Table Of Contents:

PART 1 Alterations in Homeostasis

Unit I Pathophysiologic Processes

Introduction to Pathophysiology 2(12)

Lee-Ellen C. Copstead

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Framework for Pathophysiology 3(2)

Etiology 3(1)

Pathogenesis 4(1)

Clinical Manifestations 4(1)

Treatment Implications 5(1)

Concepts of Normality in Health and Disease 5(3)

Statistical Normality 6(1)

Reliability, Validity, and Predictive Value 6(1)

Individual Factors 7(1)

Concepts of Epidemiology 8(6)

Factors Affecting Patterns of Disease 9(2)

Levels of Prevention 11(3)

Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors 14(16)

Roberta J. Emerson

Homeostasis and Allostasis 15(1)

Homeostasis 15(1)

Allostasis 15(1)

Stress as a Concept 16(4)

General Adaptation Syndrome and Allostasis 17(2)

Stressors and Risk Factors 19(1)

Neurohormonal Mediators of Stress and Adaptation 20(3)

Catecholamines: Norepinephrine and Epinephrine 20(1)

Adrenocortical Steroids: Cortisol and Aldosterone 20(2)

Endorphins and Enkephalins and Immune Cytokines 22(1)

Sex Hormones: Estrogen, Testosterone, and DHEA 22(1)

Growth Hormone, Prolactin, and Oxytocin 22(1)

Adaptation, Coping, and Illness 23(7)

Adaptation and Coping 23(1)

Allostatic Overload and Illness 24(6)

PART 2 Alterations in Cellular Function, Genetics, and Development

Unit II Cellular Function

Cell Structure and Function 30(35)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Plasma Membrane 32(2)

Membrane Structure 32(1)

Lipid Bilayer 32(2)

Membrane Proteins 34(1)

Organization of Cellular Compartments 34(4)

Cytoskeleton 34(1)

Nucleus 35(1)

Endoplasmic Reticulum 36(1)

Golgi Apparatus 37(1)

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes 37(1)

Mitochondria 38(1)

Cellular Metabolism 38(6)

Glycolysis 40(1)

Citric Acid Cycle 40(2)

Oxidative Phosphorylation 42(2)

Functions of the Plasma Membrane 44(8)

Membrane Transport of Macromolecules 44(2)

Membrane Transport of Small Molecules 46(4)

Cellular Membrane Potentials 50(2)

Intercellular Communication and Growth 52(13)

Cell Signaling Strategies 52(3)

Cell Surface Receptor-Mediated Responses 55(4)

Intracellular Receptor-Mediated Responses 59(1)

Regulation of Cellular Growth and Proliferation 60(5)

Cell Injury, Aging, and Death 65(20)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Reversible Cell Injury 66(3)

Hydropic Swelling 66(1)

Intracellular Accumulations 66(3)

Cellular Adaptation 69(1)

Atrophy 69(1)

Hypertrophy 69(1)

Hyperplasia 70(1)

Metaplasia 70(1)

Dysplasia 70(1)

Irreversible Cell Injury 70(4)

Necrosis 71(2)

Apoptosis 73(1)

Etiology of Cellular Injury 74(7)

Ischemia and Hypoxic Injury 75(1)

Nutritional Injury 76(1)

Infectious and Immunologic Injury 77(1)

Chemical Injury 78(1)

Physical and Mechanical Injury 79(2)

Cellular Aging 81(2)

Cellular Basis of Aging 82(1)

Physiologic Changes of Aging 82(1)

Somatic Death 83(2)

Molecular Genetics and Tissue Differentiation 85(18)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Molecular Genetics 86(6)

Structure of DNA 86(2)

DNA Replication 88(1)

Genetic Code 89(1)

Transcription 90(2)

Translation 92(1)

Regulation of Gene Expression 92(2)

Transcriptional Controls 93(1)

Differentiation of Tissues 94(9)

Cell Diversification and Cell Memory 94(1)

Mechanisms of Development 95(1)

Differentiated Tissues 96(7)

Genetic and Developmental Disorders 103(25)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Principles of Inheritance 104(5)

DNA Mutation and Repair 107(2)

Genetic Disorders 109(1)

Chromosomal Abnormalities 109(4)

Aberrant Number of Chromosomes 109(1)

Abnormal Chromosome Structure 110(1)

Examples of Autosomal Chromosome Disorders 110(1)

Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome) 110(2)

Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome) and Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) 112(1)

Cri du Chat Syndrome 112(1)

Examples of Sex Chromosome Disorders 112(1)

Klinefelter Syndrome 112(1)

Turner Syndrome 112(1)

Multiple X Females and Double Y Males 112(1)

Mendelian Single-gene Disorders 113(5)

Autosomal Dominant Disorders 113(1)

Marfan Syndrome 113(1)

Huntington Disease 114(2)

Autosomal Recessive Disorders 116(1)

Albinism 116(1)

Phenylketonuria 116(1)

Cystic Fibrosis 116(1)

Sex-Linked (X-Linked) Disorders 117(1)

Hemophilia A 118(1)

Nonmendelian Single-gene Disorders 118(2)

Triplet Repeat Mutations 119(1)

Mitochondrial Gene Mutations 119(1)

Genomic Imprinting 119(1)

Multifactorial (Polygenic) Disorders 120(2)

Environmentally Induced Congenital Disorders 122(2)

Periods of Fetal Vulnerability 122(1)

Teratogenic Agents 123(1)

Other Disorders of Infancy 124(1)

Diagnosis, Counseling, and Gene Therapy 124(4)

Prenatal Diagnosis and Counseling 125(1)

Genetic Analysis and Therapy 125(1)

Recombinant DNA Technology 125(3)

Neoplasia 128(32)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Benign Versus Malignant Growth 129(1)

Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Tumors 129(1)

Tumor Terminology 129(1)

The Malignant Phenotype 130(1)

Epidemiology and Cancer Risk Factors 130(6)

Tobacco Use 131(2)

Nutrition 133(3)

Genetic Mechanisms of Cancer 136(7)

Proto-Oncogenes 136(4)

Tumor Suppressor Genes 140(3)

Multistep Nature of Carcinogenesis 143(4)

Initiation 144(1)

Promotion 144(2)

Progression 146(1)

Metastasis 147(2)

Patterns of Spread 148(1)

Angiogenesis 148(1)

Grading and Staging of Tumors 148(1)

Effects of Cancer on the Body 149(4)

Cancer Therapy 153(7)

Surgery 153(1)

Radiation Therapy 154(1)

Drug Therapy 154(1)

Immunotherapy 154(1)

Gene and Molecular Therapy 155(1)

Stem Cell Transplantation 155(5)

PART 3 Alterations in Immune and Inflammatory Response

Unit III Defense

Infectious Processes 160(21)

Lorrie J. Dawson

Epidemiologic Concepts 161(5)

Transmission of Infection 161(1)

Role of Host 162(1)

Host Characteristics 163(2)

Role of Immunization 165(1)

Role of Environment 165(1)

Host-parasite Relationship 166(2)

Normal Microbial Flora 166(1)

Microorganism Characteristics 166(2)

Types of Pathogenic Organisms 168(13)

Bacteria 168(3)

Viruses 171(4)

Fungi 175(1)

Parasites 176(5)

Inflammation and Immunity 181(41)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Components of the Immune System 182(1)

Epithelial Barriers 182(1)

Mononuclear Phagocyte System 183(1)

Lymphoid System 183(3)

Primary Lymphoid Organs 183(2)

Secondary Lymphoid Organs 185(1)

Leukocytes 186(7)

Neutrophils 187(1)

Eosinophils 187(1)

Basophils and Mast Cells 187(1)

Monocytes and Macrophages 188(2)

Dendritic Cells 190(1)

Lymphocytes 190(3)

Chemical Mediators of Immune Function 193(4)

