Table Of Contents:

List of Plates x

List of Figures xiv

List of Tables xxi
Contributors xxiv
Acknowledgements xxv
Abbreviations xxviii
Preface xxix
Summary/Resume/Zusammenfassung xxx

Chapter 1 Introduction 1(24)

I Abstract 1(7)

II Project Background 8(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Brian Ayers

Jez Reeve

Andy Shelley

III The Excavations 9(8)

Expectations and Realities 9(1)

Jez Reeve

Programme of Works 10(1)

Introduction 10(1)

Trial Work (Site 777N) 10(2)

Main Excavation (Site 777N) 12(1)

Watching Briefs (Site 777N) 13(1)

Golden Ball Street (Site 26496N) 14(1)

Castle Mound Redevelopment (Site 429N) 15(1)

Excavation Methodology and Site Recording 15(2)

Jez Reeve

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

IV Opportunities and Involvement 17(2)

Jez Reeve

Brian Ayers

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Visitors' Centre 17(1)

Special Events and Fund-Raising 18(1)

Media Coverage and Project Videos 18(1)

V Artefacts, Ecofacts and Sampling 19(1)

VI Analysis and Publication Methodologies 19(4)

Project Documentation 19(1)

Assessment and Analysis 20(1)

Publication 20(2)

Digital Research Archive 22(1)

VII Summary of Research Objectives 23(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Brian Ayers

Chapter 2 Archaeological and Historical Background 25(12)

I Antiquarians, Historians and Archaeologists 25(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Margot Tillyard

II Cartographic and Pictorial Evidence 27(2)

Maps, Plans and Views 28(1)

Norwich Castle Seals 28(1)

Paintings and Other Artwork 28(1)

Photographs 29(1)

III Summary of Previous Excavations and Observations 29(8)

Introduction 29(1)

Norwich Castle 30(1)

Norwich Castle Donjon 30(1)

Castle Mound and Ditch 30(2)

The Castle Bridge 32(1)

Other Sites Within the Castle Precinct 32(2)

Cemeteries Beneath/Within the Castle's Defences 34(1)

Sites Around the Castle Precinct 34(1)

Sites to the East 34(1)

Sites to the South 34(1)

The Great Cockey Valley and Sites to the West 35(1)

Pottery Manufacture and Sites to the North-West 35(2)

Chapter 3 The Natural Landscape and Early Activity 37(11)

I Geology and Topography of Central Norwich 37(4)

Overview 37(1)

The Great Cockey Stream 37(4)

II Geology and Topography of the Site 41(3)

The Ber Street Ridge 41(3)

Swallow Holes 44(1)

III Prehistoric and Roman 44(4)

Prehistoric 44(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Trevor Ashwin

Roman 46(2)

Chapter 4 The Anglo-Saxon Period (5th century to c. 1067-70) 48(236)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 48(5)

Early Saxon (5th century to c.650) 48(1)

Middle Saxon (c.650-c.850) 48(1)

Viking and Late Saxon (c.850-c.1067-70) 49(4)

II Archaeological Sequence 53(89)

Period 1.1 The Earliest Anglo-Saxon Activity (5th to 9th century) 53(1)

Summary 53(1)

Linear Hollows 53(13)

Cemeteries 66

Period 1.2 Anglo-Saxon Settlement (late 9th to early 11th century) 63(1)

Summary 63(1)

Activities to the West of the Site 63(2)

Plot(s) to the East of Hollow 1 65(4)

Plot(s) Beneath Cemetery 3 69(1)

Yard/Open Area Between Building 1 and Building 11 70(1)

Pottery Manufacture and Adjacent ?Structure 70(5)

Yard Relating to Building 11 75(1)

?Yard 76(1)

Building and ?Associated Pits 76(7)

Early Fills of Hollow 2 83(1)

Plot to the East of Hollow 1 and South of Hollow 2 83(2)

Plots to the North-East 85(4)

Period 1.3 Anglo-Saxon Settlement (11th century) 89(1)

Summary 89(1)

Activity to the South 89(2)

Activity Within Hollow 1 91(2)

Plots to the East of Hollow 1 93(3)

Cemetery 3 (Farmer's Avenue: late 9th to mid 11th century) 96(5)

Plots to the North of Cemetery 3 101(4)

Plot to the East of Cemetery 3 105(3)

Plot to the North of Open Area 13 108(2)

Plots to the Far North 110(7)

Period 1.4 Pre- or Post-Conquest Activity (mid to late 11th century) 117(1)

Summary 117(4)

Activities to the South 121(1)

Cemetery 4 St John at the Castle Gate (later de Berstrete, now St John the Baptist, Timberhill: late 10th to mid 11th century) 122(7)

Cemetery Boundary Marker 129(1)

Plots Fronting onto a Road to the West (later Berstrete) 130(4)

Central Area (features pre-dating the south bailey defences) 134(4)

Pits Associated with Building 25 138(1)

Plots to the North 139(3)

III Finds 142(38)

Introduction 142(1)

Dress Accessories and Personal Possessions 142(1)

Dress Fittings 142(5)

Textiles, by Elisabeth Crowfoot and Penelope Walton Rogers 147(1)

Personal Possessions 147(1)

Furnishings and Household Equipment 148(13)

Archaeomagnetic Dating 161

Neil Linford

Pottery 148(13)

Irena Lentowicz

Archaeomagnetic dating 161(1)

