Table Of Contents:
Preface v
Editorial Note xi
Acknowledgments xiii

Table of Cases xxxv

Table of Model Penal Code Sections and Statutes xlv

Punishment and Its Rationales 1(87)

Traditional Rationales (Why Punish?) 4(29)

United States v. Blarek 4(13)

Questions and Comments 17(16)

Modes of Punishment (How to Punish?) 33(14)

Imprisonment 33(4)

Supervised Release 37(1)

Fine 38(1)

Forfeiture 39(1)

Special Assessment 40(1)

Death 41(1)

Alternative Punishments 41(2)

United States v. Gementera 43(4)

Proportionality (How Much to Punish?) 47(9)

Ewing v. California 49(3)

Questions and Comments 52(1)

United States v. Angelos 53(3)

Collateral Effects of Punishment 56(4)

Public Sanctions 56(2)

Private Sactions and Civil Liability 58(2)

The Role of Victims 60(9)

Victims and the Rationales for Punishment 60(2)

Community--Based Sanctions 62(1)

People v. Mooney 62(2)

Questions and Comments 64(4)

Victim Compensation 68(1)

Punishment vs. Sanction vs. Measure (What Is Punishment?) 69(8)

Kansas v. Hendricks 69(4)

Questions and Comments 73(4)

The Nature of Crime (What to Punish?) 77(7)

Stanley v. Georgia 79(2)

State v. Saiez 81(2)

Questions and Comments 83(1)

The Landscape of Crime (What Is Punishable?) 84(4)

The Process of Crime and Punishment 88(87)

An Overview of Criminal Procedure 89(3)

Plea Bargaining 92(8)

Procedural Origins of Substantive Issues 100(1)

Discretion 101(6)

The Principle of Legality (Nulla poena sine lege) 107(46)

Questions and Comments 108(1)

Legislativity 109(1)

Commonwealth v. Keller 109(2)

Meadows v. State 111(3)

Questions and Comments 114(6)

Mistretta v. United States 120(3)

Lenity 123(1)

Johnson v. State 124(2)

Questions and Comments 126(1)

Specificity 127(1)

People v. Bright 127(5)

People v. Nelson 132(2)

Questions and Comments 134(1)

Chicago v. Morales 135(2)

State v. Maldonado 137(7)

Prospectivity 144(1)

Rogers v. Tennessee 144(3)

Questions and Comments 147(2)

Publicity 149(1)

United States v. Casson 150(2)

Questions and Comments 152(1)

Jurisdiction 153(22)

The Territorial Principle 154(3)

Questions and Comments 157(1)

The Personality Principle 158(1)

Active Personality (Nationality) 158(2)

Passive Personality 160(1)

United States v. King 161(1)

United States v. Lara 161(2)

Questions and Comments 163(1)

The Protective Principle 164(1)

United States v. Rodriguez 165(1)

Questions and Comments 166(1)

The Universal Principle 167(2)

Questions and Comments 169(6)

The Basic Structure of American Criminal Law 175(23)

The Model Penal Code 176(6)

The Building Blocks of Criminal Liability 182(9)

Questions and Comments 189(2)

An Illustration: Dudley and Stephens 191(7)

The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens 191(3)

Questions and Comments 194(4)

Criminal Conduct (Objective Offense Elements) 198(80)

Introduction: Offense Elements in Context 198(13)

Objective Elements vs. Subjective Elements 198(1)

Types of Offense Elements (Model Penal Code) 199(3)

Offense Elements Distinguished 202(1)

Offense Elements vs. Defense Elements 202(1)

Burdens of Proof 203(1)

Patterson v. New York 203(1)

Questions and Comments 204(2)

Presumptions 206(1)

People v. Leyva 206(3)

Questions and Comments 209(1)

Offense Elements vs. Sentencing Factors 210(1)

Questions and Comments 211(1)

Acts 211(25)

Acts vs. Thoughts 213(1)

Questions and Comments 213(1)

Act vs. Status 214(1)

People v. Davis 214(3)

Pottinger v. City of Miami 217(3)

Questions and Comments 220(2)

Voluntary vs. Involuntary Acts 222(3)

State v. Tippetts 225(3)

United States v. Tucker 228(2)

Questions and Comments 230(6)

Omissions 236(20)

Duties 236(1)

State v. Miranda 236(10)

State ex rel. Kuntz v. Montana Thirteenth Judicial District 246(1)

Questions and Comments 247(7)