Complement 193(2)

Kinins 195(1)

Clotting Factors 195(1)

Cytokines and Chemokines 195(2)

Innate Defenses and Inflammation 197(1)

Inflammation 197(4)

Increased Vascular Permeability 197(1)

Emigration of Leukocytes 198(1)

Phagocytosis 199(2)

Chronic Inflammation 201(1)

Healing 201(1)

Inflammatory Exudates 201(1)

Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation 202(1)

Specific Adaptive Immunity 203(1)

Major Histocompatibility Complex 203(1)

Antigen Presentation by MHC 204(1)

MHC Class I Presentation 204(1)

MHC Class II Presentation 205(1)

Mechanisms of Cell-mediated Immunity 205(5)

T Helper Cells (CD4+) 207(1)

Cytotoxic T Cells (CD8+) 207(3)

Mechanisms of Humoral Immunity 210(5)

Antigen Recognition by B Cells 210(1)

Antibody Structure 210(2)

Class Switching and Affinity Maturation 212(2)

Antibody Functions 214(1)

Passive and Active Immunity 215(3)

Passive Immunity 215(1)

Active Immunity 215(3)

Integrated Function and Regulation of the Immune System 218(1)

Integrated Response to New Antigen 218(1)

Regulation of Immune Function 219(3)

Alterations in Immune Function 222(20)

Faith Young Peterson

Excessive Immune Responses 223(1)

Autoimmunity 223(3)

Genetic Factors 224(1)

Environmental Triggers 225(1)

Pharmacotherapies 225(1)

Hypersensitivity 226(10)

Type I Hypersensitivity 226(3)

Type II Hypersensitivity 229(1)

Transfusion Reaction 229(1)

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 230(1)

Myasthenia Gravis and Graves Disease 231(1)

Hyperacute Graft Rejection 231(1)

Type III Hypersensitivity 231(2)

Immune Complex Glomerulonephritis 233(1)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 233(1)

Type IV Hypersensitivity 234(1)

Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity 234(1)

Contact Hypersensitivity 234(1)

Tuberculin-Type Hypersensitivity 235(1)

Granulomatous Hypersensitivity 236(1)

Deficient Immune Responses 236(1)

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders 237(3)

B-Cell and T-Cell Combined Disorders 237(1)

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disorders 237(1)

Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome 238(1)

T-Cell Disorders 239(1)

DiGeorge Syndrome 239(1)

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis 239(1)

B-Cell Disorders 239(1)

IgA Deficiency 239(1)

Bruton X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia 239(1)

Transient hypogammaglobulinemia 239(1)

Secondary Immunodeficiency Disorders 240(2)

Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells 242(21)

Marie L. Kotter

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Classification of Hematologic Neoplasms 243(2)

Etiology of Myeloid and Lymphoid Neoplasms 245(1)

General Principles of Management 246(3)

Diagnosis of Hematologic Neoplasms 246(1)

Principles of Treatment 246(1)

Prevention and Management of Complications 247(2)

Myeloid Neoplasms 249(14)

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia 249(1)

Acute Myeloid Leukemia 250(1)

Lymphoid Neoplasms 251(1)

Chronic Lymphoid Leukemia 251(1)

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia/Lymphoma 252(1)

Hairy Cell Leukemia 253(1)

Plasma Cell Myeloma (Multiple Myeloma) 253(3)

Hodgkin Disease 256(1)

B-Cell, T-Cell, and NK-Cell Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin) 257(6)

HIV Disease and AIDS 263(27)

Faith Young Peterson

Epidemiology 264(4)

History 264(2)

Types of HIV 266(1)

Transmission 266(1)

Prevention of Transmission 267(1)

Etiology 268(3)

HIV Structure 268(1)

HIV Binding and Infection 269(2)

Pathogenesis 271(5)

Effect of HIV on Immune Cells at the Cellular Level 271(1)

Viral Production and Cell Death 271(2)

Progression of HIV Infection from Seroconversion to AIDS 273(2)

CDC HIV Classification System 275(1)

Diagnostic Testing 276(1)

Monitoring the Progression of HIV 277(1)

Clinical Manifestations 278(6)

Systemic Manifestations 278(1)

Gastrointestinal Manifestations 279(1)

Pulmonary Manifestations 279(1)

Mucocutaneous Manifestations 280(2)

Gynecologic Manifestations 282(1)

Neurologic Manifestations 282(1)

Ocular Manifestations 282(1)

Manifestations in Other Systems 283(1)

Manifestations in Children 283(1)

Treatment 284(6)

Antiretroviral Therapy Recommendations 284(1)

Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors 285(1)

Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors 285(1)

Protease Inhibitors 286(1)

Fusion Inhibitors 286(1)

CCR5 Antagonists 286(1)

Other Treatments and Vaccines 286(4)

PART 4 Alterations in Respiration and Tissue Oxygenation

Unit IV Oxygen Transport, Blood Coagulation, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure

Alterations in Oxygen Transport 290(40)

Marie L. Kotter

Susan G. Trevithick

Composition of Blood 291(5)

Organic and Inorganic Components 291(1)

Cellular Components 291(5)

Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells 296(6)

Hematopoiesis 296(1)

Hemoglobin Synthesis 296(2)

Nutritional Requirements for Erythropoiesis 298(1)

Energy and Maintenance of Erythrocytes 299(1)

Red Cell Production 300(1)

Red Cell Destruction 300(2)

Gas Transport and Acid-base Balance 302(5)

Oxygen Transport 302(3)

Carbon Dioxide Transport 305(1)

Alterations in Oxygen Transport 306(1)

Anemia 307(1)

General Effects of Anemia 308(2)

Anemia Related to Decreased Red Cell Production 310(3)

Aplastic Anemia 310(1)

Anemia of Chronic Renal Failure 310(1)

Anemia Related to Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) or Folate Deficiency 311(1)

Iron Deficiency Anemia 312(1)

Anemia Related to Inherited Disorders of the Red Cell 313(5)

Thalassemia 313(1)

Sickle Cell Anemia 314(3)

Hereditary Spherocytosis 317(1)

Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency 317(1)

Anemia Related to Extrinsic Red Cell Destruction or Loss 318(2)

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn 318(1)

Antibody-Mediated Drug Reactions 318(1)

Acute Blood Loss 319(1)

Other Extrinsic Abnormalities 320(1)

Transfusion Therapy 320(1)

Polycythemia 321(9)

Polycythemia Vera 321(3)

Secondary Polycythemia 324(2)

Relative Polycythemia 326(4)

Alterations in Hemostasis and Blood Coagulation 330(17)

Naomi Lungstrom

Roberta J. Emerson

The Process of Hemostasis 331(4)

Stages of Hemostasis 331(1)

Platelets 331(1)

Blood Coagulation Factors 332(1)

Fibrin Clot 332(1)

Fibrinolysis 333(2)

Evaluation of Hemostasis and Coagulation 335(3)

Clinical Assessment 335(2)

Laboratory Tests 337(1)

Vascular and Platelet Disorders 338(3)

Vascular Disorders 338(1)

Vascular Purpura 338(1)

Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia 339(1)

Platelet Disorders 339(1)

Thrombocytopenia 339(1)

Thrombocytosis 340(1)

Qualitative Platelet Disorders 341(1)

Coagulation Disorders 341(6)

Hemophilia 341(1)

Von Willebrand Disease 342(1)

Vitamin K Deficiency Bleeding in Infancy 343(1)

Acquired Vitamin K Deficiency 343(1)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) 344(1)

Hepatic Disease 345(2)

Alterations in Blood Flow 347(27)

Roberta J. Emerson

Naomi Lungstrom

Organization of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems 348(5)

Vessel Structure 348(4)

Lymphatic Structure 352(1)

Principles of Flow 353(1)

Hemodynamics of the Circulatory System 353(4)