Neil Linford

Implements 162(3)

Furniture Fittings 165(1)

Miscellaneous Fittings 165(1)

Buildings 165(1)

Structural Ironwork 165(1)

Quita Mould

Door and Window Fittings 166(1)

Quita Mould

Ceramic Building Materials 167(2)

Irena Lentowicz

Richard Kemp

Occupations, Industry and Crafts 169(1)

Metalworking 169(2)

Textile Manufacture and Needlework 171(2)

Leatherworking 173(2)

Antler- and Hornworking 175(1)

Whetstones 176(1)

J.M. Mills

D.T. Moore

Quems 177(1)

David Buckley

Commercial Activity 177(1)

Diversions 178(1)

Games and Pastimes 178(1)

Julia Huddle

Horse Equipment 178(1)

Weapons and Armour 179(1)

Quita Mould

Coffins and Coffin Fittings 180(1)

Stone Coffin 180(1)

Steven Ashley

Coffin Fittings 180(1)

Quita Mould

IV Zoological and Botanical Evidence 180(12)

Mammal and Bird Bone 180(1)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jacqui Mulville

Assemblage Summary 180(1)

Spatial Analysis 180(5)

Pigs 185(1)

?Norman Introductions 185(1)

Hunting 185(1)

Fish Bone 185(2)

Alison Locker

Plant Macrofossils 187(1)

Peter Murphy

Charred Plant Remains from Buildings 187(3)

Plant Macrofossils from Other Late Saxon Features 190(1)

Invertebrates 191(1)

Mark Robinson

Arthropods 191(1)

Land and Freshwater Molluscs 191(1)

Charcoal 192(1)

Rowena Gale

V Human Bone 192(62)

Introduction 192(1)

Cemetery 2 ?Middle Saxon 192(1)

Sue Anderson

Sue Black

Summary 192(1)

Introduction 192(1)

Demographic Analysis 193(1)

Pathology 193(1)

Discussion 193(1)

Forensic Comment 193(1)

Cemetery 3 Late Saxon (Farmer's Avenue) 194(1)

Sue Anderson

Summary 194(1)

Introduction 194(3)

Demographic Analysis 197(2)

Metrical and Morphological Analysis 199(3)

Dental Analysis 202(4)

Pathology 206(7)

Discussion 213(2)

Cemeteries 1 and 4 St John at the Castle Gate (later de Berstrete, now St John the Baptist, Timberhill) 215(1)

Sue Anderson

Summary 215(1)

Introduction 215(1)

Demographic Analysis 216(1)

Metrical and Morphological Analysis 217(2)

Dental Analysis 219(4)

Pathology 223(12)

Discussion 235(2)

Radiocarbon Dating 237(1)

Alex Bayliss

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Gordon Cook

Christopher Bronk Ramsey

Nancy Beavan-Athfield

Introduction 237(1)

Sampling 237(1)

Radiocarbon Analysis and Quality Assurance 237(1)

The Results 238(3)

Analysis and Interpretation 241(6)

Conclusions 247(1)

Review of Radiocarbon Dates from Site 416N 247(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Alex Bayliss

DNA Analysis 248(1)

Ana Topf

Introduction 248(1)

Methods 248(4)

Results 252(1)

Discussion 252(1)

Addenda 253(1)

DNA: Romani Mitochondrial Haplotype 253(1)

Ana Topf

Rus Hoelzel

Ancient DNA Analysis of Lepromatous Leprosy 254(1)

Claire Watson

VI Discussion 254(30)

Early Saxon (5th century to c.650) 254(1)

Middle Saxon (c.650-850) 255(2)

Viking and Late Saxon (c.850-c.1067-70) 257(1)

Anglo-Scandinavian Norwich and Viking Influence 257(1)

The Late Saxon Town 258(1)

Settlement Boundary 258(4)

Street Pattern 262(2)

Churches and Cemeteries 264(11)

Buildings 275(3)

Minor Gullies 278(1)

Pitting and Refuse Disposal 278(3)

Craft, Economy and Daily Life 281(1)

Conclusions 282(2)

Chapter 5 Norman Conquest (c. 1067-70 to 1094/early 12th century) 284(87)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 284(9)

Early Norman Norwich 284(3)

Documented Impact of Castle Construction 287(1)

The First Motte and Donjon 287(1)

Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

The Castle Fee and its Boundary 288(1)

The Castle Earthworks 289(1)

The Events of 1075 and 1088 289(1)

Margot Tillyard

The French Borough and New Market 290(3)

II Archaeological Sequence 293(38)

Period 2.1 Conquest (c.1067-c.1094) 293(1)

Summary 293(1)

Reduction of Cemetery 4 (St John at the Castle Gate/de Berstrete) 293(1)

The Motte and its Ditch 293(1)

The ?Castle Fee Ditch 293(4)

Inner `South Bailey' Ditch 297(1)

Deposits and Pits within the Castle Fee/South Bailey 297(15)

Period 2.2 Alterations to the Defences (c. 1067-1094/early 12th century) 312(1)

Summary 312(1)

The ?Castle Fee Ditch 312(5)

?Inner Bailey Ditch 317(1)

Ditches Defending Motte Bridge Landing 318(3)

Crescentic Ditches Defending Bridge Landing 321(3)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Bridge Across Inner Bailey Ditch and Possible Timber Gate 324(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Consolidation Dumps and Other Activities Within the South Bailey 324(5)

