Preface
Acknowledgements
Sounds and Languages
The Sounds of Language Evolve
Language and Speech
Describing Speech Sounds
Summary
Pitch and Loudness
Tones
English Intonation
the Vocal Folds
Loudness Differences
Summary
Vowel Contrasts
Sets of Vowels in a Language
English Vowels
Summary
the Sounds of Vowels
Acoustic Structure of Vowels
the Acoustic Vowel Space
Sound Spectrograms
Summary
Charting Vowels
Formants one and two
Comparing English Vowels
Formant three
Summary
the Sounds of Consonants
Consonant Contrasts
Stop Consonants
Approximants
Nasals
Fricatives
Summary
Acoustic Components of Speech
the Principal Acoustic Components
Synthesizing Speech
Summary
Talking Computers
How Writing must be Pronounced
Words and Sounds in Sentences
Synthesizing Sounds from a Phonetic Transcription
Summary
Listening Computers
Identifying Sounds
the Basis of Computer Speech Recognition
Special Context Speech Recognizers
Recognizing Running Speech
Different Accents and Different Voices
More for the computationally curious
Summary
Making English Consonants
Acoustics and Articulations
the Vocal Organs
Places and Manners of Articulation
Describing Consonants
Summary
Making English Vowels
Movements of the Tongue and Lip for Vowels
Muscles controlling the Tongue and Lip
Traditional Descriptions of Vowels
Summary
Actions of the Larynx
Voiced and Voiceless Sounds
Voicing and Aspiration
Glottal Stops
Breathy Voice
Creaky Voice
Further Differences in Vocal Fold Vibrations
Ejectives
Implosives
Recording Data on Larynx Actions
Summary
Consonants Around the World
Phonetic Fieldwork
Well Known Consonants
More Places of Articulation
More Manners of Articulation
Clicks
Summary
Vowels around the World
Types of Vowels
Lip Rounding
Nasalized Vowels
Voice Quality
Summary
Putting Vowels and Consonants Together
the Speed of Speech
the Alphabet
Slips of the Tongue and the Ear
the International Phonetic Alphabet
Contrasting Sounds
Features that Matter within a Language
Summary