Control of Flow 357(1)

Control of Blood Flow 357(2)

Control of Lymphatic Flow 358(1)

General Mechanisms that Cause Altered Flow 359(1)

Blood Vessels: Obstructions 359(3)

Thrombosis 359(1)

Embolus 360(1)

Vasospasm 361(1)

Inflammation 361(1)

Mechanical Compression 361(1)

Blood Vessels: Structural Alterations 361(1)

Lymphatic Vessels 362(1)

Alterations in Arterial Flow 362(7)

Arteriosclerosis/Atherosclerosis 362(5)

Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger Disease) 367(1)

Raynaud Syndrome 367(1)

Aneurysms 367(1)

Acute Arterial Occlusion 368(1)

Alterations in Venous Flow 369(2)

Valvular Incompetence 369(1)

Varicose Veins 369(1)

Chronic Venous Insufficiency 370(1)

Deep Vein Thrombosis 370(1)

Alterations in Lymphatic Flow 371(3)

Lymphedema 371(3)

Alterations in Blood Pressure 374(22)

Roberta J. Emerson

Arterial Blood Pressure 375(3)

Determinants of Systemic Blood Pressure 375(1)

Measurement of Blood Pressure 376(2)

Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Regulation 378(4)

Short-term Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure 378(2)

Long-term Regulation of Systemic Blood Pressure 380(1)

Normal Fluctuations in Systemic Blood Pressure 381(1)

Hypertension 382(8)

Definition and Classification 382(1)

Primary Hypertension 382(5)

Secondary Hypertension 387(2)

Hypertensive Emergencies and Urgency 389(1)

Low Blood Pressure 390(6)

Unit V Cardiac Function

Cardiac Function 396(32)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Cardiovascular Anatomy 397(3)

Heart 397(2)

Circulatory System 399(1)

Cardiac Cycle 400(3)

Isovolumic Contraction 400(1)

Ventricular Ejection 400(1)

Isovolumic Relaxation 401(1)

Atrial Events 402(1)

Aortic and Pulmonary Artery Events 403(1)

Coronary Circulation 403(2)

Anatomy of the Coronary Vessels 403(1)

Regulation of Coronary Blood Flow 404(1)

Cardiac Myocytes 405(5)

Myocyte Structure 406(1)

Structure of the Contractile Apparatus 406(1)

Characteristics of Contractile Filaments 406(4)

Molecular Basis of Contraction 410(2)

Overview of Contraction 410(1)

Sliding Filament/Cross-Bridge Theory of Muscle Contraction 410(1)

Role of Calcium in Muscle Contraction 411(1)

Energy of Muscle Relaxation 412(1)

Cardiac Energy Metabolism 412(1)

Oxygen Utilization 412(1)

Substrate Utilization 413(1)

Cardiac Electrophysiology 413(4)

Cardiac Resting Potential 413(1)

Cardiac Action Potential 413(1)

Rhythmicity of Myocardial Cells 414(1)

Specialized Conduction System of the Heart 415(1)

Autonomic Regulation of Rhythmicity 416(1)

Electrocardiography 417(2)

Determinants of Cardiac Output 419(3)

Determinants of Heart Rate 419(1)

Determinants of Stroke Volume 420(1)

Cardiac Workload 421(1)

Endocrine Function of the Heart 422(1)

Tests of Cardiac Function 422(6)

Electrocardiography 422(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography 423(1)

Echocardiography 424(1)

Nuclear Cardiography 424(1)

Cardiac Catheterization/Coronary Angiography 425(3)

Alterations in Cardiac Function 428(33)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Coronary Heart Disease 429(12)

Etiology of Coronary Heart Disease 429(1)

Mechanisms of Coronary Atherosclerosis 429(3)

Pathophysiology of Ischemia 432(3)

Clinical Features and Management of Coronary Syndromes 435(1)

Angina Pectoris 435(1)

Acute Coronary Syndrome 436(4)

Sudden Cardiac Death 440(1)

Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy 440(1)

Endocardial and Valvular Diseases 441(7)

Disorders of the Mitral Valve 442(1)

Mitral Stenosis 442(1)

Mitral Regurgitation 443(1)

Mitral Valve Prolapse 444(1)

Disorders of the Aortic Valve 445(1)

Aortic Stenosis 445(1)

Aortic Regurgitation 446(1)

Diseases of the Endocardium 446(1)

Rheumatic Heart Disease 446(1)

Infective Endocarditis 447(1)

Myocardial Diseases 448(3)

Myocarditis 448(1)

Cardiomyopathy 449(1)

Dilated Cardiomyopathy 450(1)

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy 450(1)

Restrictive Cardiomyopathy 451(1)

Specific Cardiomyopathy 451(1)

Pericardial Diseases 451(2)

Pericardial Effusion 451(1)

Cardiac Tamponade 451(1)

Pericarditis 451(1)

Acute Pericarditis 452(1)

Chronic Pericarditis 452(1)

Congenital Heart Diseases 453(8)

Embryologic Development 453(2)

Etiology and Incidence of Congenital Heart Disease 455(1)

Pathophysiology of Congenital Heart Disease 455(1)

Acyanotic Congenital Defects 455(1)

Atrial Septal Defect 455(1)

Ventricular Septal Defect 456(1)

Patent Ductus Arteriosus 456(1)

Coarctation of the Aorta 457(1)

Pulmonary Stenosis or Atresia 457(1)

Aortic Stenosis or Atresia 457(1)

Cyanotic Congenital Defects 458(1)

Tetralogy of Fallot 458(1)

Transposition of the Great Arteries 458(1)

Truncus Arteriosus 458(1)

Tricuspid Atresia 459(2)

Heart Failure and Dysrhythmias: Common Sequelae of Cardiac Diseases 461(27)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Heart Failure 462(12)

Etiology and Pathogenesis 462(2)

Compensatory Mechanisms and Remodeling 464(4)

Clinical Manifestations 468(3)

Class and Stage of Heart Failure 471(1)

Treatment 472(2)

Cardiac Dysrhythmias 474(14)

Dysrhythmia Mechanisms 474(1)

Dysrhythmia Analysis 475(2)

Abnormal Rates of Sinus Rhythm 477(1)

Abnormal Site of Impulse Initiation 478(3)

Conduction Pathway Disturbances 481(5)

Treatment 486(2)

Shock 488(22)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Pathogenesis of Shock 489(5)

Impaired Tissue Oxygenation 489(2)

Compensatory Mechanisms and Stages of Shock 491(3)

Types of Shock 494(9)

Cardiogenic Shock 494(2)

Obstructive Shock 496(1)

Hypovolemic Shock 496(2)

Distributive Shock 498(1)

Anaphylactic Shock 498(1)

Neurogenic Shock 499(1)

Septic Shock 499(4)

Assessment and Hemodynamic Monitoring 503(1)

Cardiac Output 503(1)

Arterial Oxygen Content 503(1)

Hemodynamic Monitoring 503(1)

Complications of Shock 504(6)

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome 505(1)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 505(1)

Acute Renal Failure 505(1)

Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome 505(5)

Unit VI Respiratory Function

Respiratory Function and Alterations in Gas Exchange 510(28)

Lorna Schumann

Functional Anatomy 511(8)

Development of the Pulmonary System 511(1)

Upper Airway Structures 512(2)

Lower Airway Structures 514(3)

Pulmonary Circulation 517(1)

Age-Related Variations 518(1)

Ventilation 519(6)

Lung Volumes and Capacities 519(1)

Dead Space 520(1)

Minute Ventilation 520(1)

Alveolar Ventilation/Oxygenation 520(1)

Mechanics of Breathing 521(1)

Airway Resistance 522(1)

Lung Compliance 522(1)

Distribution of Ventilation 522(1)

Neurologic Control of Ventilation 523(2)

Pulmonary Blood Flow 525(1)

