender Differences in Physical Strenght and Skills 412(1)

Gender Differences in Cognitive Ability and Achievement 412(2)

Gender Differences in Emotion and Social Behavior 414(1)

Gender Differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior 414(2)

Origins of Gender Differences 416(5)

Development of Gender Identity and Roles 421(1)

Psychoanalytic Theory of Gender Identity 422(1)

Social Learning Theory of Gender Identity 423(1)

Sexual Orientation 423(2)

Gays and Lesbians in the Military 425(1)

Stigmatization, Stress, and Sexual Orientation 426(1)

Origins of Sexual Orientation 426(4)

Biological and Psychological Aspects of Sexuality 430(11)

Sexual Anatomy and Functioning 431(2)

The Sexual Response Cycle 433(2)

Sexual Motivation 435(1)

Similarity to Other Primary Motives 435(1)

Differences from Other Primary Motives 436(1)

Hormones and Sexual Behavior 437(1)

Patterns of Sexual Behavior 437(4)

Atypical and Abnormal Sexual Behavior 441(5)

Transvestism and Transsexualism 441(1)

Fetishism 441(1)

Sexual Sadism and Masochism 442(1)

Voyeurism and Exhibitionism 442(1)

Forced Sexual Behavior 442(1)

Rape 442(1)

Sexual Abuse of Children 443(1)

Sexual Harassment 444(2)

Sexual Dysfunction and Sexual Health 446(14)

Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire 446(1)

Dysfunctions of Sexual Arousal 446(1)

Orgasm Dysfunctions 447(1)

Health Problems Related to Sexual Anatomy 448(1)

Cancers of Sexual Anatomy 448(1)

Sexually Transmitted Diseases 449(5)

Application of Psychology: Date Rape 454(2)

Summary 456(2)

Resources 458(2)

Personality Theories and Assessment 460(37)

Prologue 461(1)

Definition of Personality 462(1)

Trait Theory: Describing the Consistencies of Personality 462(4)

Allport's Trait Theory 462(1)

Five-Factor Trait Theory 463(1)

Validation of Personality Trait Theory 464(2)

Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud 466(10)

Freud's Mind: Three Levels of Consciousness 467(1)

Freud's Mind: Id, Ego, and Superego 468(1)

Id: The Selfish Beast 468(1)

Ego: The Executive of Personality 469(1)

Superego: The Conscience and Ego Ideal 469(1)

Displacement and Identification: Becoming a Member of Society 469(1)

Growing Up: The Stages of Psychosexual Development 470(1)

Oral Stage (Birth to 1 Year) 470(1)

Anal Stage (1 to 3 Years) 470(1)

Phallic Stage (3 to 6 Years) 470(1)

Latency Stage (6 to 11 Years) 471(1)

Genital Stage (11 Years On) 472(1)

Theories Derived from Psychoanalysis 472(1)

Carl Jung 472(1)

Alfred Adler 473(1)

Karen Horney 474(2)

Social Learning Theory: Albert Bandura 476(4)

Role of Learning in Personality 476(1)

Role of Cognition in Personality 477(1)

Situationism and Interactionism 478(2)

Humanistic Theory: Maslow and Rogers 480(7)

Inner-Directedness and Subjectivity 480(1)

The Self-Concept 480(2)

Self-Actualization 482(1)

Humanism Compared with Classic Psychoanalysis and Social Learning Theory 483(1)

Contemporary Merging of the Major Theories of Personality 483(3)

Human Diversity: Personality and Culture 486(1)

Personality Assessment: Taking a Measure of the Person 487(10)

Interviews and Observational Methods 488(1)

Projective Personality Tests 488(1)

Objective Personality Tests 489(1)

Evaluation of Personality Tests 490(2)

Application of Psychology: Situational Influences on Personality in Everyday Life 492(2)

Summary 494(1)

Resources 495(1)

Visual Review of Personality Theory 496(1)

Part VI: Health and Adjustment 497(106)

Stress and Health 498(40)

Prologue 499(1)

Stress: Challenges to Coping 500(12)

Sources of Stress 500(1)

Frustration 500(1)

Conflict 500(3)

Pressure 503(1)

Life Events 503(3)

Environmental Conditions 506(1)