The North-East Bailey (Castle Meadow) 329(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

III Finds 331(19)

Introduction 331(1)

Dress Accessories and Personal Possessions 331(1)

Dress Fittings 331(1)

Belt Fittings 332(1)

Personal Possessions 332(1)

Furnishings and Household Equipment 333(1)

Fittings 333(1)

Pottery 333(10)

Irena Lentowicz

Implements 343(1)

Miscellaneous Fittings 344(1)

Buildings 344(1)

Structural Ironwork 344(1)

Quita Mould

Locks and Keys 345(1)

Quita Mould

Ceramic Building Materials 345(1)

Irena Lentowicz

Richard Kemp

Miscellaneous 346(1)

Occupations, Industry and Crafts 346(1)

Metalworking 346(1)

Textile Manufacture and Needlework 346(1)

Leather- or Woodworking 347(1)

Antlerworking 347(1)

Julia Huddle

Bone- and Hornworking 347(1)

Julia Huddle

Whetstones 348(1)

J.M. Mills

D.T. Moore

Querns 348(1)

David Buckley

Miscellaneous Tools 349(1)

Commercial Activity 349(1)

John Davies

Diversions 349(1)

Games and Pastimes 349(1)

Julia Huddle

Horse Equipment 350(1)

IV Zoological and Botanical Evidence Mammal and Bird Bone 350(4)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jacqui Mulville

Assemblage Summary 350(1)

Status 350(1)

Refuse Disposal 351(1)

Craft Waste 351(1)

Fish Bone 351(3)

Alison Locker

Plant Macrofossils 354(1)

Peter Murphy

V Discussion 354(17)

Selection of the Castle Site and Inherited Topography 354(1)

Alterations to Street Pattern 355(3)

Destruction of Properties 358(1)

Churches and Cemeteries 358(1)

The First Castle 359(1)

The Castle Fee 360(4)

The Defensive Layout 364(2)

Access 366(1)

Bailey Usage and Castle Life 366(3)

Artefactual/Ecofactual Indications of Cultural Change? 369(1)

Conclusions 370(1)

Chapter 6 Norman Castle and City (c.1094 to 12th century) 371(88)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 371(12)

Norman Norwich 371(2)

The 12th-Century Castle 373(1)

Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Introduction 373(1)

Military Functions 374(1)

Administrative Functions 375(1)

Residential Functions 376(1)

The New Donjon and its Surrounding Earthworks 377(6)

II Archaeological Sequence 383(48)

Period 3.1 Masonry Defences and Contemporary Activity (c.1094 to c. 1121-22) 383(1)

Summary 383(1)

The Donjon 383(1)

The Motte and its Ditch 383(9)

Castle Bridge 392(1)

Gatehouses Associated with the Castle Bridge 393(6)

`Inner' Bailey 399(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Masonry Well 400(7)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

The South Bailey 407(9)

The ?Castle Fee Boundary 416(1)

Feature within ?Inner Bailey Ditch 417(1)

The North-East Bailey (Castle Meadow) 417(4)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

Period 3.2 Norman Fills of Castle Ditches and Contemporary Activity (12th century) 421(1)

Summary 421(1)

The Motte 421(1)

Inner Bailey ?Courtyard 421(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

The South Bailey 423(1)

The ?Castle Fee Ditch 424(2)

The North-East Bailey (Castle Meadow) 426(3)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

City Activity: Properties on the Durnedale (later Berstrete/Timberhill) Frontage 429(2)

III Finds 431(12)

Introduction 431(1)

Dress Accessories and Personal Possessions 431(1)

Dress Fittings 431(1)

Belt Fittings 432(1)

Quita Mould

Personal Possessions 432(1)

Textiles 432(1)

Elisabeth Crowfoot

Furnishings and Household Equipment 432(1)

Pottery 432(1)

Irena Lentowicz

Fittings 432(6)

Buildings 438(1)

Architectural Stone 438(1)

Stephen Heywood

Structural Ironwork 438(1)

Quita Mould

Door and Window Fittings, Glass and Cames 438(1)

David King

Quita Mould

Ceramic Building Materials 439(1)

Irena Lentowicz

Richard Kemp

Occupations, Industry and Crafts 440(1)

Metalworking 440(1)

Stoneworking 441(1)

Textile Working 441(1)

Julia Huddle

Leatherworking 441(1)

Antlerworking 441(1)

Julia Huddle

Bone- and Hornworking 441(1)

Julia Huddle

Querns 441(1)

David Buckley

Diversions 441(1)

Games and Pastimes 441(1)

Horse Equipment 442(1)

Quita Mould

IV Zoological, Botanical and Micromorphological Evidence 443(2)

Mammal and Bird Bone 443(1)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jacqui Mulville

Fish Bone 443(1)

Alison Locker

Plant Macrofossils, Molluses and Invertebrates 444(1)

Peter Murphy

Mark Robinson

Micromorphology 445(1)

Richard MacPhail

V Discussion 445(14)

The Norman Castle 445(1)

The Enlarged Motte 445(1)

The King's Bridge 446(1)

Gates Associated with the Bridge 447(1)

Inner Bailey 447(6)

The South Bailey 453(1)

The Castle Fee Boundary 454(1)

The North-East Bailey (Castle Meadow) 454(1)

Access 455(1)

Bailey Usage 455(2)

Indications of Status? 457(1)

The Norman City 457(1)