Pulmonary Vasculature 525(1)

Distribution of Blood Flow 525(1)

Ventilation-Perfusion Ratios 525(1)

Hypoxic Vasoconstriction 526(1)

Diffusion and Transport of Respiratory Gases 526(3)

Barriers to Diffusion 526(1)

Oxygen Transport 527(1)

Carbon Dioxide Transport 528(1)

Alterations in Pulmonary Function 529(6)

Hypoventilation and Hyperventilation 529(1)

Hypoxemia and Hypoxia 529(1)

Acute Respiratory Failure 530(2)

Alterations in Pulmonary Vasculature 532(1)

Pulmonary Hypertension 532(1)

Pulmonary Venous Thromboembolism 533(2)

Pulmonary Malignancies 535(3)

Etiology 535(1)

Pathogenesis 535(1)

Clinical Manifestations 536(1)

Diagnosis 536(1)

Treatment 536(2)

Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders 538(25)

Loma Schumann

Obstruction From Conditions in the Wall of the Lumen 539(11)

Asthma 539(6)

Acute Bronchitis 545(1)

Chronic Bronchitis 546(4)

Obstruction Related to Loss of Lung Parenchyma 550(4)

Emphysema 550(4)

Obstruction of the Airway Lumen 554(5)

Bronchiectasis 554(2)

Bronchiolitis 556(1)

Cystic Fibrosis 556(1)

Acute Tracheobronchial Obstruction 557(1)

Epiglottitis 558(1)

Croup Syndrome 558(1)

Diagnostic Tests 559(4)

Pulmonary Function Testing 559(1)

Bronchial Provocation Tests 560(3)

Restrictive Pulmonary Disorders 563(29)

Lorna Schumann

Lung Parenchyma Disorders 564(1)

Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Diseases 564(6)

Diffuse Interstitial Lung Disease 564(1)

Sarcoidosis 565(2)

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis 567(1)

Occupational Lung Diseases 568(2)

Atelectatic Disorders 570(4)

Acute (Adult) Respiratory Distress Syndrome 570(3)

Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome 573(1)

Pleural Space Disorders 574(4)

Pneumothorax 574(2)

Pleural Effusion 576(2)

Neuromuscular, Chest Wall, and Obesity Disorders 578(1)

Neuromuscular Disorders 578(1)

Poliomyelitis 578(1)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 578(1)

Muscular Dystrophies 578(1)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome 578(1)

Myasthenia Gravis 578(1)

Chest Wall Deformities 578(4)

Kyphoscoliosis 578(2)

Ankylosing Spondylitis 580(1)

Flail Chest 580(1)

Disorders of Obesity 581(1)

Infection or Inflammation of the Lung 582(10)

Pneumonia 582(2)

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 584(1)

Pulmonary Tuberculosis 585(7)

PART 5 Alterations in Fluid Balance, Excretion, and Reproduction

Unit VII Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Homeostasis

Fluid and Electrolyte Homeostasis and Imbalances 592(23)

Linda Felver

Body Fluid Homeostasis 593(3)

Fluid Intake and Absorption 594(1)

Fluid Distribution 595(1)

Fluid Excretion 595(1)

Fluid Loss Through Abnormal Routes 596(1)

Fluid Imbalances 596(7)

Extracellular Fluid Volume 597(1)

Volume Deficit 597(1)

Volume Excess 598(1)

Body Fluid Concentration 598(1)

Hyponatremia 599(1)

Hypernatremia 600(1)

Both Volume and Concentration 600(1)

Clinical Dehydration 600(1)

Interstitial Fluid Volume 601(1)

Edema 601(2)

Principles of Electrolyte Homeostasis 603(1)

Electrolyte Intake and Absorption 603(1)

Electrolyte Distribution 604(1)

Electrolyte Excretion 604(1)

Electrolyte Loss Through Abnormal Routes 604(1)

Electrolyte Imbalances 604(11)

Plasma Potassium 604(1)

Hypokalemia 604(1)

Hyperkalemia 605(1)

Plasma Calcium 606(1)

Hypocalcemia 606(1)

Hypercalcemia 607(1)

Plasma Magnesium 607(1)

Hypomagnesemia 607(1)

Hypermagnesemia 608(1)

Plasma Phosphate 609(1)

Hypophosphatemia 609(1)

Hyperphosphatemia 609(6)

Acid-Base Homeostasis and Imbalances 615(15)

Linda Felver

Acid-Base Homeostasis 616(2)

Buffers 616(1)

Respiratory Contribution 616(1)

Renal Contribution 617(1)

Acid-Base Imbalances 618(12)

Metabolic Acidosis 618(2)

Respiratory Acidosis 620(2)

Metabolic Alkalosis 622(1)

Respiratory Alkalosis 623(1)

Mixed Acid-Base Imbalances 624(6)

Unit VIII Renal and Bladder Function

Renal Function 630(27)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Renal Anatomy 631(3)

Renal Parenchyma 632(1)

Renal Lymphatics and Innervation 632(1)

Renal Blood Supply 633(1)

Overview of Nephron Structure and Function 634(7)

Glomerulus 635(1)

Proximal Convoluted Tubule 636(2)

Loop of Henle 638(2)

Distal Convoluted Tubule 640(1)

Collecting Duct 640(1)

Regulation of Glomerular Filtration 641(3)

Physics of Filtration 641(1)

Factors Affecting Filtration Pressure 642(1)

Tubuloglomerular Feedback 642(1)

Effects of Glucose and Amino Acids 643(1)

Role of Mesangial Cells 643(1)

Transport Across Renal Tubules 644(3)

Reabsorption of Glucose 644(1)

Regulation of Acid-Base Balance 644(2)

Secretion of Potassium 646(1)

Regulation of Blood Volume and Osmolality 647(3)

Antidiuretic Hormone 647(2)

Aldosterone, Angiotensin II, Natriuretic Peptides, Urodilatin, Uroguanylin, and Guanylin 649(1)

Diuretic Agents 649(1)

Endocrine Functions 650(1)

Erythropoietin 650(1)

Vitamin D 650(1)

Age-related Changes in Renal Function 650(1)

Fetus 650(1)

Infant 650(1)

Adult and Elderly 650(1)

Tests of Renal Structure and Function 651(6)

Urine and Blood Studies 651(2)

Diagnostic Tests 653(4)

Intrarenal Disorders 657(24)

Roberta J. Emerson

Common Manifestations of Kidney Disease 658(1)

Pain 658(1)

Abnormal Urinalysis Findings 659(1)

Other Diagnostic Tests 659(1)

Congenital Abnormalities 659(4)

Renal Agenesis and Hypoplasia 660(1)

Cystic Kidney Diseases 661(1)

Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease 661(1)

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease 661(2)

Neoplasms 663(3)

Benign Renal Neoplasms 663(1)

Renal Cell Carcinoma 663(2)

Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor) 665(1)

Infection 666(3)

Acute Pyelonephritis 667(1)

Chronic Pyelonephritis 668(1)

Obstruction 669(4)

Renal Calculi (Nephrolithiasis) 669(4)

Glomerular Disorders (Glomerulopathies) 673(8)

Glomerulonephritis 674(3)

Nephrotic Syndrome 677(4)

Acute Renal Failure and Chronic Kidney Disease 681(19)

Roberta J. Emerson

Acute Renal Failure 682(8)

Etiology and Pathophysiology 682(3)

Clinical Presentation of Acute Tubular Necrosis 685(5)

Chronic Kidney Disease 690(5)

Risk Factors 690(1)

Pathophysiology of Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease 691(1)

Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease 692(1)

Complications of Chronic Kidney Disease 693(2)

Clinical Management 695(5)

Prevention 695(1)

Therapeutic Interventions 696(4)

Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract 700(20)

Roberta J. Emerson

Lower Urinary Tract 701(2)

