Preface?10
Acknowledgments?11
Chapter 1 Prehistory to Early Civilizations?13
Prehistoric Interiors?13
Archeological Evidence?13
The First Shelters 13?Dolmens and Barrows 14
Evidence from Tribal Cultures?15
Pattern and Design?17
The First Permanent Settlements?18
Mesopotamia: Sumeria?19
Pre-Columbian America?20
North America 20?Central America 21?South America 24
Ancient Egypt?26
Geometry and Proportion 26?Egyptian Temples and Houses 27?Egyptian Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 28
Chapter 2 Classical Civilizations: Greece and Rome?31
Minoan and Mycenaean Cultures?31
Knossos?31
Mycenae and Tiryns?32
Greece?32
The Temple?33
Secular Interiors?36
Insights: The Growth of Athens?38
Rome?38
Arches, Vaults, and Domes?38
Amphitheaters and Baths?41
Temples?41
Insights: The Cost of Living in Ancient Rome?42
Secular Buildings?43
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings 44
The Legacy of Rome: Technology?46
Chapter 3 Early Christian, Byzantine, and Romanesque?49
Early Christian Design?49
Byzantine Design?51
Ravenna?51
Insights: The Ravenna Mosaics?52
Constantinople?52
Hagia Sophia?53
Secular Buildings?55
Early Medieval: The ?Dark Ages??55
The Romanesque Style?56
Churches?57
Germany 57?Italy 58?France 59?England 60?Scandinavia 60
Fortresses and Castles?61
Monasteries and Abbeys?62
Insights: The Abbey at Cluny?63
Houses?64
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings?65
Spanish Romanesque?67
Chapter 4 Islamic and Asian Traditions?69
Islamic Influence?69
Mosques and Palaces?70
Islamic Influence in Spain?73
The Mosque in Spain 73
Islamic Furnishings?74
India and Pakistan?77
Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain Architecture?77
Hindu Religious and Secular Buildings 79?Jain Architecture 80?Northern and Southern Styles of Temple 81
Islamic Influence in India?81
INSIGHTS: Bernier?s Account of the Taj Mahal 82
Indian Furnishings?85
Western Influence?86
Cambodia?86
Thailand?88
Indonesia?88
China?89
Chinese Architecture?89
Chinese Furnishings?92
Korea?94
Japan?95
Japanese Furnishings?99
Chapter 5 The Later Middle Ages?101
Elements of Gothic Style?101
New Construction Techniques?102
Gothic Cathedrals and Churches?105
France?106
England?109
Elsewhere in Europe?111
Secular Gothic Buildings?113
Insights: Construction Work in a Medieval
Building?113
Castles and Palaces?115
Medieval Houses?118
Innovations in Domestic Comfort?119
Chapter 6 The Renaissance in Italy?123
The Rise of Humanism?123
Renaissance Interest in History?124
Elements of Renaissance Style?124
The Early Renaissance?125
Brunelleschi?126
Michelozzo?128
Alberti?130
The High Renaissance?130
Bramante?130
Palaces?133
Insights: Vasari?s Account of the Farnese|
Palace?135
The Late Renaissance and Mannerism?136
Michelangelo?136
Romano?138
Palladio?138
Vignola?142
Interior Furnishings?142
Furniture?143
Coverings?145
Chapter 7 Baroque and Rococo in Italy and Northern Europe?147
Elements of Baroque Style?147
The Baroque in Italy?148
Rome?148
Bernini 148?Borromini 150
Venice?152
Longhena 152
Turin?153
Guarini 153?Juvarra 154
Baroque in Northern Europe?155
Austria?155
Switzerland?157
Germany?158
Furniture and Other Interior Features?161
Chapter 8 Renaissance, Baroque, and Rococo in France and Spain?165
France?165
Early Renaissance?167
High Renaissance?168
Baroque?172
Versailles 172
Insights: Louis XIV and Versailles?174
Louvre 174?Baroque Churches 175?Furniture and Furnishings 176