Stress Reactions 506(1)

The General Adaptation Syndrome 506(4)

Depression and Health 510(1)

Psychological Reactions to Stress 510(2)

Factors that Influence Reactions to Stress 512(7)

Prior Experience with the Stress 512(1)

Developmental Factors 512(1)

Predictability and Control 512(1)

Social Support 513(1)

Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Cognition and Personality 514(1)

Cognitive Factors in Stress Reactions 515(1)

Personality Characteristics and Stress Reactions 515(1)

Person Variables in Reactions to Stress: Gender and Ethnicity 516(1)

Gender Differences in Response to Stress 516(1)

Gender Differences in the Benefits of Marriage 517(1)

Fight-or-Flight and Tend-and-Befriend 517(1)

Ethnic Differences in Stress 518(1)

Coping with Stress 519(4)

Effective Coping 519(1)

Ineffective Coping 520(3)

Changing Health-Related Behavior Patterns 523(5)

Learning to Relax 523(1)

Eating Right, Exercising, and Doing Just What the Doctor Ordered 524(1)

Improved Eating Habits 524(1)

Regular Aerobic Exercise 525(1)

Medical Compliance 525(1)

Safety Management 526(1)

Human Diversity: Psychology and Women's Health 527(1)

Summing Up: How Beneficial Could Health Psychology Be? 528(10)

Psychology and the Cost of Health Care 531(2)

Application of Psychology: Prevention and Management of AIDS 533(2)

Summary 535(2)

Resources 537(1)

Abnormal Behavior 538(32)

Prologue 539(1)

Definition of Abnormal Behavior 540(5)

Historical Views of Abnormal Behavior 541(1)

Supernatural Theories 541(1)

Biological Theories 541(1)

Psychological Theories 542(1)

Contemporary Views of Abnormal Behavior 542(1)

The Concept of Insanity 543(2)

Anxiety Disorders 545(4)

Phobias 545(1)

Generalized and Panic Anxiety Disorders 546(2)

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder 548(1)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders 549(1)

Somatoform Disorders 549(2)

Somatization Disorders and Hypochondriasis 549(1)

Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain Disorders 550(1)

Dissociative Disorders 551(4)

Depersonalization 551(1)

Dissociative Amnesia and Fugue 552(1)

Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality) 552(3)

Mood Disorders 555(4)

Major Depression 555(1)

Cognitive Factors in Depression 556(1)

Bipolar Disorder 557(1)

Human Diversity: Ethnic and Gender Differences in Depression and Suicide 558(1)

Schizophrenia and Delusional Disorder 559(3)

Schizophrenia 559(1)

Paranoid Schizophrenia 560(1)

Disorganized Schizophrenia 561(1)

Catatonic Schizophrenia 561(1)

Delusional Disorder 561(1)

Personality Disorders 562(8)

Schizoid Personality Disorder 562(1)

Antisocial Personality Disorder 562(1)

Other Personality Disorders 563(3)

Application of Psychology: Psychology and Civil Liberties 566(2)

Summary 568(1)

Resources 569(1)

Therapies 570(33)

Prologue 571(1)

Definition of Psychotherapy 572(1)

Ethical Standards for Psychotherapy 572(1)

Psychoanalysis 573(6)

Techniques of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 574(1)

Free Association 574(1)

Dream Interpretation 575(1)

Interpretation of Resistance 575(1)

Interpretation of Transference 575(1)

Catharsis 576(1)

Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression 576(3)

Humanistic Psychotherapy 579(4)

Client-Centered Psychotherapy 580(1)

Gestalt Psychotherapy 581(2)

Behavior Therapy 583(5)

Fear Reduction Methods 583(1)

Social Skills Training 584(4)

Cognitive Therapy 588(4)

Relationship between Cognition and Behavior 588(1)

Maladaptive Cognitions 588(4)

Other Approaches and Models of Therapy 592(11)

Feminist Psychotherapy 592(1)

Group Therapy 593(1)

Family Therapy 593(1)

Medical Therapies 594(1)

Drug Therapy 595(1)

Electroconvulsive Therapy 596(1)

Psychosurgery 596(3)

Application of Psychology: What to Do If You Think You Need Help 599(2)

