Preface p. xv
Introduction p. xxxi
Foundational Concepts
Basic Concepts of Electricity p. 3
General Information Regarding the Field of Electronics p. 4
Definition, Physical, and Chemical States of Matter p. 7
Composition of Matter p. 7
Structure of the Atom p. 7
Concept of the Electron Theory p. 11
Ions p. 12
Energies That Change Electrical Balance p. 12
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators p. 13
Sample of an Electrical System p. 14
Basic Principles of Static Electricity p. 15
Electrical Potential p. 18
Charges in Motion p. 19
Three Important Electrical Quantities p. 21
Basic Electrical Circuit p. 21
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Electrical Quantities and Components p. 27
Basic Electrical Units and Abbreviations p. 28
Using the Metric System to Help p. 30
Conductors and Their Characteristics p. 31
Resistors p. 37
Resistor Color Code p. 40
Measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance with Meters p. 44
Diagrams Used for Electronic Shorthand p. 49
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Basic Circuit Analysis
Ohm's Law
Ohm's Law and Relationships between Electrical Quantities p. 61
Three Common Arrangements for the Ohm's Law Equation p. 65
Sample Application of Metric Prefixes and Powers of 10 p. 68
Direction of Current Flow p. 70
Polarity and Voltage p. 71
Comparison of Circuit Current Directions from DC and AC Sources p. 71
Work, Energy, and Power p. 73
Measuring Electrical Energy Consumption p. 74
Commonly Used Versions of Ohm's Law and Power Formulas p. 76
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Series Circuits p. 85
Definition and Characteristics of a Series Circuit p. 86
Resistance in Series Circuits p. 87
Voltage in Series Circuits p. 89
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law p. 92
Power in Series Circuits p. 94
Effects of Opens in Series Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints p. 95
Effects of Shorts in Series Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints p. 96
Designing a Series Circuit to Specifications p. 99
Special Applications p. 100
Critical Thinking and the SIMPLER Troubleshooting Sequence p. 107
Introduction to Troubleshooting Skills p. 107
The SIMPLER Sequence for Troubleshooting p. 107
Troubleshooting Levels p. 108
A "Systems" Approach to Troubleshooting p. 111
Using the SIMPLER Sequence: (A Closer Look at Component-Level Troubleshooting) a Single-Component Example p. 114
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 1 p. 123
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 2 p. 127
Parallel Circuits p. 129
Definition and Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit p. 130
Voltage in Parallel Circuits p. 131
Current in Parallel Circuits p. 132
Kirchhoff's Current Law p. 132
Resistance in Parallel Circuits p. 134
Methods to Calculate Total Resistance (R[subscript T]) p. 134
Power in Parallel Circuits p. 142
Effects of Opens in Parallel Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints p. 143
Effects of Shorts in Parallel Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints p. 144
Similarities and Differences between Series and Parallel Circuits p. 146
Designing a Parallel Circuit to Specifications p. 146
Sources in Parallel p. 148
Current Dividers p. 148
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 3 p. 159
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 4 p. 163
Series-Parallel Circuits p. 165
What Is a Series-Parallel Circuit? p. 166
Approaches to Recognize and Analyze Series and Parallel Circuit Portions p. 167
Total Resistance in Series-Parallel Circuits p. 169
Current in Series-Parallel Circuits p. 173
Voltage in Series-Parallel Circuits p. 175
Power in Series-Parallel Circuits p. 179
Effects of Opens in Series-Parallel Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints p. 180
Effects of Shorts in Series-Parallel Circuits and Troubleshooting Hints p. 182
Designing a Series-Parallel Circuit to Specifications p. 184
Loaded Voltage Dividers p. 184
The Wheatstone Bridge Circuit p. 192
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 5 p. 203
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 6 p. 207
Producing and Measuring Electrical Quantities
Basic Network Theorems p. 209
Some Important Terms p. 210
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem p. 211
Superposition Theorem p. 215
Thevenin's Theorem p. 219
Norton's Theorem p. 223
Converting Norton and Thevenin Equivalent Parameters p. 226
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Network Analysis Techniques p. 233
Assumed Loop or Mesh Current Analysis Approach p. 255
Nodal Analysis Approach p. 239
Conversions of Delta and Wye Networks p. 243
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Magnetism and Electromagnetism p. 255
Background Information p. 256
Fundamental Laws, Rules, and Terms to Describe Magnetism p. 257
Elemental Electromagnetism p. 260
Important Magnetic Units, Terms, Symbols, and Formulas p. 265
Practical Considerations about Core Materials p. 267
The B-H Curve p. 267
The Hysteresis Loop p. 269
Induction and Related Effects p. 271
Faraday's Law p. 273
Lenz's Law and Reciprocal Effects of Motors and Generators p. 275
Some Practical Applications of Magnetism p. 277
Other Topics Related to Magnetism p. 281
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Measuring Instruments p. 287
Digital Multimeters (DMMs) p. 288
Analog Multimeters (VOMs) p. 290
Voltmeter Loading Effects p. 291
Special Purpose Measuring Devices p. 294
Troubleshooting Hints and Useful Measuring Techniques p. 295
Closing Comments about Measuring Instruments p. 299
Summary
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Basic AC Quantities p. 301
Background Information p. 302
Generating an AC Voltage p. 305