Regency to Rococo?178
Paris H?tels 179?The Petit Trianon 179?Regency and Rococo Furniture 181
Rococo to Neoclassicism?181
The Empire Style?183
Insights: Charles Percier and Pierre Fran?ois-|
L?onard Fontaine: The Empire Style?184
Provincial Style?185
Spain?188
Plateresco?188
Desornamentado?188
Churrigueresco?188
Furniture and Other Interior Features?191
Chapter 9 Renaissance to Georgian in The Low Countries and England?193
Low Countries?193
Civic Buildings?193
Private Dwellings?194
England?195
Tudor?195
Elizabethan?196
Elizabethan Furniture 197
Jacobean?197
Jones 199?Jacobean Interior Furnishings 200
From Carolean to William and Mary?200
Wren 200?Carolean and William and Mary Interior Furnishings 203
Queen Anne?204
Queen Anne Furniture 205
Georgian?205
Robert and James Adam 206
Insights: Robert Adam and Syon House?206
Georgian Town Houses 208?Other Building Types 209?Georgian Furniture and Interior Furnishings 209
Chapter 10 Colonial and Federal America?213
Colonial Styles in Latin America?213
Colonial Styles in North America?214
Early Colonial Houses?215
Early Colonial Furniture and Interior Furnishings?216
Churches and Meeting Houses?217
American Georgian?218
American Georgian Houses?218
American Georgian and Queen Anne Furniture?222
Late Colonial Public Buildings?222
Federal Styles?224
Jefferson?224
Bulfinch?225
Thornton and Latrobe?225
Furniture of the Federal Period?228
Other Furnishings of the Federal Period?230
Chapter 11 The Regency, Revivals, and Industrial Revolution?233
Regency?233
Nash?233
Soane?234
Regency Furniture?234
Revivals?235
Greek Revival?236
Germany 236?England 236?United States 236
Gothic Revival?238
United States 238?England 240
The Industrial Revolution?243
Early Industrialization and Inventions?244
Industry and Interiors?244
Iron and Glass?245
England: Paxton?246
Insights: The Public?s Perception of Crystal|
Palace?247
France: Labrouste, Baltard, and Eiffel?248
Chapter 12 The Victorian Era?251
The Roots of Victorian Style?251
Britain?252
Mansions?253
Middle-class Houses and Public Buildings?253
Shaw and the Queen Anne Revival?254
United States: Victorian Variations?255
Mansions?256
Vernacular House Styles?257
Shingle Style 259?Adirondack Style 259
Shaker Design?260
Insights: The Shaker Philosophy?261
Early Skyscrapers?261
Public Buildings?265
Furness 265
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings?265
Chapter 13 The Aesthetic Movements?271
Britain: Arts and Crafts?271
Ruskin and the Roots of Arts and Crafts?271
Morris?271
Webb?274
Other British Designers?275
Insights: Rossetti and the Aesthetic|
House?275
Links to Modernism?278
Voysey 278?Mackmurdo 278?Mackintosh 279
United States: The Craftsman Movement?279
Stickley and the Roycrofters?279
Bradley?282
Richardson?282
Greene & Green and Maybeck?283
Developments in Continental Europe?284
Germany: Muthesius?285
The Netherlands: Berlage?285
Chapter 14 Art Nouveau and the Vienna Secession?287
Roots and Characteristics of Art Nouveau?287
Belgium?288
Horta?288
Insights: Victor Horta and Art Nouveau?290
Van de Velde?290
France?290
The School of Nancy?290
Guimard?291
Other French Designers?292
Spain?293
Gaud??293
Germany: Jugendstil?293
Endell?294
Riemerschmid and Behrens?294
Scandinavia?294
Austria: The Vienna Secession?295
Olbrich?295
Wagner?296
Insights: Otto Wagner and ?Modern|
Architecture??296
Hoffmann?297
Loos?298
United States?299
Tiffany?300
Sullivan?301