Diagnostic Tests 701(1)

Mechanics of Micturition 701(2)

Voiding Dysfunction 703(3)

Incontinence 703(2)

Enuresis 705(1)

Congenital Disorders 706(4)

Vesicoureteral Reflux 706(2)

Obstruction of the Ureteropelvic Junction 708(1)

Ureteral Ectopy 708(1)

Ureterocele 709(1)

Neoplasms 710(2)

Bladder Cancer 710(2)

Inflammation and Infection 712(3)

Urethritis 712(1)

Cystitis 712(3)

Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder Syndrome 715(1)

Obstruction 715(5)

Lower Urinary Tract Urolithiasis 715(5)

Unit IX Genital and Reproductive Function

Male Genital and Reproductive Function 720(17)

Marvin Van Every

David Mikkelsen

Carolyn Spence Cagle

Anatomy 721(6)

Upper Genitourinary Tract 721(1)

Lower Genitourinary Tract 721(1)

Auxiliary Genital Glands 722(1)

External Genitalia 723(4)

Embryology 727(4)

Nephric System 727(1)

Vesicourethral Unit 727(1)

Gonads 728(1)

Genital Duct System 728(2)

External Genitalia 730(1)

Male Reproductive Physiology 731(6)

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis 731(1)

Spermatogenesis 732(1)

Anatomy of Spermatozoa 733(1)

Transport of Spermatozoa 733(4)

Alterations in Male Genital and Reproductive Function 737(14)

Marvin Van Every

David Mikkelsen

Donna W. Bailey

Disorders of the Penis and Male Urethra 738(1)

Congenital Anomalies 738(2)

Micropenis 738(1)

Urethral Valves 738(1)

Urethrorectal and Vesicourethral Fistulas 738(1)

Hypospadias 739(1)

Epispadias 740(1)

Acquired Disorders 740(2)

Priapism 740(1)

Phimosis and Paraphimosis 740(1)

Peyronie Disease 741(1)

Urethral Strictures 741(1)

Erectile Dysfunction 741(1)

Infectious Disorders 742(1)

Gonococcal Urethritis 742(1)

Nongonococcal Urethritis 742(1)

Syphilis 742(1)

Genital Herpes 742(1)

Genital Warts 743(1)

Neoplastic Disorders 743(1)

Neoplasms of the Penis 743(1)

Disorders of the Scrotum and Testes 744(1)

Congenital Disorders 744(1)

Cryptorchidism 744(1)

Acquired Disorders 744(1)

Hydrocele 744(1)

Spermatocele 744(1)

Testicular Torsion 745(1)

Infectious Disorders 745(1)

Epididymitis 745(1)

Fournier Gangrene 745(1)

Neoplastic Disorders 745(1)

Neoplasms of the Testis 745(1)

Disorders of the Prostate 746(5)

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 746(2)

Prostatitis 748(1)

Prostate Cancer 748(3)

Female Genital and Reproductive Function 751(18)

Rosemary A. Jadack

Jane M. Georges

Reproductive Structures 752(4)

Embryology 752(1)

Organization of the Female Reproductive Organs 752(4)

Menstrual Cycle 756(2)

Breast 758(2)

Structure of the Breast 758(1)

Breast Development 758(1)

Lactation 758(2)

Pregnancy 760(6)

Early Human Development 760(1)

Implantation 760(1)

Fetal Membranes and Placenta 760(2)

Development of the Human Embryo and Fetus 762(1)

Parturition 763(1)

Response of the Mother's Body to Pregnancy 764(2)

Menopause 766(3)

Alterations in Female Genital and Reproductive Function 769(21)

Rosemary A. Jadack

Jane M. Georges

Menstrual Disorders 770(2)

Amenorrhea 770(1)

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Patterns 770(2)

Dysmenorrhea 772(1)

Alterations in Uterine Position and Pelvic Support 772(4)

Uterine Prolapse 773(1)

Retrodisplacement of the Uterus 773(1)

Cystocele 774(1)

Rectocele 774(2)

Inflammation and Infection of the Female Reproductive Tract 776(2)

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 776(1)

Vulvovaginitis 777(1)

Bartholinitis 777(1)

Benign Growths and Aberrant Tissue of the Female Reproductive Tract 778(2)

Uterine Leiomyomas 778(1)

Ovarian Cysts 778(1)

Endometriosis 778(2)

Cancer of the Female Genital Structures 780(1)

Cancer of the Cervix 780(1)

Endometrial Cancer 780(1)

Ovarian Cancer 780(1)

Vaginal Cancer 780(1)

Cancer of the Vulva 781(1)

Disorders of Pregnancy 781(1)

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension 781(1)

Hyperemesis Gravidarum 781(1)

Placenta Previa and Abruptio Placentae 781(1)

Spontaneous Abortion 782(1)

Disorders of the Breast 782(1)

Reactive-inflammatory Breast Disorders 782(2)

Mammary Duct Ectasia 782(1)

Breast Abscess 783(1)

Fat Necrosis 783(1)

Reactions to Foreign Material 783(1)

Benign Breast Disorders 784(1)

Fibrocystic Breast Disease 784(1)

Specific Benign Neoplasms 784(1)

Malignant Disorder of the Breast 784(6)

Cancer of the Breast 784(6)

Sexually Transmitted Infections 790(14)

Rosemary A. Jadack

Jane M. Georges

Urethritis, Cervicitis, Salpingitis, and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease 791(1)

Gonococcal Infection 792(1)

Nongonococcal Infection 792(1)

Diseases With Systemic Involvement 792(3)

Syphilis 792(2)

Lymphogranuloma Venereum 794(1)

Herpesvirus Infections 794(1)

Diseases With Localized Lesions 795(4)

Ulcerative Lesions 795(1)

Chancroid 796(1)

Granuloma Inguinale 797(1)

Nonulcerative Lesions 797(1)

Molluscum Contagiosum 797(1)

Human Papillomavirus Infections 797(2)

Enteric Infections 799(5)

PART 6 Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition

Unit X Gastrointestinal Function

Gastrointestinal Function 804(27)

Jeffrey S. Sartin

Structure and Organization of the Gastrointestinal Tract 805(7)

Embryology 805(1)

Functional Anatomy 805(7)

Gastrointestinal Motility 812(10)

Characteristics of the Intestinal Wall 812(1)

Neural Control 813(1)

Hormonal Control 814(1)

Movement in the Gastrointestinal Tract 815(1)

Movement of Nutrients 816(6)

Secretory Function 822(1)

Secretion of Gastrointestinal Juices 822(1)

Gastrointestinal Hormones 822(1)

Digestion and Absorption 823(4)

Digestion of Carbohydrates 824(1)

Digestion of Lipids 825(1)

Digestion of Proteins 825(1)

Absorption 825(2)

Gastrointestinal Function Across the Life Span 827(4)

Maturation 827(1)

Age-Related Changes 827(4)

Gastrointestinal Disorders 831(23)

Jeffrey S. Sartin

Manifestations of Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders 832(4)

Dysphagia 832(2)

Esophageal Pain 834(1)

Abdominal Pain 834(1)

Vomiting 834(1)

Intestinal Gas 834(1)

Alterations in Bowel Patterns 835(1)

Disorders of the Mouth and Esophagus 836(1)

Oral Infections 836(1)

Stomatitis 836(1)

Acute Herpetic Stomatitis 836(1)

Esophageal Disorders 836(2)

Gastroesophageal Reflux 836(1)

Hiatal Hernia 837(1)

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome 837(1)

Esophageal Varices 838(1)

Alterations in Integrity of the Gastrointestinal Tract Wall 838(1)

Inflammation of the Stomach and Intestines 838(3)

Gastritis 838(1)

Gastroenteritis 838(1)

Peptic Ulcer Disease 839(2)

Inflammatory Bowel Disease 841(1)

