Table Of Contents:

List of Abbreviations xxi

Introduction to Acoustics 1(8)

Thomas D. Rossing

Acoustics: The Science of Sound 1(1)

Sounds We Hear 1(1)

Sounds We Cannot Hear: Ultrasound and Infrasound 2(1)

Sounds We Would Rather Not Hear: Environmental Noise Control 2(1)

Aesthetic Sound: Music 3(1)

Sound of the Human Voice: Speech and Singing 3(1)

How We Hear: Physiological and Psychological Acoustics 4(1)

Architectural Acoustics 4(1)

Harnessing Sound: Physical and Engineering Acoustics 5(1)

Medical Acoustics 5(1)

Sounds of the Sea 6(3)

References 6(3)

Part A Propagation of Sound

A Brief History of Acoustics 9(16)

Thomas D. Rossing

Acoustics in Ancient Times 9(1)

Early Experiments on Vibrating Strings, Membranes and Plates 10(1)

Speed of Sound in Air 10(1)

Speed of Sound in Liquids and Solids 11(1)

Determining Frequency 11(1)

Acoustics in the 19th Century 12(3)

The 20th Century 15(8)

Conclusion 23(2)

References 23(2)

Basic Linear Acoustics 25(88)

Alan D. Pierce

Introduction 27(1)

Equations of Continuum Mechanics 28(7)

Equations of Linear Acoustics 35(5)

Variational Formulations 40(5)

Waves of Constant Frequency 45(2)

Plane Waves 47(2)

Attenuation of Sound 49(9)

Acoustic Intensity and Power 58(2)

Impedance 60(1)

Reflection and Transmission 61(4)

Spherical Waves 65(10)

Cylindrical Waves 75(7)

Simple Sources of Sound 82(5)

Integral Equations in Acoustics 87(2)

Waveguides, Ducts, and Resonators 89(5)

Ray Acoustics 94(4)

Diffraction 98(9)

Parabolic Equation Methods 107(6)

References 108(5)

Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere 113(36)

Keith Attenborough

A Short History of Outdoor Acoustics 113(1)

Applications of Outdoor Acoustics 114(1)

Spreading Losses 115(1)

Atmospheric Absorption 116(1)

Diffraction and Barriers 116(4)

Ground Effects 120(9)

Attenuation Through Trees and Foliage 129(2)

Wind and Temperature Gradient Effects on Outdoor Sound 131(11)

Concluding Remarks 142(7)

References 143(6)

Underwater Acoustics 149(58)

William A. Kuperman

Philippe Roux

Ocean Acoustic Environment 151(4)

Physical Mechanisms 155(10)

SONAR and the SONAR Equation 165(2)

Sound Propagation Models 167(10)

Quantitative Description of Propagation 177(2)

SONAR Array Processing 179(6)

Active SONAR Processing 185(10)

Acoustics and Marine Animals 195(6)

Appendix: Units 201(6)

References 201(6)

Part B Physical and Nonlinear Acoustics

Physical Acoustics 207(32)

Mack A. Breazeale

Michael McPherson

Theoretical Overview 209(10)

Applications of Physical Acoustics 219(7)

Apparatus 226(5)

Surface Acoustic Waves 231(3)

Nonlinear Acoustics 234(5)

References 237(2)

Thermoacoustics 239(18)

Gregory W. Swift

History 239(1)

Shared Concepts 240(4)

Engines 244(5)

Dissipation 249(1)

Refrigeration 250(3)

Mixture Separation 253(4)

References 254(3)

Nonlinear Acoustics in Fluids 257(44)

Werner Lauterborn

Thomas Kurz

Iskander Akhatov

Origin of Nonlinearity 258(1)

Equation of State 259(1)

The Nonlinearity Parameter B/A 260(2)

The Coefficient of Nonlinearity β 262(1)

Simple Nonlinear Waves 263(1)

Lossless Finite-Amplitude Acoustic Waves 264(4)

Thermoviscous Finite-Amplitude Acoustic Waves 268(3)

Shock Waves 271(2)

Interaction of Nonlinear Waves 273(2)

Bubbly Liquids 275(11)

Sonoluminescence 286(3)

Acoustic Chaos 289(12)

References 293(8)