Chapter 15 Eclecticism?305
The Ecole des Beaux-Arts, Paris?305
United States?307
Key Architects and Designers?307
Hunt 307?McKim, Mead, & White 310
Public Buildings?311
Early Skyscrapers?312
The Rise of the Interior Decorator?314
De Wolfe 314?Wood 316?McMillen 316?Other American Decorators 316
Eclecticism in Professional Practice?317
Saarinen and Cranbrook Academy 317
Stripped Classicism?319
Eclecticism for the Masses?319
Houses and Apartments 320?Furniture and Accessories 321?Movie Theaters 321
Europe?323
Scandinavia?324
Britain?325
Lutyens 325
Insights: Sir Edwin Lutyens and the Viceroy?s|
House in New Delhi?326
Ocean Liners?327
The Spread of Eclecticism?327
Chapter 16 The Emergence of Modernism?329
Frank Lloyd Wright?329
The Early Commissions?330
Insights: The Philosophy of Frank Lloyd|
Wright?331
De Stijl?332
Mondrian and van Doesburg?333
Rietveld?333
Pioneers of the International Style?335
Gropius and the Bauhaus?335
Mies van der Rohe?337
Work of the 1920s and 1930s 337
Insights: Mies van der Rohe: The Tugendhat|
House?338
Emigration to the United States 340?Later Commissions 340
Le Corbusier?341
Paris: Developing the Machine Aesthetic 341?Early Houses, Villas, and Apartments 342
Insights: The Philosophy of Le Corbusier?345
Town Planning 346?Post-War Years 347?Later Commissions 348
Aalto?349
Insights: The Vision of Alvar Aalto?352
Chapter 17 Art Deco and Industrial Design?355
Art Deco?355
France?355
Furniture Designers 355?Textile Design 357?Ocean Liners 357
United States?358
Designers from Europe 358?Deco Architecture 358
Britain?361
Scandinavia?361
Expressionism?363
Industrial Design?363
Loewy and Other Designers?364
Design Training?366
Residential Design?367
Kitchens and Bathrooms?367
Lighting?368
Textiles, Carpets, and Furniture?369
Chapter 18 The Spread of Early Modernism in Europe?371
The Netherlands?372
Germany and Austria?373
Italy?373
Switzerland?374
France?374
Scandinavia?376
England?377
Chapter 19 Modernism in America?381
Architects and Designers?381
Gill?381
Wright: 1920s and 1930s?381
Schindler and Neutra?385
Lescaze?386
Goodwin and Stone?386
Gropius and Breuer?387
Mies van der Rohe?387
Johnson?388
Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill?388
Eero Saarinen?388
Interior Decoration: The Reaction to Modernism?390
Furniture and other Interior Furnishings?391
Knoll?391
Herman Miller Furniture Company?392
Chapter 20 The Ascendancy of Modernism?395
Italy?396
Insights: Gio Ponti: Pirelli Tower?397
Scandinavia?398
France?400
Germany?400
The Netherlands?402
Britain?402
United States?402
Urban Office Buildings?407
Office Planning?410
Office Furniture 411
Interior Designers?411
Furniture and Other Interior Furnishings?414
Textiles?414
Chapter 21 Contemporary Design?417
Prophets of Future Design?417
Kahn?417
Pelli?419
High-tech?420
Fuller?420
Rogers and Piano?421
Insights: Rogers and Piano and the Centre|
Pompidou?423
Foster?423
Stirling?425
Insights: James Stirling?426
Post-modernism?427
Venturi and Scott Brown?427
Graves?429
Johnson?430
Post-modernism in Europe?431
The Revival of Tradition?432
Greenberg?432
Stern?432
Late Modernism?433
Pei?433
Gwathmey and Meier?435
Individual Stylists?436
Starck?436
Putman?437
Deconstructivism?440
Eisenman?440
Gehry?442
Other Trends?443
East?West Crossovers?443
New Museums?445
Preservation?447
Green Buildings?449
New Prophets of Future Design?451
Glossary?456
Bibliography?462
Picture Credits?466
Index?469