Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 EW System Design 1
1.2 Interactive Design 1
1.3 Mathematical Modeling 2
1.4 Java Applets 3
1.4.1 Simple Graphical Applet 3
1.5 Microwave Receivers and EW Systems 4
1.6 Book Organization 5
References 6
Chapter 2 RF Analysis Aids 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Noise Figure 7
2.2.1 Signal and Noise Performance of Basic Components 8
2.2.2 Noise Figure Applet 13
2.2.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Degradation 14
2.3 Transmission Line Principles 14
2.3.1 Transmission Line Analysis 15
2.3.2 Transmission Line Applet 17
2.4 VSWR of Cascaded Mismatches 18
2.4.1 Linear Combination 19
2.4.2 Complex Combination 20
2.4.3 Cascaded Mismatches Applet 21
References 23
Chapter 3 RF Chain Components 25
3.1 Introduction 25
3.2 Transmission Line Filter 25
3.2.1 Low-Pass Filter Design 25
3.2.2 Commensurate Line and Stub Low-Pass Filter Design 26
3.2.3 Filter Evaluation Applet 29
3.3 Directional Coupler 30
3.3.1 Coupled Lines 30
3.3.2 Directional Coupler Applet 33
3.3.3 Microstrip Coupler Design 33
3.3.4 Microstrip Coupler Applet 34
3.4 Mixer Intermodulation Components 35
3.4.1 Single Diode Mixer 35
3.4.2 Balanced Mixer 36
3.4.3 Double Balanced Mixer 37
3.4.4 Mixer Spurii Applet 38
References 39
Chapter 4 Antennas 41
4.1 Introduction 41
4.2 Parabolic Antenna Design 41
4.2.1 Analysis 42
4.2.2 Reflector Antenna Applet 44
4.3 Antenna Arrays 45
4.3.1 Introduction 45
4.3.2 Array Analysis 46
4.3.3 Array Pattern Applet 47
4.4 Antenna Polarization Coupling 48
4.4.1 Polarization Ellipse 48
4.4.2 Poincar6 Sphere 49
4.4.3 Coupled Power 49
4.4.4 Antenna Polarization Applet 50
4.5 Antenna Near-Field Power 50
4.5.1 Geometry 51
4.5.2 Field Evaluation 51
4.5.3 Near-Field Power Applet 52
References 53
Chapter 5 Amplifiers 55
5.1 Introduction 55
5.2 Amplifier Dynamic Range 55
5.2.1 Amplifier Transfer Characteristic 56
5.2.2 Third-Order Intermodulation 57
5.2.3 Cascaded RF Stages 57
5.2.4 Amplifier Dynamic Range Applet 60
5.2.5 Summary 62
5.3 Operation of Limiting Amplifiers 62
5.3.1 Introduction 63
5.3.2 Statistical Model 64
5.3.3 Frequency Domain Model 66
5.3.4 Time Domain Analysis 68
5.3.5 Limiter Applet 70
5.3.6 Observations 72
5.4 Compression Amplifier Design 72
5.4.1 Successive-Limiting Architecture 72
5.4.2 Single-Segment Analysis 74
5.4.3 Logarithmic Amplifier 74
5.4.4 Power-Law: Exponent n 5.4.5 Compression Amplifier Design Applet 76
References 76
Chapter 6 Signal Detection 79
6.1 Introduction 79
6.2 Probability Analysis 79
6.2.1 False Alarm Probability 80
6.2.2 False Alarm Rate 80
6.2.3 Probability of Signal Detection 83
6.3 Pulse Detection and Measurement 85
6.3.1 Pulse Thresholding Applet 86
6.4 Receiver Triggering Probability 88
6.5 Multi-Input Video-OR Threshold 89
6.5.1 Noise-Only Analysis 89
6.5.2 Signal in One Channel 90
6.5.3 Signals in Two Channels 90
6.5.4 Video-OR Threshold Applet 91
6.6 Vector Threshold 92
6.6.1 Cartesian Box Threshold 93
6.6.2 Dual Box Threshold 93
6.6.3 Greatest Sum Threshold 94
6.6.4 Vector Thresholding Applet 95
6.7 Multisample Video Integration 97