Part C Architectural Acoustics

Acoustics in Halls for Speech and Music 301(50)

Anders Christian Gade

Room Acoustic Concepts 302(1)

Subjective Room Acoustics 303(3)

Subjective and Objective Room Acoustic Parameters 306(8)

Measurement of Objective Parameters 314(2)

Prediction of Room Acoustic Parameters 316(7)

Geometric Design Considerations 323(11)

Room Acoustic Design of Auditoria for Specific Purposes 334(12)

Sound Systems for Auditoria 346(5)

References 349(2)

Concert Hall Acoustics Based on Subjective Preference Theory 351(36)

Yoichi Ando

Theory of Subjective Preference for the Sound Field 353(8)

Design Studies 361(9)

Individual Preferences of a Listener and a Performer 370(7)

Acoustical Measurements of the Sound Fields in Rooms 377(10)

References 384(3)

Building Acoustics 387(42)

James Cowan

Room Acoustics 387(13)

General Noise Reduction Methods 400(3)

Noise Ratings for Steady Background Sound Levels 403(2)

Noise Sources in Buildings 405(2)

Noise Control Methods for Building Systems 407(12)

Acoustical Privacy in Buildings 419(5)

Relevant Standards 424(5)

References 425(4)

Part D Hearing and Signal Processing

Physiological Acoustics 429(30)

Eric D. Young

The External and Middle Ear 429(5)

Cochlea 434(15)

Auditory Nerve and Central Nervous System 449(3)

Summary 452(7)

References 453(6)

Psychoacoustics 459(44)

Brian C.J. Moore

Absolute Thresholds 460(1)

Frequency Selectivity and Masking 461(7)

Loudness 468(5)

Temporal Processing in the Auditory System 473(4)

Pitch Perception 477(6)

Timbre Perception 483(1)

The Localization of Sounds 484(1)

Auditory Scene Analysis 485(9)

Further Reading and Supplementary Materials 494(9)

References 495(8)

Acoustic Signal Processing 503(30)

William M. Hartmann

Definitions 504(1)

Fourier Series 505(2)

Fourier Transform 507(3)

Power, Energy, and Power Spectrum 510(1)

Statistics 511(3)

Hilbert Transform and the Envelope 514(1)

Filters 515(2)

The Cepstrum 517(1)

Noise 518(2)

Sampled data 520(2)

Discrete Fourier Transform 522(2)

The z-Transform 524(2)

Maximum Length Sequences 526(2)

Information Theory 528(5)

References 530(3)

Part E Music, Speech, Electroacoustics

Musical Acoustics 533(136)

Colin Gough

Vibrational Modes of Instruments 535(19)

Stringed Instruments 554(47)

Wind Instruments 601(40)

Percussion Instruments 641(28)

References 661(8)

The Human Voice in Speech and Singing 669(44)

Bjorn Lindblom

Johan Sundberg

Breathing 669(7)

The Glottal Sound Source 676(6)

The Vocal Tract Filter 682(5)

Articulatory Processes, Vowels and Consonants 687(8)

The Syllable 695(4)

Rhythm and Timing 699(2)

Prosody and Speech Dynamics 701(2)

Control of Sound in Speech and Singing 703(3)

The Expressive Power of the Human Voice 706(7)

References 706(7)

Computer Music 713(30)

Perry R. Cook

Computer Audio Basics 714(3)

Pulse Code Modulation Synthesis 717(2)

Additive (Fourier, Sinusoidal) Synthesis 719(3)

Modal (Damped Sinusoidal) Synthesis 722(2)

Subtractive (Source-Filter) Synthesis 724(3)

Frequency Modulation (FM) Synthesis 727(1)

FOFs, Wavelets, and Grains 728(2)

Physical Modeling (The Wave Equation) 730(5)

Music Description and Control 735(2)

Composition 737(1)

Controllers and Performance Systems 737(1)

Music Understanding and Modeling by Computer 738(2)

Conclusions, and the Future 740(3)

References 740(3)

Audio and Electroacoustics 743(42)

Mark F. Davis

Historical Review 744(3)

The Psychoacoustics of Audio and Electroacoustics 747(4)

Audio Specifications 751(6)

Audio Components 757(11)