Ulcerative Colitis 841(1)

Crohn Disease 842(1)

Enterocolitis 842(2)

Antibiotic-Associated Colitis (Pseudomembranous Colitis) 842(1)

Necrotizing Enterocolitis 843(1)

Appendicitis 843(1)

Diverticular Disease 843(1)

Alterations in Motility of the Gastrointestinal Tract 844(1)

Motility Disorders 844(3)

Irritable Bowel Syndrome 844(1)

Intestinal Obstruction 845(1)

Volvulus 846(1)

Intussusception 846(1)

Megacolon 846(1)

Hirschsprung Disease 846(1)

Malabsorption 847(1)

Mucosal Disorders 847(1)

Celiac Disease 847(1)

Tropical Sprue 847(1)

Malabsorption Disorders After Surgical Intervention 848(1)

Dumping Syndrome 848(1)

Short-Bowel Syndrome 849(1)

Neoplasms of the Gastrointestinal Tract 849(1)

Esophageal, Gastric, and Small Intestinal Cancers 849(1)

Esophageal Cancer 849(1)

Gastric Carcinoma 850(1)

Small Intestinal Neoplasms 850(1)

Colonic Polyps and Colon Cancer 850(2)

Colon Polyps 850(1)

Colon Cancer 850(2)

Psychosocial Aspects of Gastrointestinal Disorders 852(1)

Stress of Lifestyle Changes 852(2)

Alterations in Function of the Gallbladder and Exocrine Pancreas 854(14)

Jeffrey S. Sartin

Structure and Function of the Pancreaticobiliary System 855(1)

Embryology of the Pancreaticobiliary System 855(1)

Physiology of Bile 856(1)

Functional Anatomy of fhe Pancreas 857(2)

Disorders of the Gallbladder 859(1)

Pathophysiology of Cholesterol Gallstone Formation 859(1)

Cholelithiasis and Cholecystitis 859(2)

Chronic Cholelithiasis 859(1)

Acute Cholecystitis 860(1)

Chronic Cholecystitis 861(1)

Disorders of the Pancreas 861(1)

Pancreatitis 861(7)

Acute Pancreatitis 861(3)

Chronic Pancreatitis 864(4)

Liver Diseases 868(36)

Jeffrey S. Sartin

Structure and Function of the Liver 869(1)

General Manifestations of Liver Disease 869(15)

Hepatocellular Failure 869(1)

Jaundice 870(5)

Portal Hypertension 875(1)

Gastroesophageal Varices 875(5)

Portal Systemic Encephalopathy 880(1)

Hepatic Encephalopathy 880(1)

Cerebral Edema 881(1)

Conditions of Advanced Liver Disease 881(1)

Ascites 881(2)

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis 883(1)

Hepatorenal Syndrome 883(1)

Disorders of the Liver 884(1)

Hepatitis 884(5)

Acute Viral Hepatitis 884(1)

Hepatitis A 885(1)

Hepatitis B 886(1)

Hepatitis C 887(1)

Hepatitis D (Delta) 888(1)

Hepatitis E 888(1)

Chronic Hepatitis 888(1)

Chronic Persistent Hepatitis 888(1)

Chronic Active Hepatitis 888(1)

Cirrhosis 889(2)

Biliary Cirrhosis 890(1)

Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis 890(1)

Alcoholic Liver Disease 890(1)

Alcoholic Fatty Liver 890(1)

Alcoholic Hepatitis 890(1)

Toxic Liver Disorders 891(2)

Metal Storage Diseases 891(1)

Hereditary Hemochromatosis 891(1)

Wilson Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) 891(1)

Toxic Metabolic Agents 892(1)

Acetaminophen Poisoning 892(1)

Other Structural Liver Conditions 893(1)

Liver Abscess 893(1)

Trauma 893(1)

Malignancy 894(1)

Transplantation 894(2)

Evaluation of the Transplantation Patient 895(1)

Posttransplantation Management 895(1)

Age-Related Liver Disorders 896(1)

Liver Diseases and Pediatric Considerations 896(3)

Abnormal Bilirubin Metabolism in the Neonatal Period 896(1)

Infectious and Acquired Hepatidites in Children 896(1)

Congenital Liver Disease 897(2)

Liver Diseases and Geriatric Considerations 899(5)

Unit XI Endocrine Function, Metabolism, and Nutrition

Endocrine Physiology and Mechanisms of Hypothalamic-Pituitary Regulation 904(18)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Hormone Structure and Action 905(3)

Chemical Structure of Hormone Classes 905(1)

Mechanisms of Hormone Action 905(3)

Hormone Regulation 908(2)

Hormone Synthesis, Secretion, and Metabolism 908(1)

Regulation of Receptor Responses 909(1)

Hypothalamic-pituitary Endocrine System 910(5)

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland 912(1)

Hormones of the Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary Gland 913(2)

Thyroid Hormones 915(2)

Thyroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion 915(2)

Thyroid Action on Target Cells 917(1)

Steroid Hormones 917(3)

Steroid Hormone Synthesis and Secretion 917(1)

Steroid Action on Target Cells 918(2)

Categories of Endocrine Disease 920(2)

Hyposecretion 920(1)

Hypersecretion 920(1)

Hyporesponsiveness 920(2)

Disorders of Endocrine Function 922(20)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Basic Concepts of Endocrine Disorders 923(2)

Etiology of Endocrine Disorders 923(1)

Classification of Endocrine Disorders 923(2)

Growth Hormone Disorders 925(2)

Growth Hormone Deficiency 925(1)

Growth Hormone Excess 926(1)

Thyroid Hormone Disorders 927(4)

Hypothyroidism 927(2)

Hyperthyroidism 929(2)

Adrenocortical Hormone Disorders 931(5)

Adrenocortical Insufficiency 931(1)

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 932(1)

Hypercortisolism 933(1)

Hyperaldosteronism 934(2)

Adrenal Medulla 936(1)

Pheochromocytoma 936(1)

Parathyroid Gland Disorders 936(2)

Regulation and Actions of Parathyroid Hormone 936(1)

Hyperparathyroidism 937(1)

Hypoparathyroidism 937(1)

Antidiuretic Hormone Disorders 938(4)

Diabetes Insipidus 938(1)

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion 939(3)

Diabetes Mellitus 942(27)

Lorrie J. Dawson

Regulation of Glucose Metabolism 943(3)

Hormonal Regulation 943(1)

Exercise 944(2)

Stress 946(1)

Glucose Intolerance Disorders 946(6)

Classification of Glucose Intolerance Disorders 946(1)

Diabetes Mellitus 946(1)

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus 946(3)

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 949(1)

Other Specific Types of Diabetes 950(1)

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus 950(1)

Pre-Diabetes 951(1)

Clinical Manifestations and Complications 952(2)

Acute Hyperglycemia 952(1)

Chronic Hyperglycemia 952(1)

Vascular Complications 953(1)

Treatment and Education 954(10)

Nutrition 954(2)

Exercise 956(1)

Pharmacologic Agents 957(3)

Stress Management 960(1)

Assessment of Efficacy 961(1)

Education 962(2)

Pediatric Considerations 964(1)

Goals of Therapy 964(1)

Acute Complications 964(1)

Chronic Complications 964(1)

Treatment 964(1)

Geriatric Considerations 965(4)

Goals of Therapy 965(1)

Acute Complications 965(1)

Chronic Complications 966(1)

Treatment 966(3)

Alterations in Metabolism and Nutrition 969(19)

Daniel J. Guerra

Metabolic Processes 970(2)

Anabolism and Catabolism 971(1)

Metabolic Rate 971(1)

Nutrient Metabolism 972(4)

Carbohydrates 972(2)

Fats 974(1)

Proteins 975(1)

Aging and Metabolic Function 976(1)

Nutritional Alterations of Physiologic Stress 977(3)