Rate of Change p. 310
Introductory Information Summary Regarding AC Sine-Wave Signals p. 311
Some Basic Sine-Wave Waveform Descriptors p. 311
Period and Frequency p. 312
Phase Relationships p. 314
Important AC Sine-Wave Current and Voltage Values p. 316
The Purely Resistive AC Circuit p. 318
Other Periodic Waveforms p. 320
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The Oscilloscope p. 331
Background Information p. 332
Key Sections of the Scope p. 334
Combining Horizontal and Vertical Signals to View a Waveform p. 338
Measuring Voltage and Determining Current with the Scope p. 340
Using the Scope for Phase Comparisons p. 342
Determining Frequency with the Scope p. 343
A Test Device Often Used with Circuits and Scopes p. 346
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 7 p. 349
Reactive Components
Inductance p. 355
Background Information p. 356
Review of Faraday's and Lenz's Laws p. 358
Self-Inductance p. 359
Factors That Determine Inductance Value of Inductors p. 360
Inductors in Series and Parallel p. 361
Energy Stored in the Inductor's Magnetic Field p. 363
The L/R Time Constant p. 365
Using Epsilon ([epsilon]) to Help Calculate Circuit Parameters p. 368
Summary Comments about Inductors p. 372
Troubleshooting Hints p. 373
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Inductive Reactance in AC p. 381
V and I Relationships in a Purely Resistive AC Circuit p. 382
V and I Relationships in a Purely Inductive AC Circuit p. 383
Concept of Inductive Reactance p. 384
Relationship of X[subscript L] to Inductance Value p. 385
Relationship of X[subscript L] to Frequency of AC p. 386
Methods to Calculate X[subscript L] p. 387
Inductive Reactances in Series and Parallel p. 389
Summarizing Comments about Inductors Related to Inductive Reactance p. 390
Inductor Q Factor p. 391
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 8 p. 399
RL Circuits in AC p. 403
Review of Simple R and L Circuits p. 404
Using Vectors to Describe and Determine Magnitude and Direction p. 406
Introduction to Basic AC Circuit Analysis Techniques p. 407
Fundamental Analysis of Series RL Circuits p. 410
Fundamental Analysis of Parallel RL Circuits p. 418
Examples of Practical Applications for Inductors and RL Circuits p. 424
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 9 p. 435
Basic Transformer Characteristics p. 439
Background Information p. 440
Coefficient of Coupling p. 440
Mutual Inductance and Transformer Action p. 442
Mutual Inductance between Coils Other Than Transformers p. 443
Important Transformer Ratios p. 444
Transformer Losses p. 450
Characteristics of Selected Transformers p. 451
Troubleshooting Hints p. 455
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Capacitance p. 465
Definition and Description of a Capacitor p. 466
The Electrostatic Field p. 466
Charging and Discharging Action p. 467
The Unit of Capacitance p. 469
Energy Stored in Capacitor's Electrostatic Field p. 470
Factors Affecting Capacitance Value p. 471
Capacitance Formulas p. 473
Total Capacitance in Series and Parallel p. 475
Finding Voltage When Three or More Capacitors Are in Series p. 477
The RC Time Constant p. 478
Types of Capacitors p. 482
Typical Color Codes p. 488
Typical Problems and Troubleshooting Techniques p. 488
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 10 p. 499
Capacitive Reactance in AC p. 503
V and I Relationships in a Purely Resistive AC Circuit p. 504
V and I Relationships in a Purely Capacitive AC Circuit p. 504
Concept of Capacitive Reactance p. 506
Relationship of X[subscript C] to Capacitance Value p. 506
Relationship of X[subscript C] to Frequency of AC p. 507
Methods to Calculate X[subscript C] p. 507
Capacitive Reactances in Series and Parallel p. 509
Voltages, Currents, and Capacitive Reactances p. 511
Final Comments about Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance p. 514
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 11 p. 521
RC Circuits in AC p. 525
Review of Simple R and C Circuits p. 526
Series RC Circuit Analysis p. 526
Phase-Shift Applications of Series RC Networks p. 531
Parallel RC Circuit Analysis p. 534
Similarities and Differences between RC and RL Circuits p. 540
Linear Waveshaping and Nonsinusoidal Waveforms p. 542
Other Applications of RC Circuits p. 546
Troubleshooting Hints and Considerations for RC Circuits p. 547
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RLC Circuit Analysis p. 555
Basic RLC Circuit Analysis p. 557
The Series RLC Circuit p. 560
The Parallel RLC Circuit p. 565
Power in AC Circuits p. 567
Rectangular and Polar Vector Analysis p. 572
Algebraic Operations p. 579
Application of Rectangular and Polar Analysis p. 581
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 12 p. 591
Series and Parallel Resonance p. 595
X[subscript L], X[subscript C], and Frequency p. 596
Series Resonance Characteristics p. 597
The Resonant Frequency Formula p. 598
Some Resonance Curves p. 601
Q and Resonant Rise of Voltage p. 602
Parallel Resonance Characteristics p. 604
Parallel Resonance Formulas p. 605
Effect of a Coupled Load on the Tuned Circuit p. 606
Q and the Resonant Rise of Impedance p. 606
Selectivity, Bandwidth, and Bandpass p. 607
Measurements Related to Resonant Circuits p. 609
Special Notations about Single Components p. 613
Filter Applications of Nonresonant and Resonant RLC Circuits p. 614
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Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 13 p. 631
Troubleshooting Challenge: Challenge Circuit 14 p. 635
Color Codes p. 639
Answers p. 643
Troubleshooting Challenge Test Results p. 669
Using the Excel Formulas Templates Files p. 671
Copper-Wire Table p. 675
Useful Conversion Factors p. 676
Schematic Symbols p. 677
Glossary p. 678
Index p. 690