Table Of Contents:

1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1(24)

An Overview of Anatomy and Physiology 1(1)

Anatomy 1(1)

Physiology 2(1)

Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology 2(1)

Levels of Structural Organization 2(5)

From Atoms to Organisms 2(1)

Organ System Overview 3(4)

Integumentary System

Skeletal System

Muscular System

Nervous System

Endocrine System

Cardiovascular System

Lymphatic System

Respiratory System

Digestive System

Urinary System

Reproductive System

Maintaining Life 7(5)

Necessary Life Functions 7(2)

Maintaining Boundaries

Movement

Responsiveness

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion

Reproduction

Growth

Survival Needs 9(3)

Homeostasis 12(2)

Homeostatic Controls 12(2)

The Language of Anatomy 14(8)

Anatomical Position 14(1)

Directional Terms 14(1)

Regional Terms 14(3)

Anterior Body Landmarks

Posterior Body Landmarks

Body Planes and Sections 17(1)

Body Cavities 18(4)

Dorsal Body Cavity

Ventral Body Cavity

Other Body Cavities

Summary 22(1)

Review Questions 23(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 24

A Closer Look Medical Imaging: Illuminating the Body 10(9)

Focus on Careers Dental Hygienist 19(6)

2 Basic Chemistry 25(38)

Concepts of Matter and Energy 25(2)

Matter 25(1)

Energy 26(1)

Forms of Energy

Energy Form Conversions

Composition of Matter 27(4)

Elements and Atoms 27(1)

Atomic Structure 27(3)

The Basic Atomic Subparticles

Planetary and Orbital Models of an Atom

Identifying Elements 30(1)

Atomic Number

Atomic Mass

Atomic Weight and Isotopes

Molecules and Compounds 31(2)

Chemical Bonds and Chemical Reactions 33(6)

Bond Formation 33(5)

Role of Electrons

Types of Chemical Bonds

Patterns of Chemical Reactions 38(1)

Synthesis Reactions

Decomposition Reactions

Exchange Reactions

Factors Influencing the Rate of Chemical Reactions

Biochemistry: The Chemical Composition of Living Matter 39(19)

Inorganic Compounds 40(3)

Water

Salts

Acids and Bases

Organic Compounds 43(15)

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acids

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Summary 58(2)

Review Questions 60(2)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 62

Focus on Careers Pharmacy Technician 55(8)

3 Cells and Tissues 63(46)

Part I Cells 63(1)

Overview of the Cellular Basis of Life 63(1)

Anatomy of a Generalized Cell 64(11)

The Nucleus 64(1)

Nuclear Envelope

Nucleoli

Chromatin

The Plasma Membrane 65(2)

The Fluid Mosaic Model

Membrane Junctions

The Cytoplasm 67(5)

Cytoplasmic Organelles

Cell Extensions 72(1)

Cilia and Flagella

Microvilli

Cell Diversity 73(2)

Cell Physiology 75(12)

Membrane Transport 75(6)

Passive Processes: Diffusion and Filtration

Active Processes

Cell Division 81(4)

Preparations: DNA Replication

Events of Cell Division

Protein Synthesis 85(2)

Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure

The Role of RNA

Transcription

Translation

Part II Body Tissues 87(1)

Epithelial Tissue 87(5)

Special Characteristics of Epithelium 88(1)

Classification of Epithelium 88(4)

Simple Epithelia

Stratified Epithelia

Glandular Epithelium

Connective Tissue 92(5)

Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue 93(1)

Extracellular Matrix 93(1)

Types of Connective Tissue 93(4)

Bone

Cartilage

Dense Connective Tissue

Loose Connective Tissue

Blood

Muscle Tissue 97(2)

Types of Muscle Tissue 97(2)

Skeletal Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Nervous Tissue 99(1)

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing) 100(1)

Part III Developmental Aspects of Cells And Tissues 101(4)

Summary 105(2)

Review Questions 107(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 108

A Closer Look IV Therapy and Cellular "Tonics" 84(18)