Metabolic Response 977(3)

Effects of Malnutrition 980(2)

Cardiovascular System 980(1)

Respiratory System 981(1)

Immune System 981(1)

Nutritional Requirements of Altered Health States 982(6)

Infection, Sepsis, and Fever 982(1)

Surgery 983(1)

Trauma 983(1)

Burns 983(1)

Cancer 984(1)

Immobility 984(4)

PART 7 Alterations in Neural Control and Integration

Unit XII Neural Function

Structure and Function of the Nervous System 988(47)

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Structural Organization 989(1)

Central Nervous System 989(14)

Support and Protection of the Central Nervous System 989(5)

The Brain 994(7)

The Spinal Cord 1001(2)

Peripheral Nervous System 1003(4)

Cranial Nerves 1003(1)

Spinal Nerves 1004(3)

Autonomic Nervous System 1007(4)

Neuronal Structure and Function 1011(1)

Neurons and Supportive Cells 1011(3)

Neurons 1011(2)

Glia 1013(1)

Neuronal Communication 1014(8)

Membrane Potentials 1014(1)

Synaptic Transmission 1015(2)

Neurotransmitters 1017(4)

Neuronal Circuits 1021(1)

Neural Development, Aging, and Injury 1022(2)

Development 1022(1)

Aging 1022(1)

Injury 1023(1)

Sensory Function 1024(1)

Sensory Receptors 1025(1)

Sensory Pathways 1025(1)

Somatosensory Cortex 1026(1)

Motor Function 1026(1)

Motor Neurons 1027(1)

Spinal Reflexes 1028(1)

Central Control of Motor Function 1028(3)

Consciousness, Memory, and Sleep 1031(1)

Consciousness and Memory 1031(1)

Sleep 1031(4)

Acute Disorders of Brain Function 1035(29)

Angela R. Starkweather

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Mechanisms of Brain Injury 1036(9)

Ischemia and Hypoxia 1037(3)

Increased Intracranial Pressure 1040(5)

Manifestations of Brain Injury 1045(4)

Level of Consciousness 1045(1)

Glasgow Coma Scale 1046(1)

Cranial Nerve Reflexes 1047(1)

Brain Hemodynamics and Metabolism 1048(1)

Traumatic Brain Injury 1049(1)

Epidemiology 1049(1)

Types of Traumatic Brain Injury 1050(1)

Primary Injury 1050(2)

Intracranial Hematomas 1051(1)

Secondary Injury 1052(1)

Treatment 1053(1)

Cerebrovascular Disease and Stroke 1053(1)

Epidemiology 1053(1)

Ischemic Stroke 1054(1)

Hemorrhagic Stroke 1054(1)

Treatment 1055(1)

Stroke Sequelae 1056(2)

Motor and Sensory Deficits 1057(1)

Language Deficits 1058(1)

Cognitive Deficits 1058(1)

Cerebral Aneurysm and Arteriovenous Malformation 1058(2)

Cerebral Aneurysm 1059(1)

Arteriovenous Malformation 1060(1)

Central Nervous System Infections 1060(4)

Meningitis 1060(1)

Encephalitis 1061(1)

Brain Abscess 1062(2)

Chronic Disorders of Neurologic Function 1064(22)

Joni D. Nelsen-Marsh

Brain and Cerebellar Disorders 1065(11)

Seizure Disorder 1065(2)

Dementia 1067(4)

Parkinson Disease 1071(2)

Cerebral Palsy 1073(1)

Hydrocephalus 1073(2)

Cerebellar Disorders 1075(1)

Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Disorders 1076(10)

Multiple Sclerosis 1076(2)

Spina Bifida 1078(1)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 1079(1)

Spinal Cord Injury 1080(3)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome 1083(1)

Bell Palsy 1084(2)

Alterations in Special Sensory Function 1086(19)

Joni D. Nelsen-Marsh

Hearing and Balance 1087(1)

Structure and Function of the Ear 1087(2)

External Ear 1087(1)

Middle Ear 1088(1)

Inner Ear 1088(1)

Balance 1089(1)

Vertigo 1089(1)

General Manifestations of Hearing Impairment 1089(1)

Hearing Impairment Disorders 1089(3)

Conductive Hearing Impairment 1089(1)

Loss Caused by Cerumen Impaction and Foreign Body Occlusion 1089(1)

Otosclerosis 1090(1)

Sensorineural Hearing Impairment 1090(1)

Loss Caused by Ototoxic Medications 1090(1)

Loss Caused by Trauma 1090(1)

Presbycusis 1091(1)

Meniere Disease 1091(1)

Otitis Media 1092(1)

Acute Otitis Media 1092(1)

Chronic Otitis Media 1093(1)

Interventions for Individuals with Hearing Impairment 1093(1)

Vision 1094(1)

Structure of the Eye 1094(1)

Visual Pathways 1095(1)

General Manifestations of Visual Impairment 1096(1)

Disorders of the Eye 1096(5)

Errors of Refraction 1096(1)

Myopia, Hyperopia, Presbyopia, and Astigmatism 1096(1)

Age-Related Disorders 1097(1)

Strabismus 1097(1)

Amblyopia 1097(1)

Cataracts 1098(1)

Retinopathy 1098(1)

Retinal Detachment 1098(1)

Diabetic Retinopathy 1098(1)

Age-Related Macular Degeneration 1099(1)

Glaucoma 1099(1)

Open-Angle Glaucoma 1100(1)

Closed-Angle (Narrow-Angle) Glaucoma 1100(1)

Visual Field Deficits 1101(1)

Visual Field Loss 1101(1)

Interventions for Individuals with Vision Impairment 1101(4)

Smell and Taste 1103(1)

Disorders of Smell and Taste 1103(2)

Pain 1105(19)

Joni D. Nelsen-Marsh

Jacquelyn L. Banasik

Physiology of Pain 1106(6)

Transduction 1106(1)

Transmission 1107(2)

Perception 1109(1)

Modulation 1110(2)

Types of Pain 1112(1)

Acute Pain 1113(1)

Headache 1113(1)

Chronic Pain 1114(2)

Fibromyalgia Syndrome 1114(2)

Cancer-related Pain 1116(1)

Neuropathic Pain 1116(2)

Trigeminal Neuralgia 1117(1)

Diabetic Neuropathy 1117(1)

Postherpetic Neuralgia 1117(1)

Ischemic Pain 1118(1)

Referred Pain 1118(1)

Physiologic Responses to Pain 1119(1)

Pain in the Young and the Elderly 1119(1)

Treatment Modalities 1119(1)

Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Pain Management 1119(5)

Interrupting Peripheral Transmission of Pain 1120(1)

Modulating Pain Transmission at the Spinal Cord 1120(1)

Altering the Perception and Integration of Pain 1120(4)

Unit XIII Neuropsychological Function

Neurobiology of Psychotic Illnesses 1124(21)

Lee-Ellen C. Copstead

Patricia A. Garber

Schizophrenia 1124(10)

Delusional Disorder 1134(1)

Major Depression 1135(4)

Bipolar Disorder 1139(6)

Neurobiology of Nonpsychotic Illnesses 1145(15)

Lee-Ellen C. Copstead

Patricia A. Garber

Anxiety Disorders 1146(4)

Panic Disorder 1146(1)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder 1147(1)

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder 1148(2)

Personality Disorders 1150(3)

Borderline Personality Disorder 1150(2)

Antisocial Personality Disorder 1152(1)

Eating Disorders 1153(7)

Anorexia Nervosa 1154(6)

PART 8 Alterations in Movement and Support

Unit XIV Musculoskeletal Support and Movement

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System 1160(21)

Carol L. Danning

Structure and Function of Bone 1161(5)

Composition 1161(1)

Functional Properties 1162(1)

Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging 1163(3)

Structure and Function of Joints 1166(5)