Omissions vs. Commissions 254(1)

Vacco v. Quill 254(1)

Questions and Comments 255(1)

Possession 256(22)

Questions and Comments 258(2)

Simple vs. Compound Possession 260(1)

People v. Lee 260(2)

Questions and Comments 262(1)

Actual vs. Constructive Possession 263(1)

People v. Rivera 264(1)

People v. Valot 264(2)

Questions and Comments 266(6)

``Innocent'' Prossession and Other Defenses 272(1)

People v. E.C. 273(2)

Questions and Comments 275(3)

Mental State (Subjective Offense Elements) 278(110)

Voluntariness vs. Mental States 279(3)

In the Matter of Ronnie L 279(2)

Questions and Comments 281(1)

The Model Penal Code Scheme in Context 282(6)

Queen v. Tolson 282(3)

Questions and Comments 285(3)

Statutory Interpretation: What Mens Rea Is Required (If Any)? 288(10)

People v. Ryan 290(1)

State v. Lozier 291(4)

Questions and Comments 295(3)

Ambiguities in the Model Penal Code's Mens Rea Scheme 298(44)

Purpose vs. Knowledge 298(1)

Conscious Object vs. Awareness 298(1)

People v. Steinberg 298(2)

Questions and Comments 300(1)

Conditional Purpose 301(1)

Holloway v. United States 301(2)

Questions and Comments 303(1)

Purpose vs. Motive 304(1)

State v. Wyant 304(2)

Questions and Comments 306(3)

Knowledge vs. Recklessness 309(1)

Certainty vs. Likelihood 309(1)

People v. Sanchez 309(5)

Questions and Comments 314(2)

Willfulness 316(1)

Willful Ignorance and Conscious Avoidance 316(1)

United States v. Jewell 316(3)

Questions and Comments 319(2)

Willfulness and Knowledge of Illegality 321(1)

People v. Coe 321(1)

Questions and Comments 322(1)

Recklessness vs. Negligence 323(1)

People v. Strong 323(3)

Commonwealth v. Pierce 326(1)

Questions and Comments 327(2)

Negligence vs. Strict Liability 329(2)

Morissette v. United States 331(1)

State v. Wingate 332(1)

Questions and Comments 333(7)

Regina v. Prince 340(1)

State v. Guest 341(1)

Concurrence 342(8)

Regina v. Faulkner 342(2)

Regina v. Cunningham 344(2)

Palani Goundan v. Emperor 346(1)

Thabo Meli v. Regina 346(1)

Questions and Comments 347(3)

Mistake 350(30)

Introduction 350(1)

Questions and Comments 351(5)

Mistakes of Governing Law 356(1)

The Traditional Principle: Ignorance Is No Excuse, Nor Is Culpable Ignorance or Subjective Awareness a Presumptive Element of Offenses 356(1)

United States v. Baker 356(1)

Commonwealth v. Doane 356(1)

Questions and Comments 357(1)

Limitations on the Traditional Principle: Due Process 357(1)

Lambert v. California 358(1)

State v. Leavitt 358(1)

Questions and Comments 359(1)

Limitations on the Traditional Principle: Statutory Interpretation 359(1)

Cheek v. United States 360(4)

Questions and Comments 364(1)

Limitations on the Traditional Principle: Good Faith Reliance on Official Pronouncements 365(1)

Hopkins v. State 365(1)

Cox v. Louisiana 366(1)

People v. Marrero 367(1)

Questions and Comments 368(1)

Limitations on the Traditional Principle: Cultural Defenses 369(1)

United States v. Tomono 370(1)

Questions and Comments 371(2)

Mistakes of Non-Governing Law 373(1)

Mistakes of Non--Governing Law Treated like Mistakes of Governing Law 373(1)

State v. Woods 373(1)

Mistakes of Non--Governing Law Treated like Cognate Mistakes of Fact 374(1)

People v. Bray 374(2)

Questions and Comments 376(4)

Intoxication 380(8)

People v. Walker 380(1)

State v. Cameron 381(3)

Questions and Comments 384(2)

People v. Ressler 386(2)

Criminal Harm: Causation and Attempt 388(111)

The General Relevance---and Definition---of Harm 390(9)

Commonwealth v. Slaney 391(1)

Questions and Comments 392(4)

United States v. Walters 396(3)

Causation 399(42)

The Basic Structure of Causation Inquiries: Actual and Proximate Cause 399(1)