Summary 601(1)

Resources 602(1)

Part VII: Social Context 603(1)

Social Psychology 604(38)

Prologue 605(1)

Definition of Social Psychology 606(1)

Groups and Social Influence 606(10)

Lynch Mobs 606(1)

Uninvolved Bystanders 606(2)

Working and Solving Problems in Groups 608(1)

Groupthink 609(1)

Conformity, Social Roles, and Obedience 610(1)

Conformity 610(1)

Social Roles and Social Norms 611(2)

Obedience: Direct Influence by Authority Figures 613(1)

The Positive Side of Groups 614(2)

Attitudes and Persuasion 616(12)

Origins of Attitudes 616(1)

Persuasion and Attitude Change 617(1)

Characteristics of the Speaker 617(1)

Characteristics of the Message 618(2)

Characteristics of the Listeners 620(1)

Techniques of Persuasion 620(1)

Behavior and Attitude Change: Cognitive Dissonance Theory 621(1)

Prejudice and Stereotypes 622(1)

Causes of Stereotypes and Prejudice 623(1)

Combating Prejudice 624(1)

Human Diversity: Stereotypes about College Students with Physical Challenges 625(3)

Interpersonal Attraction: Friendship and Love 628(14)

Person Perception 628(1)

Negative Information: The Bad Outweighs the Good 628(1)

Primacy Effects: The Importance of First Impressions 628(1)

Emotions and Person Perception 629(1)

Attribution Processes in Person Perception 630(1)

General Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction 630(1)

Proximity 631(1)

Similar and Complementary Characteristics 631(1)

Competence 631(1)

Physical Attractiveness 632(1)

Mutual Liking 633(1)

Gender Differences in Interpersonal Attraction 633(1)

Maintaining Relationships 634(1)

Expectations Versus Reality in Relationships 634(1)

Equity in Relationships 635(3)

Application of Psychology: Stereotypes and Discrimination in the Workplace 638(1)

Summary 639(2)

Resources 641(1)

Psychology Applied to Business and Other Professions 642(1)

Prologue 643(1)

Applied Fields of Psychology 644(1)

Psychology and Work: Employees and Managers Are People 644(17)

Employee Selection and Evaluation 645(1)

Interviews 645(1)

Tests of Intelligence 645(1)

Tests of Specific Abilities, Skills, and Job Knowledge 646(1)

Performance Tests 647(1)

Ratings of Job Performance 647(2)

Assessment Centers 649(1)

Validity of Job Selection Measures 649(2)

Fairness in Employee Selection 651(1)

Gender Biases in Employee Selection 651(1)

Race-Ethnic Biases in Employee Selection 652(1)

Job Satisfaction, Happiness, and Productivity 653(1)

Management Strategies to Improve Job Satisfaction, Happiness, and Productivity 654(1)

Management Strategies to Minimize Social Loafing 655(1)

Leadership 656(1)

Leadership among Women and Minorities 656(1)

Psychology of the Entrepreneur 656(1)

Human Factors Engineering 657(1)

Health Psychology in the Workplace 658(1)

Other Applications of Psychology to the Workplace 659(2)

Environmental Psychology 661(8)

Office and Workspace Design 662(1)

Architectural Design of Living Units 662(2)

Environmental Protection 664(1)

Overpopulation, Resource Depletion, and Pollution and Waste Management 664(1)

Psychological Approaches to Environmental Protection 665(4)

Psychology and Law: The Behavior of Juries and Witnesses 669(4)

Characteristics of Defendants and Plaintiffs 669(1)

Characteristics of Jury Members 670(1)

Psychological Factors in Presenting Evidence 671(1)

Interrogating Criminal Suspects 672(1)

Psychology and Education: Better Teaching and Testing 673(1)

Mastery Learning and Intelligent Tutoring Systems 674(1)

Project Follow Through: Educating Economically Disadvantaged Children 675(1)

Person x Situation Interaction in the Classroom 675(1)

Criterion-Referenced Testing 676(1)

Mainstreaming: Education for Persons with Special Needs 676(2)

Summary 678(1)

Resources 679
Appendix 1(1)
Glossary 1(1)
References 1(1)
Credits 1(1)
Name Index 1(1)
Subject Index 1