A Closer Look Cancer-The Intimate Enemy 102

Focus on Careers Forensic Scientist 74(35)

4 Skin and Body Membranes 109(25)

Classification of Body Membranes 109(3)

Epithelial Membranes 110(1)

Cutaneous Membrane

Mucous Membranes

Serous Membranes

Connective Tissue Membranes 110(2)

The Integumentary System (Skin) 112(16)

Functions of the Integumentary System 112(1)

Structure of the Skin 113(6)

Epidermis

Dermis

Skin Color 119(1)

Appendages of the Skin 119(5)

Cutaneous Glands

Hair and Hair Follicles

Nails

Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin 124(4)

Burns

Infections and Allergies

Skin Cancer

Developmental Aspects of Skin and Body Membranes 128(3)

Summary 131(1)

Review Questions 132(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 133

A Closer Look Wrinkle Wrinkle Go Away---Or I'll Shoot You (with Botox) 118(11)

Focus on Careers Medical Transcriptionist 129(1)

Systems in Sync 130(4)

5 The Skeletal System 134(47)

Bones: An Overview 134(11)

Functions of the Bones 135(1)

Classification of Bones 135(2)

Structure of Bone 137(2)

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone

Microscopic Anatomy

Bone Formation, Growth, and Remodeling 139(5)

Bone Fractures 144(1)

Axial Skeleton 145(13)

Skull 145(7)

Cranium

Facial Bones

The Hyoid Bone

Fetal Skull

Vertebral Column (Spine) 152(4)

Cervical Vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Sacrum

Coccyx

Thoracic Cage 156(2)

Sternum

Ribs

Appendicular Skeleton 158(7)

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle 158(1)

Bones of the Upper Limbs 158(3)

Arm

Forearm

Hand

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle 161(2)

Bones of the Lower Limbs 163(2)

Thigh

Leg

Foot

Joints 165(8)

Fibrous Joints 167(1)

Cartilaginous Joints 167(2)

Synovial Joints 169(1)

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape 169(4)

Developmental Aspects of the Skeleton 173(4)

Summary 177(1)

Review Questions 178(2)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 180

A Closer Look Joints: From Knights in Shining Armor to Bionic Humans 166

Focus on Careers Radiologic Technologist 143(33)

Systems in Sync 176(5)

6 The Muscular System 181(45)

Overview of Muscle Tissues 181(4)

Muscle Types 181(4)

Skeletal Muscle

Smooth Muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Muscle Functions 185(1)

Producing Movement

Maintaining Posture and Body Position

Stabilizing Joints

Generating Heat

Additional Functions

Microscopic Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle 185(2)

Skeletal Muscle Activity 187(9)

Stimulation and Contraction of Single Skeletal Muscle Cells 187(4)

The Nerve Stimulus and the Action Potential

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction: The Sliding Filament Theory

Contraction of a Skeletal Muscle as a Whole 191(5)

Graded Responses

Providing Energy for Muscle Contraction

Muscle Fatigue and Oxygen Deficit

Types of Muscle Contractions --- Isotonic and Isometric

Muscle Tone

Effect of Exercise on Muscles

Muscle Movements, Types, and Names 196(9)

Types of Body Movements 197(3)

Special Movements

Interactions of Skeletal Muscles in the Body 200(2)

Naming Skeletal Muscles 202(1)

Arrangement of Fascicles 202(3)

Gross Anatomy of Skeletal Muscles 205(9)

Head and Neck Muscles 205(2)

Facial Muscles

Chewing Muscles

Neck Muscles

Trunk Muscles 207(2)

Anterior Muscles

Posterior Muscles

Muscles of the Upper Limb 209(1)

Muscles of the Humerus That Act on the Forearm

Muscles of the Lower Limb 210(4)

Muscles Causing Movement at the Hip Joint

Muscles Causing Movement at the Knee Joint

Muscles Causing Movement at the Ankle and Foot

Developmental Aspects of the Muscular System 214(8)

Summary 222(1)

Review Questions 223(2)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 225

A Closer Look Are Athletes Looking Good and Doing Better with Anabolic Steroids? 204(16)