Robertson v. Commonwealth 400(3)

Questions and Comments 403(2)

State v. Maldonado 405(3)

Cause-in-Fact 408(1)

Commonwealth v. Atencio 408(2)

Questions and Comments 410(1)

Proximate Cause 411(1)

Victim Action and Traits 411(1)

Subsequent Victim Intervention: Deliberate Victim Self-Destruction 411(1)

People v. Campbell 411(3)

People v. Kevorkian 414(1)

State v. Bauer 415(1)

Questions and Comments 416(2)

Subsequent Victim Intervention: Risk-Taking 418(1)

People v. Kern 418(3)

Commonwealth v. Root 421(1)

Questions and Comments 422(1)

Prior Victim Vulnerability 423(1)

State v. Frazier 423(1)

People v. Stamp 424(1)

Questions and Comments 425(2)

Third Party Intervention 427(1)

Medical Interveners 427(1)

Williams v. State 427(1)

People v. Stewart 428(3)

State v. Shabazz 431(2)

Questions and Comments 433(2)

Other Third Party Intervention 435(1)

People v. Kibbe 435(3)

People v. Warner--Lambert Co. 438(1)

People v. Kern 439(1)

Questions and Comments 440(1)

Attempt 441(58)

Grading 441(2)

Questions and Comments 443(3)

Act 446(1)

Distinguishing Non-punishable Preparation from Punishable Attempts 446(1)

Some Traditional Tests Distinguishing Preparation From Attempt 447(1)

King v. Barker 447(1)

People v. Murray 448(1)

Commonwealth v. Kennedy 448(1)

Commonwealth v. Peaslee 449(2)

McQuirter v. State 451(1)

Tremaine v. State 452(1)

``Substantial Steps'' and the Model Penal Code Approach 453(1)

Commonwealth v. Donton 454(1)

People v. Hawkins 454(2)

United States v. Ramos-Palomino 456(1)

United States v. Presto 457(1)

Questions and Comments 457(5)

Problem 462(2)

Renunciation (Abandonment) 464(1)

(Why) Should Abandonment Be a Defense? 464(1)

People v. Staples 464(1)

Questions and Comments 465(3)

Is the Renunciation ``Voluntary'' and ``Complete''? 468(1)

Le Barron v. State 468(2)

Questions and Comments 470(1)

Impossibility 471(1)

People v. Dlugash 472(2)

Commonwealth v. Henley 474(2)

Questions and Comments 476(1)

People v. Thousand 477(5)

United States v. Oviedo 482(4)

Mental State 486(1)

Mental State With Respect to Result and Conduct 486(1)

Smallwood v. State 486(4)

Questions and Comments 490(4)

Attendant Circumstances 494(1)

United States v. Langley 494(2)

Commonwealth v. Dunne 496(1)

Questions and Comments 497(2)

Justification and Excuse 499(146)

Introduction 499(11)

United States v. Lopez 499(1)

Spunaugle v. State 500(1)

State v. Leidholm 501(1)

Questions and Comments 502(8)

Self-Defense 510(42)

Introduction 510(1)

Martin v. Ohio 510(2)

People v. McManus 512(2)

Questions and Comments 514(4)

Imminence vs. Immediacy 518(1)

State v. Buggs 518(3)

Questions and Comments 521(1)

Proportionality 521(1)

Deadly vs. Nondeadly Force 521(1)

People v. Bradley 521(1)

Retreat 522(1)

Commonwealth v. Toon 522(3)

Initial Aggressor 525(1)

Rowe v. United States 525(2)

Questions and Comments 527(2)

Self-Defense and Property Interests 529(1)

Property as the Object of the Criminal Conduct to Be Justified 529(1)

Boget v. State 529(2)

Property as the Interest to Be Protected 531(1)

People v. Petronio 531(2)

Questions and Comments 533(3)

Reasonableness and Mistake 536(1)

State v. Kelly 536(6)

People v. Goetz 542(6)

Questions and Comments 548(4)

Necessity 552(15)

The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens 552(1)

People v. Craig 552(4)

Questions and Comments 556(6)

People v. Maher 562(1)

Problem 563(4)

Law Enforcement, Public Duty, and Special Responsibility 567(11)

Tennessee v. Garner 568(3)

People v. Pena 571(4)

Questions and Comments 575(3)

Consent 578(19)

Element-Negating Defense vs. Justification vs. Excuse 578(1)

State v. George 579(4)