Development of Street Pattern 457(1)

Tenements 457(1)

Churches and Cemeteries 458(1)

Conclusions 458(1)

Chapter 7 Castle and City before c.1345 459(82)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 459(19)

Norwich Before c. 1345 459(1)

The Castle Before c.1345 460(1)

Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Introduction 460(1)

Military Functions 461(3)

Administrative Functions 464(1)

Residential Functions 465(1)

The City Before c.1345 465(1)

Streets and Lanes 465(7)

The Great Cockey 472(1)

Tenement Development and Properties within the Castle Fee 472(4)

Margot Tillyard

Craft and Industry at the Edge of the Castle Fee 476(1)

Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Parishes, Churches and Cemeteries 476(2)

II Archaeological Sequence 478(28)

Period 4.1 Medieval (late 12th to 13th century) 478(1)

Summary 478(1)

Inner Bailey Courtyard 479(1)

The South Bailey 479(1)

The Castle Fee Boundary 480(1)

The North-East Bailey (Castle Meadow) 480(4)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

The City: Properties Fronting Berstrete (later Timberhill) 484(1)

Period 4.2 Medieval (13th century to c.1345) 484(1)

Summary 484(2)

Curtain Wall Around the Top of the Motte 486(1)

The Motte Ditch 486(1)

The North-East Bailey (Castle Meadow) 486(3)

The Barbican and its Defences 489(11)

The Shirehouse and its Yard 500(1)

The South Bailey 501(2)

Encroachment into the South Bailey 503(1)

The City: Properties Along the Durnedale/Berstrete (later Timberhill) frontage 503(3)

III Finds 506(20)

Introduction 506(1)

Dress Accessories and Personal Possessions 506(1)

Dress Fittings 506(2)

Belt Fittings 508(1)

Personal Possessions 509(1)

Textiles 510(1)

Elisabeth Crowfoot

Furnishings and Household Equipment 510(1)

Lighting 510(1)

Pottery 510(7)

Irena Lentowicz

Glass Vessel 517(1)

John Shepherd

Implements 517(1)

Miscellaneous Fittings 517(1)

Buildings 518(1)

Structural Ironwork 518(1)

Quita Mould

Locks and Keys 518(1)

Quita Mould

Window Glass and Cames 518(1)

David King

Ceramic Building Materials 519(1)

Irena Lentowicz

Richard Kemp

Occupations, Industry and Crafts 520(1)

Metalworking 520(1)

Antler- and Hornworking 521(1)

Fishing Equipment 521(1)

Mortars 521(2)

J.M. Mills

Paul C. Ensom

Whetstones 523(1)

J.M. Mills

David Moore

Querns 523(1)

David Buckley

Commercial Activity 523(1)

John Davies

Diversions 523(1)

Musical Instruments 523(1)

Gaming Piece 524(2)

Julia Huddle

Horse Equipment 526(1)

Quita Mould

Weapons and Armour 526(1)

IV Zoological and Botanical Evidence 526(3)

Mammal and Bird Bone 526(2)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jacqui Mulville

Fish Bone 528(1)

Alison Locker

Plant Macrofossils 529(1)

Peter Murphy

V Discussion 529(12)

The Castle Before c. 1345 529(1)

New Ditchwork 529(3)

New Masonry and Brick Structures 532(2)

The Decline of the South Bailey 534(1)

The Shirehouse 534(2)

The Castle Fee Boundary, Administration and Status 536(1)

Access 536(1)

Bailey Usage 536(1)

The City 537(1)

The Great Cockey 537(1)

Development of Properties and Street Pattern 537(2)

Craft Activities and Daily Life 539(1)

Churches and Cemeteries 540(1)

Conclusions 540(1)

List of Plates ix

List of Figures xi

List of Tables xvii
Contributors xx
Abbreviations xxii

Chapter 8 Castle Decline and City Encroachment (c.1345 to mid/late 16th century) 541(113)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 541(15)

Norwich After c.1345 541(2)

The 1345 Handover and the Castle Fee 543(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Margot Tillyard

Rebellions 543(1)

Margot Tillyard

The Castle After c. 1345 544(1)

Margot Tillyard

Buildings 544(1)

Ditches and Baileys 545(1)

The Shirehouse 545(1)

The City After c. 1345 546(1)

Streets and Lanes 546(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Margot Tillyard

The Great Cockey 548(1)

Tenement Development and the Castle Fee 548(6)

Margot Tillyard

Occupations, Craft and Industry Within the Castle Fee 554(1)

Churches and Cemeteries 555(1)

II Archaeological Sequence 556(45)

Period 5.1 Late Medieval/Transitional (c.1345 to 15th century) 556(1)

Summary 556(1)

The Decline of the Barbican 556(1)

The Barbican Courtyard 556(7)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

The Barbican Ditch 563(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

The Shirehouse and its Yard 563(1)

City Encroachment 564(1)

Castle Fee Properties in Block I (east of castle approach) 564(4)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

Castle Fee Properties in Block II (west of castle approach) 568(3)

City Properties in Block II (west of castle approach) 571(14)

Period 5.2 Late Medieval/Transitional (mid/ late 15th to mid/late 16th century) 585(1)

Summary 585(1)

The Decline of the Barbican 585(1)

The Barbican Well 585(1)

Barbican Ditch: Infilling 585(1)

City Encroachment 585(1)

Castle Fee Properties in Block I (east of castle approach) 585(5)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