Focus on Careers Massage Therapist 220(1)

Systems in Sync 221(5)

7 The Nervous System 226(53)

Organization of the Nervous System 227(1)

Structural Classification 227(1)

Functional Classification 228(1)

Nervous Tissue: Structure and Function 228(12)

Supporting Cells 228(2)

Neurons 230(10)

Anatomy

Classification

Physiology: Nerve Impulses

Physiology: Reflexes

Central Nervous System 240(15)

Functional Anatomy of the Brain 240(7)

Cerebral Hemispheres

Diencephalon

Brain Stem

Cerebellum

Protection of the Central Nervous System 247(4)

Meninges

Cerebrospinal Fluid

The Blood-Brain Barrier

Brain Dysfunctions 251(2)

Spinal Cord 253(2)

Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots

White Matter of the Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System 255(14)

Structure of a Nerve 256(1)

Cranial Nerves 257(1)

Spinal Nerves and Nerve Plexuses 257(7)

Autonomic Nervous System 264(5)

Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Compared

Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Division

Anatomy of the Sympathetic Division

Autonomic Functioning

Developmental Aspects of the Nervous System 269(4)

Summary 273(3)

Review Questions 276(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 277

A Closer Look Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's---the Terrible Three 252(18)

A Closer Look Tracking Down CNS Problems 270(2)

Systems in Sync 272(7)

8 Special Senses 279(29)

Part I The Eye and Vision 279(1)

Anatomy of the Eye 280(8)

External and Accessory Structures 280(1)

Internal Structures: The Eyeball 281(7)

Layers Forming the Wall of the Eyeball

Lens

Physiology of Vision 288(4)

Pathway of Light through the Eye and Light Refraction 288(1)

Visual Fields and Visual Pathways to the Brain 288(1)

Eye Reflexes 289(3)

Part II The Ear: Hearing And Balance 292(1)

Anatomy of the Ear 292(2)

External (Outer) Ear 292(1)

Middle Ear 293(1)

Internal (Inner) Ear 293(1)

Equilibrium 294(3)

Static Equilibrium 294(1)

Dynamic Equilibrium 295(2)

Hearing 297(1)

Hearing and Equilibrium Deficits 298(2)

Part III Chemical Senses: Smell And Taste 300(1)

Olfactory Receptors and the Sense of Smell 300(1)

Taste Buds and the Sense of Taste 301(1)

Part IV Developmental Aspects of the Special Senses 302(2)

Summary 304(2)

Review Questions 306(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 307

A Closer Look Visual Pigments---the Actual Photoreceptors 286(4)

A Closer Look If I Can't See Things Far Away, Am I Nearsighted or Farsighted? 290(6)

Focus on Careers Physical Therapy Assistant 296(12)

9 The Endocrine System 308(29)

The Endocrine System and Hormone Function---An Overview 309(3)

The Chemistry of Hormones 309(1)

Hormone Action 309(1)

Direct Gene Activation

Second-Messenger System

Control of Hormone Release 310(2)

Endocrine Gland Stimuli

The Major Endocrine Organs 312(15)

Pituitary Gland 312(5)

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary

Pituitary-Hypothalamus Relationship

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary

Thyroid Gland 317(2)

Parathyroid Glands 319(1)

Adrenal Glands 320(4)

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla

Pancreatic Islets 324(1)

Pineal Gland 325(2)

Thymus 327(1)

Gonads 327(1)

Hormones of the Ovaries

Hormones of the Testes

Other Hormone-Producing Tissues and Organs 327(3)

Placenta 330(1)

Developmental Aspects of the Endocrine System 330(3)

Summary 333(2)

Review Questions 335(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 336

A Closer Look Potential Uses for Growth Hormone 316(16)

Systems in Sync 332(5)

10 Blood 337(19)

Composition and Functions of Blood 337(9)

Components 338(1)

Physical Characteristics and Volume 338(1)

Plasma 338(1)

Formed Elements 338(6)