People v. Schacker 583(1)

Questions and Comments 584(2)

Regina v. Brown 586(2)

Constitutional Limitations 588(1)

Lawrence v. Texas 588(3)

Commonwealth v. Bonadio 591(3)

Questions and Comments 594(3)

Duress 597(14)

United States v. Bailey 597(4)

State v. Toscano 601(6)

Questions and Comments 607(4)

Entrapment 611(12)

People v. Calvano 611(2)

Jacobson v. United States 613(3)

Questions and Comments 616(7)

Mental Disease or Defect (Insanity and Immaturity) 623(22)

M'Naghten's Case 623(1)

People v. Schmidt 624(3)

United States v. Brawner 627(6)

Questions and Comments 633(12)

Group Criminality: Complicity, Conspiracy, RICO, and Corporate Liability 645(129)

Complicity 646(41)

Introduction 646(2)

Questions and Comments 648(4)

Taylor v. Commonwealth 652(3)

People v. Brooks 655(1)

Actus Reus 655(1)

Varieties of Imputation 655(1)

Commonwealth v. Tavares 655(1)

Causation and Attempted Complicity 656(1)

State v. Tally 656(5)

Reciprocal Conduct 661(1)

People v. Manini 661(2)

Questions and Comments 663(3)

Problem 666(2)

Mens Rea 668(1)

Purpose vs. Knowledge to Facilitate or Encourage Proscribed Conduct 668(1)

United States v. Peoni 668(1)

Backun v. United States 669(2)

Criminal Facilitation Statutes 671(1)

People v. Gordon 671(2)

Questions and Comments 673(6)

People v. Adams 679(1)

Complicity in Nonintentional Result Crimes? 680(1)

People v. Flayhart 680(1)

``Shared Intent'' and Stings 681(1)

United States v. Washington 681(2)

Questions and Comments 683(3)

Problem 686(1)

Conspiracy 687(37)

Introduction 687(1)

Pinkerton v. United States 687(1)

Callanan v. United States 688(1)

Questions and Comments 689(11)

Conspiracy vs. Complicity: The Pinkerton Rule 700(1)

Pinkerton v. United States 700(1)

People v. McGee 701(2)

Questions and Comments 703(3)

United States v. Walls 706(2)

United States v. Superior Growers Supply 708(1)

Agreement 708(1)

People v. Berkowitz 708(3)

Questions and Comments 711(8)

Solicitation 719(1)

Benson v. People 719(5)

People v. Lubow 724

Questions and Comments 723(1)

RICO 724(23)

United States v. Elliott 724(13)

People v. Capaldo 737(3)

Questions and Comments 740(7)

Corporate Liability 747(27)

Introduction 747(1)

N.Y. Central & Hudson River Railroad Co. v. United States 747(2)

State v. Chapman Dodge Center 749(3)

Questions and Comments 752(5)

Respondeat Superior 757(1)

Imputation from Individual to Corporation 757(1)

Commonwealth v. Penn Valley Resorts 757(2)

United States v. Bank of New England 759(3)

Questions and Comments 762(2)

Imputation from Individual to Individual 764(1)

United States v. Dotterweich 764(2)

United States v. Park 766(3)

Commonwealth v. Koczwara 769(2)

Questions and Comments 771(3)

Rape 774(69)

Introduction 774(13)

A Survivor's Experience 774(1)

The Dimensions of the Problem of Sexual Violence 775(1)

An Introduction to the Legal Issues 776(1)

State v. Rusk 776(4)

Questions and Comments 780(7)

Substantive Issues: The Proscribed Act 787(32)

Varieties of ``Coercive'' Sex 787(1)

Force or Fear of Violence vs. Nonconsensual Sex vs. Sex Without Affirmative Consent 787(1)

Commonwealth v. Berkowitz 787(2)

State in the Interest of M.T.S. 789(2)

Non-Violent Threats and the Threat/Offer Line 791(1)

Commonwealth v. Mlinarich 791(2)

Problems of Application: Applying Existing Law, Thinking about ``Ideal'' Law, and Considering Alternatives to the Use of the Criminal Sanction 793(1)

Problem 793(2)

Questions and Comments 795(7)

People v. Liberta 802(2)

Fraud 804(1)

Boro v. People 804(1)

United States v. Hughes 805(1)

Questions and Comments 806(2)

Incapacity to Consent 808(1)

Traditional Law on Intoxication 808(1)