Castle Fee Properties in Block II (west of castle approach) 590(6)

City Properties in Block II 596(5)

III Finds 601(35)

Introduction 601(1)

Dress Accessories and Personal Possessions 602(1)

Dress Fittings 602(3)

Personal Possessions 605(2)

Furnishings and Household Equipment 607(1)

Lighting 607(1)

Pottery 608(11)

Irena Lentowicz

Glass Vessels 619(1)

John Shepherd

Copper Alloy Vessels 620(1)

Alison Goodall

Iron Vessels 620(1)

Quita Mould

Implements 620(2)

Miscellaneous Fittings 622(1)

Unclassified 623(1)

Buildings 623(1)

Structural Metalwork 623(1)

Locks and Keys 624(1)

Quita Mould

Window Glass and Cames 624(1)

David King

Ceramic Building Materials 624(2)

Irena Lentowicz

Richard Kemp

Occupations, Industry and Crafts 626(1)

Metalworking 626(4)

Woodworking 630(1)

Textile Manufacture and Needlework 630(2)

?Leatherworking 632(1)

Antlerworking 632(1)

Julia Huddle

Hornworking 632(1)

Umberto Albarella

Boneworking 633(1)

Julia Huddle

Whetstones 633(1)

J.M. Mills

D.T. Moore

Querns 633(1)

David Buckley

Commercial Activity 633(1)

Diversions 634(1)

Horse Equipment 634(1)

Quita Mould

Weapons and Armour 635(1)

Quita Mould

IV Zoological and Botanical Evidence 636(5)

Mammal and Bird Bone 636(1)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jacqui Mulville

Assemblage Summary 636(1)

Refuse Disposal 636(1)

Craft Waste 636(1)

Comparison with Barbican Well Assemblage 637(1)

General Comments 637(1)

Fish Bone 637(1)

Alison Locker

Plant Macrofossils and Arthropods 638(1)

Peter Murphy

Mark Robinson

Industrial/Refuse Pits 638(1)

Cess Pits 639(1)

Other Pits 640(1)

Charcoal 640(1)

Rowena Gale

V Discussion 641(13)

Introduction 641(1)

The Decline of the Castle Defences 641(1)

Quarrying and Robbing 641(4)

The City 645(1)

Street Pattern 645(1)

The Great Cockey 645(1)

Tenement Development 645(5)

Daily Life 650(1)

Crafts and Occupations 650(3)

Environment 653(1)

Parishes, Churches and Cemeteries 653(1)

Conclusions 653(1)

Chapter 9 The Barbican Well Assemblage (late 14th to early 16th century) 654(92)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 654(6)

The Norwich Context 654(2)

Documented Trades and Industries Around Norwich Castle c.1397-c.1530 656(1)

Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Introduction 656(1)

Metalworking 656(2)

Fletching and Bow-Making 658(1)

Spurriers 658(1)

Butchery and Leatherworking 658(1)

Clothing, Textiles, Silkworking and Embroidery 658(2)

Building Trades 660(1)

Food and Provisions 660(1)

II Archaeological Sequence 660(6)

Summary 660(1)

Lower Fills (Period 5.1) 661(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Upper Fills (Period 5.2) 663(3)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

III Finds 666(56)

Introduction 666(2)

Dress Accessories and Personal Possessions 668(1)

Dress Fittings 668(9)

Personal Possessions 677(1)

Textiles 678(3)

Elizabeth Crowfoot

Penelope Walton Rogers

Peter Collingwood

Furnishings and Household Equipment 681(1)

Furniture Fittings 681(6)

Lighting 687(1)

Quita Mould

Pottery 687(2)

Irena Lentowicz

Anthony Thwaite

Glass Vessels 689(2)

John Shepherd

Copper Alloy Vessels 691(1)

Alison Goodall

Wooden vessels 691(1)

Quita Mould

Implements 691(5)

Miscellaneous Equipment 696(1)

Alison Goodall

Buildings 696(1)

Structural Metalwork 696(1)

Door and Window Fittings 697(1)

Lock Furniture and Keys 697(2)

Window Glass and Cames 699(1)

David King

Ceramic Building Material 700(1)

Irena Lentowicz

Richard Kemp

Architectural Stone 700(1)

Stephen Heywood

Painted Mortar Fragments 700(1)

Andrea Kirkham

Miscellaneous Iron Fittings 700(1)

Quita Mould

Occupations, Industry and Crafts 701(1)

Metalworking 701(4)

Woodworking 705(1)

Quita Mould

Textile Manufacture and Needlework 705(1)

Leather working 706(1)

Quita Mould

Antlerworking 707(1)

Julia Huddle

Homworking 707(1)

Julia Huddle

Horticultural and Agricultural Tools 708(1)

Quita Mould

Whetstones 708(1)

J.M. Mills

David Moore

Querns 709(1)

David Buckley

Commercial Activity 710(1)

Diversions 711(1)

Musical Instruments 711(1)

Games and Pastimes 711(1)

Horse Equipment 712(5)

Weapons and Armour 717(5)

IV Zoological and Botanical Evidence 722(15)

Mammal and Bird Bone 722(1)

Marta Moreno Garcia

Introduction 722(1)

General Quantification 722(1)

Assemblage Composition 722(10)

Discussion 732(1)

Fish Bone 733(2)

Alison Locker

Plant Macrofossils 735(1)