Synarthroses 1167(1)

Diarthroses 1167(4)

Structure and Function of Articular Cartilage 1171(1)

Composition 1171(1)

Functional Properties 1171(1)

Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging 1171(1)

Structure and Function of Tendons and Ligaments 1172(1)

Composition 1172(1)

Functional Properties 1173(1)

Response to Injury, Stress, and Aging 1173(1)

Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle 1173(2)

Composition 1173(2)

Mechanics of Muscle Contraction 1175(6)

Sliding Filament Theory 1175(1)

Role of Calcium 1176(1)

Electromechanical Coupling 1176(1)

Types of Muscle Contraction 1177(1)

Mechanical Principles 1178(1)

Effects of Temperature Change 1178(1)

Effects of Fatigue 1178(1)

Response to Movement and Exercise 1178(3)

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Trauma, Infection, and Disease 1181(21)

Carol L. Danning

Bone and Joint Trauma 1182(5)

Types of Bone 1182(1)

Fracture 1182(4)

Dislocations and Subluxations 1186(1)

Alterations in Bone Mass and Structure 1187(2)

Scoliosis 1187(1)

Osteoporosis 1187(1)

Rickets and Osteomalacia 1188(1)

Paget Disease 1189(1)

Infections of the Bone 1189(2)

Osteomyelitis 1189(2)

Tuberculosis 1191(1)

Bone Tumors 1191(2)

Osteochondroma 1191(1)

Chondroma 1192(1)

Osteoid Osteoma 1192(1)

Giant Cell Tumor 1192(1)

Osteosarcoma 1192(1)

Chondrosarcoma 1193(1)

Ewing Sarcoma 1193(1)

Multiple Myeloma 1193(1)

Soft-Tissue Injuries 1193(1)

Inert Soft-tissue Injuries 1193(2)

Ligament Injuries 1193(1)

Joint Capsule Injuries 1194(1)

Internal Joint Derangement 1195(1)

Injuries to Fasciae and Bursae 1195(1)

Injuries to Nerves, Nerve Roots, or Dura Mater 1195(1)

Contractile Soft-tissue Injuries 1195(4)

Injury to Tendons 1195(1)

Muscle and Tendon Strains 1196(1)

Blunt Trauma 1196(1)

Compartment Syndrome 1196(1)

Evaluation of Contractile Injuries 1196(1)

Soft-Tissue Healing After Trauma 1196(3)

Diseases of Skeletal Muscle 1199(1)

Muscular Dystrophy 1199(1)

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy 1199(1)

Becker Muscular Dystrophy 1199(1)

Facioscapulohumeral Muscular Dystrophy 1199(1)

Other Disorders of Muscle 1199(1)

Myasthenia Gravis 1199(1)

Chronic Muscle Pain 1200(2)

Fibromyalgia Syndrome 1200(2)

Alterations in Musculoskeletal Function: Rheumatic Disorders 1202(18)

Carol L. Danning

Local Disorders of Joint Function 1203(3)

Osteoarthritis 1203(1)

Infectious Arthritis 1204(2)

Systemic Disorders of Joint Function 1206(7)

Immune-Mediated Disorders 1206(1)

Rheumatoid Arthritis 1206(3)

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 1209(1)

Scleroderma 1209(1)

Ankylosing Spondylitis 1210(1)

Polymyositis and Dermatomyositis 1211(1)

Postinfectious Systemic Disorders 1211(1)

Reactive Arthritis (Reiter's Syndrome) 1211(1)

Acute Rheumatic Fever 1212(1)

Postparasitic Disorders 1212(1)

Lyme Disease 1212(1)

Joint Dysfunction Secondary to Other Diseases 1213(3)

Psoriatic Arthritis 1213(1)

Enteropathic Arthritis 1213(1)

Neuropathic Osteoarthropathy 1214(1)

Hemophilic Arthropathy 1214(1)

Gout 1214(1)

Adult-Onset Still Disease 1215(1)

Pediatric Joint Disorders 1216(4)

Nonarticular Rheumatism 1216(1)

Hypermobility of Joints 1216(1)

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 1216(4)

Unit XV Integumentary System

Alterations in the Integumentary System 1220(41)

Lee-Ellen C. Copstead

Ruth E. Diestelmeier

Michael R. Diestelmeier

Age-related Changes 1221(1)

Epidermis 1222(1)

Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue 1222(1)

Appendages 1223(1)

Evaluation of the Integumentary System 1224(1)

Primary and Secondary Lesions 1224(1)

Lesion Descriptors 1225(1)

Selected Skin Disorders 1225(3)

Infectious Processes 1228(4)

Viral Infections 1228(1)

Verrucae 1228(1)

Herpes Simplex Virus 1228(1)

Herpes Zoster 1228(2)

Fungal Infections 1230(1)

Superficial Fungal Infections 1230(1)

Yeast Infections 1231(1)

Bacterial Infections 1231(1)

Impetigo 1231(1)

Syphilis 1232(1)

Leprosy 1232(1)

Inflammatory Conditions 1232(3)

Lupus Erythematosus 1232(1)

Seborrheic Dermatitis 1232(2)

Psoriasis 1234(1)

Lichen Planus 1234(1)

Pityriasis Rosea 1234(1)

Acne Vulgaris 1235(1)

Pemphigus 1235(1)

Allergic Skin Responses 1235(4)

Atopic Dermatitis 1235(1)

Contact Dermatitis 1236(1)

Drug Eruptions 1237(1)

Vasculitis 1238(1)

Parasitic Infestations 1239(2)

Scabies 1239(1)

Fleas 1239(1)

Lice 1239(1)

Chiggers 1240(1)

Bedbugs 1240(1)

Mosquitoes 1240(1)

Blood Flukes 1240(1)

Ticks 1241(1)

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 1241(1)

Lyme Disease 1241(1)

Other Disorders of the Dermis 1241(6)

Scleroderma 1241(1)

Sunburn and Photosensitivity 1242(1)

Ulcers 1242(2)

Altered Cell Growth 1244(1)

Tumors 1244(1)

Cancer 1244(1)

Pigmentation Alterations 1244(1)

Vitiligo 1244(1)

Albinism 1244(3)

Special Characteristics of Dark Skin 1247(2)

Integumentary Manifestations of Systemic Disease 1249(4)

Skin 1249(1)

Hair 1250(1)

Nails 1251(2)

Treatment Implications 1253(1)

Topical Treatment 1253(1)

Intralesional Injection 1254(1)

Selection of a Delivery System 1254(1)

Corticosteroids 1254(1)

Developmental Considerations 1254(1)

Infancy 1255(1)

Childhood Skin Disorders 1256(2)

Rubella 1256(1)

Roseola Infantum 1256(1)

Measles 1257(1)

Chickenpox 1257(1)

Scarlet Fever 1257(1)

Adolescence and Young Adulthood 1258(1)

Geriatric Considerations 1258(3)

Burn Injuries 1261(23)

Julio Bird

K. John Hartman

Nirav Patel

Thermal Injury 1262(18)

Etiology 1262(1)

Incidence and Mortality 1262(1)

Risk Factors 1262(1)

Integument Effects 1263(2)

Depth Classification 1265(2)

Extent of Injury 1267(1)

Severity Classification 1268(1)

Acute Management 1268(1)

Assessment 1269(1)

Burn Shock and Acute Resuscitation 1269(2)

Organ Dysfunction 1271(2)

Metabolic Changes 1273(1)

Cellular Changes 1273(1)

Immune Response 1274(1)

Elements of Burn Injury Survival 1274(4)

Rehabilitation Phase 1278(2)

Electrical Injury 1280(4)

Incidence and Mortality 1280(1)

Pathophysiology 1281(1)

Management and Complications 1281(3)
Appendix Clinical and Laboratory Values 1284(6)
Glossary 1290(33)
Index 1323