McKinney v. State 808(2)

Norms that Would Define Rape or Impermissible Sexual Conduct More Inclusively 810(1)

Questions and Comments 810(6)

People v. Whidden 816(3)

Substantive Issues: Mental State 819(12)

Decisions Requiring Subjective Awareness by the Defendant 819(1)

Regina v. Morgan 819(1)

Reynolds v. State 820(1)

Decisions Permitting Conviction of Defendants Who Make Unreasonable Mistakes of Fact 821(1)

People v. Williams 821(4)

Strict Liability? 825(1)

Commonwealth v. Lopez 825(2)

Questions and Comments 827(4)

Notes on Evidence Issues 831(12)

Traditional Law and Attitudes Suspicious of the Complainant's Testimony 831(1)

Davis v. State 831(1)

State v. Wood 832(1)

Reform: Prompt Report and Corroboration 832(1)

Reform: Rape Shield Laws 832(1)

People v. Jovanovic 832(7)

Questions and Comments 839(4)

Homicide 843(114)

Varieties of Homicide 843(5)

Traditional Scheme (California Penal Code) 843(1)

Model Penal Code 843(1)

New York Penal Law 844(1)

Questions and Comments 845(3)

Murder 848(74)

First Degree vs. Second Degree Murder 848(1)

Watson v. United States 848(3)

State v. Thompson 851(4)

Questions and Comments 855(1)

Intentional vs. Depraved Indifference Murder 856(1)

Robinson v. State 856(5)

Questions and Comments 861(2)

Felony Murder 863(1)

Introduction 863(1)

Predicate Felonies 864(1)

People v. Burroughs 864(10)

Questions and Comments 874(3)

People v. Davis 877(1)

Merger 878(1)

People v. Wilson 878(3)

Questions and Comments 881(2)

Problem 883(1)

Causation and ``Agency'' 884(1)

People v. Lowery 884(5)

People v. Hernandez 889(5)

Questions and Comments 894(1)

Group Liability 895(1)

Enmund v. Florida 895(3)

Questions and Comments 898(3)

Capital Murder 901(1)

Gregg v. Georgia 901(5)

Questions and Comments 906(16)

Manslaughter 922(29)

Murder vs. Involuntary Manslaughter 922(1)

Commonwealth v. Malone 922(2)

Questions and Comments 924(2)

Voluntary Manslaughter (Provocation/Extreme Emotional Disturbance) 926(1)

Introduction 926(1)

Questions and Comments 927(1)

Historical Categorical Rules and the Open-Ended Model Penal Code System 928(1)

Precipitating Incidents 928(1)

Girouard v. State 928(2)

People v. Shelton 930(2)

People v. Casassa 932(1)

``Cooling Off'': A Bar to the Defense, a Bar Absent ``Rekindling,'' a ``Factor'' to Be Weighed 933(1)

People v. Ashland 933(1)

In re Fraley 934(1)

State v. Flory 934(1)

People v. Patterson 934(1)

People v. Berry 935(1)

Must the Defendant (Intend to) Kill the ``Source'' of the ``Provocation'' or ``Emotional Disturbance''? 935(1)

State v. Follin 935(1)

Simpson v. United States 936(1)

Questions and Comments 937(8)

The Sub--Group Question: Would the Precipitating Incident Have Agitated People (Generally) or People More Precisely like the Defendant? 945(1)

Keenan v. Commonwealth 945(1)

State v. Felton 945(1)

Questions and Comments 946(2)

Problem 948(3)

Negligent Homicide 951(6)

People v. Beiter 951(4)

Questions and Comments 955(1)

People v. Haney 955(2)

White Collar Crimes: Larceny, Mail Fraud, Money Laundering 957

Larceny 959(24)

People v. Olivo 959(4)

People v. Norman 963(6)

Questions and Comments 969(3)

People v. Alamo 972(9)

People v. Chesler 981(1)

People v. Reid 982(1)

Mail Fraud 983(21)

Scope and Relation to Larceny 983(1)

United States v. Handakas 983(9)

Questions and Comments 992(6)

The Protected Interest and Justifications for Federal Jurisdiction 998(1)

Schmuck v. United States 999(4)

Questions and Comments 1003(1)

United States v. Gil 1004(1)

Money Laundering 1004

United States v. Campbell 1007(4)

Questions and Comments 1011(9)

United States v. Ferguson 1020
Appendix: Model Penal Code 1(1)
Index 1