Peter Murphy

Sampling and Analysis 735(1)

Hydrology and Macrofossil Preservation 735(1)

Plant Macrofossils 736(1)

Terrestrial Arthropods 736(1)

Mark Robinson

Molluscs and Marine Crustaceans 736(1)

Peter Murphy

V Human Bone 737(1)

Sue Anderson

VI Discussion 737(9)

Rate and Date of Deposition 737(1)

Sources of Waste and Depositional Processes 738(1)

Crafts and Occupations 739(1)

Metalworking 739(1)

Spurs and Associated Waste 739(1)

Butchery, Skinning, Leatherworking and Associated Crafts 740(1)

Fletching and/or Quill Dressing 740(1)

Textiles and Needlework 741(1)

Trade and Commerce 741(1)

People and Possessions 741(1)

Dress and Personal Possessions 741(1)

Food and Kitchen Equipment 742(1)

Furnishings and Buildings 743(1)

Military Items, Hunting and Horse Equipment 743(1)

Games and Pastimes 744(1)

Local Environment 744(1)

Comparisons with Other Assemblages 744(1)

Conclusions 745(1)

Chapter 10 The Second City (late 16th to 18th century) 746(175)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 746(12)

Post-Medieval Norwich 746(3)

The Post-Medieval 749(1)

Castle Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Antiquarians and Map Makers 749(2)

The Keep 751(1)

The Castle Mound and Ditch 751(1)

The Castle Bridge 751(1)

The Shirehousc and the Minor Prisons 752(1)

The Post-Medieval City 753(1)

Activities in the Baileys 753(1)

Margot Tillyard

Streets and Lanes 754(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Margot Tillyard

The Great Cockey 756(1)

Tenement Development 756(2)

Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Parishes, Churches and Cemeteries 758(1)

II Archaeological Sequence 758(54)

Period 6.1 Post-Medieval (late 16th century toe. 1650) 758(1)

Summary 758(1)

The Decline of the Castle Defences 758(1)

The Motte Ditch 758(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

The Barbican 760(8)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Niall Donald

City Encroachment 768(1)

Properties in Block I (east of castle approach) 768(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

Properties in Block I (west of castle approach) 768(10)

Period 6.2 Post-medieval (c.1650 to c.1738) 778(1)

Summary 778(1)

Burials on the Castle Mound 778(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Quarrying within the Barbican 780(8)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Barbican ditch: infilling 788(7)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Niall Donald

The Early Cattle Market 795(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Block I St Michael at Thorn (formerly St Martin-in-Balliva) 795(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

Block II St John the Baptist, Timberhill 797(6)

Period 6.3 The Unified Cattle Market and Contemporary Activity (c. 1738-c. 1800) 803(1)

Summary 803(1)

The Motte and its Ditch 803(1)

Barbican Ditch: Infilling 803(3)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Niall Donald

Infilling of the Quarry within the Barbican 806(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Removal of Barbican Rampart and Insertion of ? Path 807(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

Tenements along Eastern Edge of Barbican Ditch 808(1)

The Cattle Market (1738) 808(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Block I St Michael at Thorn (formerly St Martin-in-Balliva) 808(1)

Block II St John the Baptist, Timberhill 808(4)

III Finds 812(81)

Introduction 812(1)

Dress Accessories and Personal Possessions 813(1)

Dress Fittings 813(5)

Personal Possessions 818(7)

Textiles 825(2)

Elisabeth Crowfoot

Penelope Walton Rogers

Leather Shoes and Clothing 827(6)

Quita Mould

Furnishings and Household Equipment 833(1)

Pottery 833(17)

Irena Lentowicz

Glass Vessels 850(7)

John Shepherd

Copper Alloy Vessels 857(1)

Alison Goodall

Iron Vessels 857(1)

Quita Mould

Wooden Vessels 857(1)

Julia Huddle

Quita Mould

Pewter Vessels 858(1)

Julia Huddle

Implements 858(5)

Hearth Equipment 863(1)

Quita Mould

Book Fittings 863(2)

Alison Goodall

Miscellaneous Equipment 865(1)

Buildings 865(1)

Structural Ironwork 865(1)

Quita Mould

Door and Window Fittings 865(1)

Locks and Keys 866(1)

Quita Mould

Window Glass and Cames 866(2)

David King

Ceramic Building Materials 868(3)

Irena Lentowicz

Richard Kemp

Decorative Wall Plaster 871(1)

Andrea Kirkham

Lead Mount 872(1)

Julia Huddle

Occupations, Industry and Crafts 872(1)

Pipe Kiln Material 872(1)

Alan Peacey

Window Glazing 873(1)

David King

Metalworking 874(2)

Wood working 876(1)

Quita Mould

Textile Manufacture and Needlework 876(2)

Leather working 878(1)

Quita Mould

Antlerworking 878(1)

Julia Huddle

Hornworking 879(1)

Umberto Albarella

Boneworking 880(2)

Julia Huddle

Ivoryworking 882(1)

Ian Riddler

Horticultural and Agricultural Tools 882(1)

Quita Mould

Mortars 883(1)

Whetstones 883(1)

J.M. Mills

D.T. Moore

Querns 883(1)

David Buckley

Commercial Activity 883(2)

Diversions 885(1)

Games and Pastimes 885(3)

Hunting 888(1)

Horse Equipment 889(3)

Weapons and Armour 892(1)

Unclassified 893(1)