6.7.1 Multisample Noncoherent Integration Applet 98
6.7.2 Equivalent Spectrum of Sampled and Averaged Data 99
References 100
Chapter 7 Microwave Receivers 101
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Demodulator Noise Performance 101
7.2.1 Square-Law Detector 101
7.2.2 Quadrature Demodulator 103
7.2.3 Frequency Discriminator Noise Spectra Applet 109
7.2.4 Linear Vector Demodulator 110
7.2.5 RF Multiplier Implementation 113
7.3 RF Amplifier Detector-Video Receiver 115
7.3.1 Effect of Gain Variations 117
7.3.2 Cascading DLVAs 118
7.3.3 RF Amplifier DLVA Cascading Applet 120
7.4 Heterodyne Receiver 120
7.4.1 Pulse Filtering Distortion 121
7.4.2 Distortion Analysis 122
7.4.3 Filter Shapes 122
7.4.4 Pulse Filtering Distortion Applet 123
7.5 Homodyne Receiver 124
7.6 Interferometer Receiver 125
7.7 Instantaneous Frequency Measurement (IFM) 126
7.8 Compressive Receiver 127
7.8.1 Short Pulse Sensitivity 128
7.8.2 Compressive Receiver Applet 129
7.9 Coherent Receiver 131
7.10 Zero-IF I/Q Receiver 131
7.11 Digital FFT Receiver 133
7.11.1 Brute Force DFT Algorithm 133
7.11.2 Cooley-Tukey Multi-Radix Algorithm 134
7.11.3 Digital FFT Receiver Applet 134
7.12 Receiver Sensitivity Comparison Applet 136
References 137
Chapter 8 EW Measurement Systems 139
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 IFM and Interferometer Design 140
8.2.1 Multidiscriminator Systems 141
8.2.2 IFM Receiver Design 141
8.2.3 Interferometer Design 142
8.2.4 Ambiguity Resolution 147
8.2.5 System Measurement Accuracy 152
8.2.6 Simultaneous Interfering Signals' 153
8.2.7 IFM and Interferometer Design Applet 154
8.3 Amplitude Comparison DF Systems 155
8.3.1 Introduction 155
8.3.2 Generic Architecture 156
8.3.3 Error Analysis 158
8.3.4 Amplitude Comparison DF Applet 160
8.3.5 Improving DF Performance 162
References 168
Chapter 9 Operational Performance
9.1 Introduction 171
9.2 Microwave Signal Propagation Loss 172
9.2.1 ESM Detection Range Applet 173
9.2.2 Radar Detection Range Applet 174
9.2.3 Discussion 175
9.3 Elevation Multipath 175
9.3.1 Sea Surface Scintillation 177
9.3.2 Sea Scintillation Applet 178
9.4 Clutter Reflections 180
9.4.1 Reflection Geometry 182
9.4.2 Bistatic Reflections Applet 183
9.4.3 Locating Reflection Centers Using Passive ESM 184
9.4.4 ESM Clutter Modeling Applet 187
9.4.5 Spatial Decorrelation of Clutter Applet 188
9.4.6 Clutter Implications for ESM Processing 189
9.5 Passive Location Accuracy 190
9.5.1 Bearing Angle 190
9.5.2 Time Difference of Arrival 191
9.5.3 Passive Location Applet 192
9.6 ESM Range Advantage 193
9.6.1 Calculating Zero Sensitivity Advantage 194
9.6.2 Radar Characteristics 195
9.6.3 Platform Radar Cross Section 196
9.6.4 ESM Sensitivity Advantage Applet 197
9.6.5 Observations 198
9.7 Jammer Protection Zones 198
9.7.1 Point Defense 198
9.7.2 Area Defense 199
9.7.3 Protection Zones Applet 200
9.7.4 Observations 201
References 202
Appendix A Using the CD-ROM 205
Appendix B Applet Demonstration Program 211
Appendix C Special Math Methods 217
List of Acronyms 221
About the Author 223
Index 225