Preface p. xiii
List of Acronyms p. xvii
List of Principal Symbols and Operators p. xix
Chapter 1 Overview p. 1
1.1 Introduction p. 2
1.2 From columnar to sculptured thin films p. 4
1.2.1 Columnar thin films p. 4
1.2.2 Growth mechanics p. 7
1.2.3 CTFs as dielectric continuums p. 10
1.2.4 Primitive STFs with nematic morphology p. 12
1.2.5 Chiral STFs p. 12
1.2.6 Sculptured thin films p. 12
1.3 Time-harmonic electromagnetic fields p. 14
1.3.1 Linear constitutive relations p. 14
1.3.2 Electromagnetic wave propagation p. 15
1.3.3 Structure-property relationships p. 17
1.4 Optical applications of STFs p. 17
1.4.1 Optical filters p. 18
1.4.2 Optical fluid sensors p. 21
1.4.3 Displays p. 21
1.4.4 Optical interconnects p. 21
1.4.5 Optical pulse-shapers p. 21
1.4.6 Biochips and biosensors p. 22
1.4.7 STFs with transverse architectures p. 22
1.5 Other applications p. 23
1.6 Prognostications p. 24
Chapter 2 History of Thin-Film Morphology p. 27
2.1 Synoptic view p. 28
2.2 Early history (pre-1940) p. 32
2.3 Intermediate history (1940-1970) p. 34
2.4 Recent history (1970-2004) p. 37
2.5 Low-adatom-mobility morphology p. 47
Chapter 3 PVD Methods for STFs p. 49
3.1 Important factors for STF deposition p. 51
3.2 STF deposition methods p. 56
3.2.1 Thermal evaporation p. 56
3.2.2 Sputtering p. 58
3.2.3 Bombardment-enhanced evaporation p. 61
3.2.4 Ion-beam methods p. 63
3.3 Desirable future developments p. 66
Chapter 4 Engineering of Thin-Film Morphology p. 67
4.1 Continuum of morphology p. 68
4.1.1 Variation of energy of bombarding ions p. 69
4.1.2 Variation of vapor incidence angle p. 70
4.1.3 Variation of substrate rotation velocity and vapor flux density p. 71
4.1.4 Toward a quantitative and evolutionary SZM p. 74
4.2 From concepts to quantification p. 74
4.2.1 Quantitative analysis of morphology p. 76
4.2.2 Computer simulation of morphology p. 78
4.2.2.1 Geometric models p. 78
4.2.2.2 Continuum models p. 80
4.2.2.3 Ballistic aggregation models p. 81
4.2.2.4 Molecular dynamics models p. 82
4.3 Matchstick morphology p. 82
4.3.1 Dense arrays of parallel columns p. 82
4.3.2 Arrays of separated parallel columns p. 84
4.4 Anisotropy due to atomic-level self-shadowing p. 85
4.5 Dynamic self-shadowing p. 90
Chapter 5 Speculations on STF Morphology p. 91
5.1 Deposition on nonplanar substrates p. 92
5.2 Controlled low-energy bombardment p. 93
5.3 Self-shadowing, again! p. 95
5.4 Distribution functions p. 97
Chapter 6 Macroscopic Electromagnetism p. 99
6.1 Macroscopic Maxwell postulates p. 100
6.1.1 Microphysics route p. 100
6.1.2 Spacetime route p. 103
6.1.3 Time-harmonic Maxwell postulates p. 104
6.2 Constitutive relations p. 105
6.2.1 Linear dielectric materials p. 105
6.2.2 Linear bianisotropic materials p. 106
6.3 Constitutive relations of STFs p. 108
6.3.1 Single-section STFs p. 108
6.3.2 Multisection STFs p. 111
6.4 From the nanostructure to the continuum p. 111
6.4.1 Local homogenization p. 112
6.4.2 Nominal model p. 112
6.4.3 Practical bianisotropy in STFs p. 115
6.5 Dielectric STFs p. 116
6.5.1 Relative permittivity dyadic p. 117
6.5.2 Nominal model p. 118
Chapter 7 Optics of CTFs p. 123
7.1 Electromagnetic fundamentals p. 125
7.1.1 MODE p. 126
7.1.2 Exact analytical solution p. 128
7.1.3 Propagation in the morphologically significant plane p. 131
7.2 Reflection and transmission p. 132
7.2.1 Incident, reflected, and transmitted plane waves p. 132
7.2.2 Boundary value problem p. 134
7.3 Normal incidence p. 139
7.3.1 Wave plates p. 144
7.3.2 Multilayers p. 145
7.3.3 Morphology and optics p. 148
Chapter 8 Optics of Sculptured Nematic Thin Films p. 151
8.1 Electromagnetic fundamentals p. 153
8.1.1 MODE p. 153
8.1.2 Matrizant p. 154
8.1.3 Matrix polynomial expansion technique p. 156
8.1.4 Piecewise uniform approximation technique p. 157
8.1.5 Propagation in the morphologically significant plane p. 159
8.1.6 Axial propagation p. 160
8.2 Reflection and transmission p. 161
8.2.1 Normal incidence p. 164
8.2.2 Rugate filters p. 166
8.2.3 Morphology and optics p. 170
Chapter 9 Optics of Chiral STFs p. 173
9.1 Electromagnetic fundamentals p. 175
9.1.1 MODE p. 176
9.1.2 Oseen transformation p. 177
9.1.3 Matrizants p. 178
9.2 Transfer matrix p. 179
9.2.1 Axial propagation p. 180
9.2.2 Nonaxial propagation p. 182
9.2.3 Numerical methods p. 184
9.3 Reflection and transmission p. 187
9.3.1 Incident, reflected, and transmitted plane waves p. 187
9.3.2 Boundary value problem p. 190
9.3.3 Bragg phenomenons p. 196
9.3.4 Circular Bragg phenomenon p. 199
9.3.5 Circular Borrmann effect p. 203
9.3.6 Excitation by finite-sized sources p. 204
9.4 Normal incidence p. 204
9.4.1 Lorentz model of permittivity p. 208
9.4.2 Remittances p. 210
9.4.3 Coupled-wave expressions p. 210
9.4.4 Dichroisms p. 212
9.4.5 Optical rotation p. 214
9.4.6 Axial propagation p. 216
9.5 Chiral STF half-space p. 219
9.5.1 Planewave reflectances p. 220
9.5.2 Pulse bleeding p. 222
9.6 Morphology and optics p. 225
Chapter 10 Optical Applications of Chiral STFs p. 231
10.1 Optical filters p. 232
10.1.1 Circular polarization filters p. 233
10.1.2 Bandstop filters and laser mirrors p. 235
10.1.3 Bandpass filters p. 236
10.1.4 Polarization-discriminatory handedness inverter p. 237
10.1.5 Narrow bandpass filters p. 239
10.1.6 Ultranarrow bandstop filters p. 243
10.1.7 Solc filters p. 245
10.2 Optical sensors p. 247
10.3 Optical emitters p. 252
10.4 Tuning and bandwidth control p. 257
Appendix Dyads and Dyadics p. 259
Bibliography p. 261
Index p. 289