IV Zoological and Botanical Evidence 893(5)

Mammal and Bird Bone 893(1)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jaqcui Mulville

Assemblage Summary 893(1)

Refuse Disposal 893(2)

Craft Waste 895(1)

Dogs 895(1)

Foreign Contacts 896(1)

Diet, Economy and the Agricultural Revolution 896(1)

Fish Bone 896(1)

Alison Locker

Plant Macrofossils 897(1)

Peter Murphy

Malting Oven/Kiln 897(1)

Latrine and Sewage Deposits 897(1)

Invertebrates 897(1)

Mark Robinson

V Human Bone 898(2)

Sue Anderson

Cemetery 5: Prison Burials (mid to late 17th century) 898(1)

Summary 898(1)

Method 898(1)

Number of Individuals 898(1)

Condition 898(1)

Demographic Analysis 898(1)

Metrical and Morphological Analysis 898(1)

Pathology 899(1)

Discussion 900(1)

VI Discussion 900(21)

Introduction 900(1)

Norwich Prisons and Prisoners 900(4)

The Decline of the Castle Defences 904(1)

`Digging' within the Barbican 904(1)

Quarrying 904(2)

Robbing, Demolition and Collapse of Masonry Structures 906(1)

Levelling of the Barbican Rampart 906(1)

The City 907(1)

Street Pattern and Paths 907(1)

The Cattle Market 907(1)

Tenement Development 908(3)

People and Possessions 911(4)

Crafts and Occupations 915(3)

Local Environment 918(1)

Foreign Contacts 918(1)

Public Houses and Inns 919(1)

Parishes, Churches and Cemeteries 919(1)

Conclusions 919(2)

Chapter 11 Cattle Market to Castle Mall (19th to 20th century) 921(37)

I Archaeological, Historical and Documentary Background 921(23)

Modern Norwich 921(1)

The Modern Castle 922(1)

The Keep, Castle Mound and Bridge 922(1)

Margot Tillyard

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

The Shirehall and Shirehall Chambers 923(2)

The Modern City 925(1)

Streets and Lanes 925(4)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Margot Tillyard

Activities in the Baileys 929(1)

Margot Tillyard

The Cattle Market 930(8)

Margot Tillyard

Buildings Around the Cattle Market 938(5)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Margot Tillyard

Second World War Air Raid Shelters 943(1)

Margot Tillyard

Endings and Beginnings 944(1)

Margot Tillyard

II Archaeological Sequence 944(6)

Period 7.1 Early Modern (1800-1862) 944(1)

Summary 944(1)

The Castle Mound and Bridge 945(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Block I St Michael at Thorn (formerly St Martin-in-Balliva) 945(2)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Niall Donald

Block II St John the Baptist, Timberhill 947(1)

The Cattle Market 948(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Niall Donald

Period 7.2 Modern (1862-1987) 949(1)

Summary 949(1)

Road Improvements 949(1)

The Post-1862 Cattle Market 949(1)

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

The Castle Gardens 950(1)

The Air Raid Shelters 950(1)

Modern Buildings and Services 950(1)

III Discussion 950(8)

Introduction 950(1)

The Modern Castle 951(1)

The Keep: Norwich Prison and Prisoners 951(1)

The Bridge, the Mound and Remnants of Other Defences 951(1)

The Shirehall 951(1)

The Modern City 951(1)

Streets, Paths, Alleys and Yards 951(2)

The Cattle Market 953(1)

Tenements and Public Houses 954(1)

People 955(1)

Occupations 955(1)

Local Environment 955(1)

Parishes, Churches and Cemeteries 955(1)

Conflict and War 955(1)

The Castle Mall Shopping Centre 955(1)

Conclusions 956(2)

Chapter 12 The Changing Castle 958(36)

I Introduction 958(1)

II The Local Context 959(5)

Site Selection 959(2)

Castle and City 961(2)

Castle and Ecclesiastical Landscape 963(1)

III The East Anglian Context 964(3)

IV The Norman Context 967(3)

V Antiquarians, Historians and Archaeologists 970(1)

VI Overview: Norwich Castle and its Fee 970(21)

The Defensive Sequence 970(1)

The Timber Castle (c.1067-70 to c.1094) 971(3)

The Stone Castle (c.1094 to c.1200) 974(2)

The 13th-century Castle 976(1)

The 14th Century and Beyond 976(1)

The Castle Fee 977(3)

The Motte 980(1)

Wards, Baileys and Enclosures 981(1)

Overview 981(1)

The Upper Bailey 981(1)

The South Bailey 982(1)

The Inner Bailey/Barbican 982(1)

The Castle Meadow (North-East Bailey) 983(1)

Ditches and Ramparts 983(1)

Comparisons of Scale 983(1)

Wet or Dry Ditches? 984(1)

Ground Preparation and Marking Out 985(1)

Ditch Chronologies 985(1)

Ramparts 985(3)

Palisades and Walls 988(1)

Well 988(1)

Approach Roads, Gates and Bridges 988(1)

Labour and Materials 989(1)

Workforce 989(1)

Raw Materials 990(1)

Motte Construction 990(1)

Ditchwork 991(1)

VII Castle Life 991(2)

VIII Conclusions 993(1)

Chapter 13 Trade, Industry, Technology and Economy 994(60)

I Introduction 994(1)

II Environment and Economy: Patterns of Provisioning and Diet 994(29)