Erythrocytes

Leukocytes

Platelets

Hematopoiesis (Blood Cell Formation) 344(2)

Formation of Red Blood Cells

Formation of White Blood Cells and Platelets

Hemostasis 346(2)

Disorders of Hemostasis 348(1)

Blood Groups and Transfusions 348(4)

Human Blood Groups 350(1)

Blood Typing 351(1)

Developmental Aspects of Blood 352(1)

Summary 353(1)

Review Questions 354(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 355

Focus on Careers Phlebotomy Technician 349(7)

11 The Cardiovascular System 356(42)

The Heart 357(13)

Anatomy of the Heart 357(6)

Size, Location, and Orientation

Coverings and Walls of the Heart

Chambers and Associated Great Vessels

Heart Valves

Cardiac Circulation

Physiology of the Heart 363(7)

Intrinsic Conduction System of the Heart: Setting the Basic Rhythm

Cardiac Cycle and Heart Sounds

Cardiac Output

Blood Vessels 370(21)

Microscopic Anatomy of Blood Vessels 370(4)

Tunics

Structural Differences in Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

Gross Anatomy of Blood Vessels 374(9)

Major Arteries of the Systemic Circulation

Major Veins of the Systemic Circulation

Special Circulations

Physiology of Circulation 383(8)

Arterial Pulse

Blood Pressure

Capillary

Exchange of Gases and Nutrients

Fluid Movements at Capillary Beds

Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System 391(2)

Summary 393(2)

Review Questions 395(2)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 397

A Closer Look Electrocardiography: (Don't) Be Still My Heart 367(21)

A Closer Look Atherosclerosis? Get Out the Cardiovascular Drano 388

Focus on Careers Certified Surgical Technologist (CST) 378(14)

Systems in Sync 392(6)

12 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses 398(38)

Part I The Lymphatic System 398(1)

Lymphatic Vessels 399(1)

Lymph Nodes 400(2)

Other Lymphoid Organs 402(1)

Part II Body Defenses 403(1)

Innate Body Defenses 404(7)

Surface Membrane Barriers 404(1)

Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals 405(6)

Natural Killer Cells

Inflammatory Response

Phagocytes

Antimicrobial Proteins

Fever

Adaptive Body Defenses 411(18)

Antigens 411(1)

Cells of the Adaptive Defense System: An Overview 412(2)

Lymphocytes

Antigen-Presenting Cells

Humoral (Antibody-Mediated) Immune Response 414(6)

Active and Passive Humoral Immunity

Antibodies

Cellular (Cell-Mediated) Immune Response 420(2)

Organ Transplants and Rejection 422(3)

Disorders of Immunity 425(4)

Part III Developmental Aspects of the Lymphatic System and Body Defenses 429(2)

Summary 431(3)

Review Questions 434(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 435

A Closer Look AIDS: The Modern-Day Plague 428(2)

Systems in Sync 430(6)

13 The Respiratory System 436(28)

Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 436(9)

The Nose 437(2)

Pharynx 439(1)

Larynx 439(1)

Trachea 440(1)

Main Bronchi 440(1)

Lungs 441(4)

The Respiratory Membrane

Respiratory Physiology 445(10)

Mechanics of Breathing 445(2)

Inspiration

Expiration

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities 447(1)

Nonrespiratory Air Movements 448(1)

Respiratory Sounds 449(1)

External Respiration, Gas Transport, and Internal Respiration 449(4)

External Respiration

Gas Transport, in the Blood

Internal Respiration

Control of Respiration 453(2)

Neural Regulation: Setting the Basic Rhythm

Nonneural Factors Influencing Respiratory Rate and Depth

Respiratory Disorders 455(3)

Developmental Aspects of the Respiratory System 458(2)

Summary 460(2)

Review Questions 462(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 463

A Closer Look Too Clean for Our Own Good? 456

Focus on Careers Respiratory Therapist 452(7)

Systems in Sync 459(5)

14 The Digestive System and Body Metabolism 464(48)

Part I Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive System 464(1)

Anatomy of the Digestive System 464(13)

Organs of the Alimentary Canal 465(9)