Digital Audio 768(7)

Complete Audio Systems 775(3)

Appraisal and Speculation 778(7)

References 778(7)

Part F Biological and Medical Acoustics

Animal Bioacoustics 785(20)

Neville H. Fletcher

Optimized Communication 785(2)

Hearing and Sound Production 787(1)

Vibrational Communication 788(1)

Insects 788(2)

Land Vertebrates 790(5)

Birds 795(1)

Bats 796(1)

Aquatic Animals 797(2)

Generalities 799(1)

Quantitative System Analysis 799(6)

References 802(3)

Cetacean Acoustics 805(34)

Whitlow W. L. Au

Marc O. Lammers

Hearing in Cetaceans 806(7)

Echolocation Signals 813(8)

Odontocete Acoustic Communication 821(6)

Acoustic Signals of Mysticetes 827(3)

Discussion 830(9)

References 831(8)

Medical Acoustics 839(62)

Kirk W. Beach

Barbrina Dunmire

Introduction to Medical Acoustics 841(1)

Medical Diagnosis; Physical Examination 842(6)

Basic Physics of Ultrasound Propagation in Tissue 848(9)

Methods of Medical Ultrasound Examination 857(25)

Medical Contrast Agents 882(7)

Ultrasound Hyperthermia in Physical Therapy 889(1)

High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) in Surgery 890(1)

Lithotripsy of Kidney Stones 891(1)

Thrombolysis 892(1)

Lower-Frequency Therapies 892(1)

Ultrasound Safety 892(9)

References 895(6)

Part G Structural Acoustics and Noise

Structural Acoustics and Vibrations 901(60)

Antoine Chaigne

Dynamics of the Linear Single-Degree-of-Freedom (1-DOF) Oscillator 903(4)

Discrete Systems 907(6)

Strings and Membranes 913(7)

Bars, Plates and Shells 920(6)

Structural-Acoustic Coupling 926(14)

Damping 940(7)

Nonlinear Vibrations 947(10)

Conclusion. Advanced Topics 957(4)

References 958(3)

Noise 961(60)

George C. Maling, Jr

Instruments for Noise Measurements 965(5)

Noise Sources 970(21)

Propagation Paths 991(8)

Noise and the Receiver 999(7)

Regulations and Policy for Noise Control 1006(4)

Other Information Resources 1010(11)

References 1010(11)

Part H Engineering Acoustics

Microphones and Their Calibration 1021(32)

George S. K. Wong

Historic References on Condenser Microphones and Calibration 1024(1)

Theory 1024(2)

Reciprocity Pressure Calibration 1026(3)

Corrections 1029(10)

Free-Field Microphone Calibration 1039(1)

Comparison Methods for Microphone Calibration 1039(4)

Frequency Response Measurement with Electrostatic Actuators 1043(1)

Overall View on Microphone Calibration 1043(2)

Acoustic Transfer Impedance Evaluation 1045(1)

Physical Properties of Air 1045(8)

References 1048(5)

Sound Intensity 1053(24)

Finn Jacobsen

Conservation of Sound Energy 1054(1)

Active and Reactive Sound Fields 1055(3)

Measurement of Sound Intensity 1058(10)

Applications of Sound Intensity 1068(9)

References 1072(5)

Acoustic Holography 1077(24)

Yang-Hann Kim

The Methodology of Acoustic Source Identification 1077(2)

Acoustic Holography: Measurement, Prediction and Analysis 1079(13)

Summary 1092(1)

Mathematical Derivations of Three Acoustic Holography Methods and Their Discrete Forms 1092(9)

References 1095(6)

Optical Methods for Acoustics and Vibration Measurements 1101(26)

Nils-Erik Molin

Introduction 1101(4)

Measurement Principles and Some Applications 1105(17)

Summary 1122(5)

References 1123(4)

Modal Analysis 1127(12)

Thomas D. Rossing

Modes of Vibration 1127(1)

Experimental Modal Testing 1128(5)

Mathematical Modal Analysis 1133(3)

Sound-Field Analysis 1136(1)

Holographic Modal Analysis 1137(2)

References 1138(1)
Acknowledgements 1139(2)
About the Authors 1141(6)
Detailed Contents 1147(20)
Subject Index 1167