Introduction 994(1)

Mammal and Bird Bone at Castle Mall 995(1)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jacqui Mulville

Summary 995(1)

Species Present 995(1)

The Occurence and Relative Importance of Different Species Over Time 996(7)

Environment and Economy at Castle Mall: the Evidence of the Animal Bones 1003(1)

Food Provision 1003(2)

Diet 1005(1)

Status 1005(1)

Use of Space and Disposal Practices 1005(1)

Animal Economy and the Agricultural Revolution: the Castle Mall Contribution 1006(1)

The Barbican Well Assemblage 1007(1)

Marta Moreno Garcia

The Mammal, Bird and Fish Bone from Golden Ball Street 1008(1)

Julie Curl

Introduction 1008(1)

Species Present 1008(1)

Discussion 1008(1)

Fish Bone at Castle Mall 1008(1)

Alison Locker

Summary 1008(1)

Species Present 1009(1)

Distribution of Species Through Time 1009(3)

The Fisheries and Their Associated Trade and Industry 1012(1)

Conclusion 1013(1)

Molluses and Crustaceans 1013(1)

Peter Murphy

Retrieval and Preservation 1013(1)

Taxa Represented 1014(1)

Quantification 1014(1)

Conclusions 1014(1)

Plant Remains 1015(1)

Peter Murphy

Introduction 1015(1)

Economic Plants 1015(1)

Cereal Use and Processing 1015(4)

Crop Storage 1019(1)

Malting 1019(1)

Sewage Disposal 1019(1)

Comparisons with Other Sites 1019(1)

General Discussion 1020(3)

III Occupations, Crafts, Industry and Trade 1023(14)

Introduction 1023(1)

Metal Trades and Weaponry 1023(1)

Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metalworking 1023(6)

Justine Bayley

Catherine Mortimer

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Weaponry and Horse Equipment 1029(1)

Arrows/Quills and Pens 1029(1)

Butchery, Leatherworking and Associated Trades 1029(1)

Butchery 1029(1)

Leatherworking 1029(1)

Bone- and Hornworking 1030(1)

Umberto Albarella

Mark Beech

Jacqui Mulville

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Julia Huddle

Antlerworking 1031(1)

Julia Huddle

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Ivoryworking 1031(1)

Textiles and Clothing 1032(1)

Building Trades 1032(1)

Glazing 1032(1)

Stoneworking 1032(1)

Quarrying 1032(1)

Woodworking 1033(1)

Household Goods 1033(1)

Pottery Manufacture and Associated Waste 1033(1)

Clay Pipe Manufacture 1034(1)

Fuels 1034(1)

Peter Murphy

General Discussion 1035(2)

IV Finds Over Time 1037(16)

Introduction 1037(1)

The Small Finds 1037(1)

Quantification 1037(1)

Chronological and Spatial Distribution 1037(2)

The Bulk Finds 1039(1)

Summary and Quantification 1039(1)

Pottery Overview 1039(10)

Irena Lentowicz

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Richenda Goffin

Ceramic Building Material Overview 1049(3)

Irena Lentowicz

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

General Discussion 1052(1)

V Conclusions 1053(1)

Chapter 14 General Discussion and Conclusionsy 1054(23)

I Introduction 1054(1)

II Processes of Urban Development 1054(12)

Influence of Natural Topography 1054(1)

Settlement Origins and Early History 1055(1)

Urbanisation 1056(1)

Urban Development 1056(4)

Urban Boundaries 1060(1)

Late Medieval and Post-Medieval Urban Growth 1060(1)

Nomenclature 1061(1)

Urban Living 1061(1)

The Urban Church 1061(1)

Buildings, Building Materials and Constructional Techniques 1062(1)

Refuse Disposal and Water Supply 1063(3)

Medieval and Post-Medieval Tenements 1066(1)

III Social Organisation 1066(1)

IV Demography 1067(2)

Population and Population Structure 1067(1)

Population Movement and Immigration 1068(1)

V Culture and Religion 1069(1)

VI Economy 1070(1)

VII Environment 1070(1)

VIII Reassessment of Archaeological Opportunities 1071(1)

ix Reflections 1071(3)

Introduction 1071(1)

Project Planning 1072(1)

Site Recording 1072(1)

Developments in Interpretation 1073(1)

The Public 1074(1)

Conclusion 1074(1)

X Conclusions 1074(3)

Bibliography 1077(30)

Index 1107

Ann Hudson

Appendices

Appendix 1 Castle Mall Excavation Sequence

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Andy Shelley

Appendix 2 Excavation Methodology and Site Recording

Andy Shelley

Elizabeth Shepherd Popescu

Jez Reeve

Appendix 3 Artefacts and Ecofacts: Collection Policy and Preservation

Appendix 4 Artefacts and Ecofacts: Analysis Methodologies

Appendix 5 Stratigraphic Assessment and Analysis Methodologies

Appendix 6 Pottery Assemblage Detail

Irena Lentowicz

Richenda Goffin

Appendix 7 Notes on Mollusc and Plant Spec Identifications and Tables

Peter Murphy

Appendix 8 Notes on the preparation of the triangu diagrams for plant macrofossils

Peter Murphy

Appendix 9 SMR Sites to the North and East of the Casl Precinct

Appendix 10 Natural Features and Deposits

Appendix 11 Multi-Element Analysis, St John: Cemetery

Dinah Saich

Appendix 12 Archive Index