Mouth

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small Intestine

Large Intestine

Accessory Digestive Organs 474(3)

Teeth

Salivary Glands

Pancreas

Liver and Gallbladder

Functions of the Digestive System 477(11)

Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls 477(3)

Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus 480(2)

Food Ingestion and Breakdown

Food Propulsion --- Swallowing and Peristalsis

Activities of the Stomach 482(1)

Food Breakdown

Food Propulsion

Activities of the Small Intestine 483(4)

Food Breakdown and Absorption

Food Propulsion

Activities of the Large Intestine 487(1)

Food Breakdown and Absorption

Propulsion of the Residue and Defecation

Part II Nutrition and Metabolism 488(1)

Nutrition 489(2)

Dietary Sources of the Major Nutrients 489(2)

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Vitamins

Minerals

Metabolism 491(11)

Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells 491(5)

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Fat Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism 496(2)

General Metabolic Functions

Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport

Body Energy Balance 498(4)

Regulation of Food Intake

Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production

Body Temperature Regulation

Part III Developmental Aspects of the Digestive System and Metabolism 502(5)

Summary 507(2)

Review Questions 509(2)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 511

A Closer Look Peptic Ulcers: "Something Is Eating at Me" 486(18)

A Closer Look Obesity: Magical Solution Wanted 504(2)

Systems in Sync 506(6)

15 The Urinary System 512(27)

Kidneys 513(9)

Location and Structure 513(1)

Blood Supply

Nephrons and Urine Formation 514(8)

Nephrons

Urine Formation

Characteristics of Urine

Ureters, Urinary Bladder, and Urethra 522(3)

Ureters 522(1)

Urinary Bladder 523(1)

Urethra 524(1)

Micturition 524(1)

Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance 525(7)

Maintaining Water and Electrolyte Balance of Blood 525(5)

Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments

The Link between Water and Salt

Regulation of Water Intake and Output

Electrolyte Balance

Maintaining Acid-Base Balance of Blood 530(2)

Blood Buffers

Respiratory System Controls

Renal Mechanisms

Developmental Aspects of the Urinary System 532(4)

Summary 536(1)

Review Questions 537(1)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 538

A Closer Look Renal Failure and the Artificial Kidney 520(13)

Focus on Careers Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) 533(1)

Systems in Sync 534(5)

16 The Reproductive System 539(40)

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System 539(5)

Testes 540(1)

Duct System 540(2)

Epididymis

Ductus Deferens

Urethra

Accessory Glands and Semen 542(1)

Seminal Vesicles

Prostate

Bulbourethral Glands

Semen

External Genitalia 543(1)

Male Reproductive Functions 544(4)

Spermatogenesis 544(2)

Testosterone Production 546(2)

Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System 548(4)

Ovaries 548(1)

Duct System 549(2)

Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

Uterus

Vagina

External Genitalia and Female Perineum 551(1)

Female Reproductive Functions and Cycles 552(4)

Oogenesis and the Ovarian Cycle 552(2)

Uterine (Menstrual) Cycle 554(2)

Hormone Production by the Ovaries 556(1)

Mammary Glands 556(2)

Pregnancy and Embryonic Development 558(10)

Accomplishing Fertilization 559(2)

Events of Embryonic and Fetal Development 561(2)

Effects of Pregnancy on the Mother 563(3)

Anatomical Changes

Physiological Changes

Childbirth 566(2)

Initiation of Labor

Stages of Labor

Developmental Aspects of the Reproductive System 568(6)

Summary 574(1)

Review Questions 575(2)

Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 577

A Closer Look Contraception: Preventing Pregnancy 570(3)

Systems in Sync 573(6)

Appendixes

Appendix A Word Roots, Prefixes, and Suffixes 579(3)

Appendix B Periodic Table of the Elements 582(1)

Appendix C Key Information about Vitamins and Many Essential Minerals 583(4)

Appendix D Answers to Did You Get It? and Multiple Choice Review Questions 587(8)
Photographic and Art Credits 595(1)
Glossary 596(11)
Index 607