Preface p. xv
Additional resources p. xvii
Problems at the end of chapters p. xviii
Review journals p. xix
About the author p. xxi
Chapter 1 Why eat? p. 1
Objectives p. 1
1.1 The need for energy p. 1
1.1.1 Units of energy p. 3
1.2 Metabolic fuels p. 3
1.2.1 The need for carbohydrate and fat p. 3
1.2.2 The need for protein p. 4
1.2.3 The need for micronutrients-minerals and vitamins p. 4
1.3 Hunger and appetite p. 5
1.3.1 Hunger and satiety-short-term control of feeding p. 5
1.3.2 Long-term control of food intake and energy expenditure p. 6
1.3.3 Appetite p. 8
1.3.3.1 Taste and flavor p. 8
1.3.4 Why do people eat what they do? p. 9
1.3.4.1 The availability and cost of food p. 9
1.3.4.2 Religion, habit, and tradition p. 10
1.3.4.3 Luxury status of scarce and expensive foods p. 11
1.3.4.4 The social functions of food p. 11
Key points p. 12
Chapter 2 Enzymes and metabolic pathways p. 13
Objectives p. 13
2.1 Chemical reactions: breaking and making covalent bonds p. 13
2.1.1 Equilibrium p. 15
2.1.2 Catalysts p. 15
2.2 Enzymes p. 16
2.2.1 Specificity of enzymes p. 18
2.2.2 The stages in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction p. 19
2.2.3 Units of enzyme activity p. 20
2.3 Factors affecting enzyme activity p. 20
2.3.1 Effect of pH p. 20
2.3.2 Effect of temperature p. 21
2.3.3 Effect of substrate concentration p. 22
2.3.3.1 Experimental determination of K[subscript m] and V[subscript max] p. 23
2.3.3.2 Enzymes with two substrates p. 25
2.3.3.3 Cooperative (allosteric) enzymes p. 26
2.3.4 Inhibition of enzyme activity p. 26
2.3.4.1 Irreversible inhibitors p. 27
2.3.4.2 Competitive reversible inhibitors p. 28
2.3.4.3 Noncompetitive reversible inhibitors p. 29
2.3.4.4 Uncompetitive reversible inhibitors p. 29
2.4 Coenzymes and prosthetic groups p. 30
2.4.1 Coenzymes and metal ions in oxidation and reduction reactions p. 30
2.4.1.1 Metal ions p. 31
2.4.1.2 Riboflavin and flavoproteins p. 31
2.4.1.3 The nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes: NAD and NADP p. 32
2.5 The classification and naming of enzymes p. 34
2.6 Metabolic pathways p. 35
2.6.1 Linear and branched pathways p. 37
2.6.2 Spiral or looped reaction sequences p. 37
2.6.3 Cyclic pathways p. 38
2.7 Enzymes in clinical chemistry and medicine p. 40
2.7.1 Measurement of metabolites in blood, urine and tissue samples p. 40
2.7.2 Measurement of enzymes in blood samples p. 40
2.7.3 Assessment of vitamin nutritional status p. 41
Key points p. 42
Chapter 3 The role of ATP in metabolism p. 47
Objectives p. 47
3.1 The adenine nucleotides p. 47
3.2 Functions of ATP p. 48
3.2.1 The role of ATP in endothermic reactions p. 49
3.2.2 Transport of materials across cell membranes p. 51
3.2.2.1 Protein binding for concentrative uptake p. 51
3.2.2.2 Metabolic trapping p. 52
3.2.2.3 Active transport p. 52
3.2.2.4 P-type transporters p. 52
3.2.2.5 ABC-transporters p. 52
3.2.2.6 The sodium pump p. 54
3.2.3 The role of ATP in muscle contraction p. 55
3.2.3.1 Creatine phosphate in muscle p. 56
3.3 Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP p. 58
3.3.1 Oxidative phosphorylation: the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP linked to the oxidation of metabolic fuels p. 60
3.3.1.1 The mitochondrion p. 61
3.3.1.2 The mitochondrial electron transport chain p. 63
3.3.1.3 Phosphorylation of ADP linked to electron transport p. 67
3.3.1.4 Coupling of electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and fuel oxidation p. 69
3.3.1.5 Uncouplers p. 70
3.3.1.6 Respiratory poisons p. 71
Key points p. 73
Chapter 4 Digestion and absorption p. 75
Objectives p. 77
4.1 The gastrointestinal tract p. 75
4.2 Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates p. 78
4.2.1 The classification of carbohydrates p. 78
4.2.1.1 Monosaccharides p. 79
4.2.1.2 Sugar alcohols p. 81
4.2.1.3 Disaccharides p. 81
4.2.1.4 Reducing and nonreducing sugars p. 81
4.2.1.5 Polysaccharides: starches and glycogen p. 83
4.2.1.6 Nonstarch polysaccharides (dietary fiber) p. 84
4.2.2 Carbohydrate digestion and absorption p. 85
4.2.2.1 Starch digestion p. 85
4.2.2.2 Digestion of disaccharides p. 86
4.2.2.3 The absorption of monosaccharides p. 87
4.3 Digestion and absorption of fats p. 87
4.3.1 The classification of dietary lipids p. 87
4.3.1.1 Fatty acids p. 89
4.3.1.2 Phospholipids p. 91
4.3.1.3 Cholesterol and the steroids p. 92
4.3.2 Digestion and absorption of triacylglycerols p. 93
4.3.2.1 Bile salts p. 93
4.3.2.2 Lipid absorption and chylomicron formation p. 95
4.4 Digestion and absorption of proteins p. 96
4.4.1 The amino acids p. 97
4.4.2 Protein structure and denaturation of proteins p. 99
4.4.2.1 Secondary structure of proteins p. 99
4.4.2.2 Tertiary and quaternary structures of proteins p. 100
4.4.2.3 Denaturation of proteins p. 101
4.4.3 Protein digestion p. 101
4.4.3.1 Activation of zymogens of proteolytic enzymes p. 102
4.4.3.2 Absorption of the products of protein digestion p. 103
4.5 The absorption of vitamins and minerals p. 103
4.5.1 Absorption of lipid-soluble vitamins and cholesterol p. 103
4.5.2 Absorption of water-soluble vitamins p. 104
4.5.2.1 Absorption of vitamin B[subscript 12] p. 104
4.5.3 Absorption of minerals p. 105
4.5.3.1 Iron absorption p. 106
Key points p. 107
Chapter 5 Energy nutrition-the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats p. 115
Objectives p. 115
5.1 Estimation of energy expenditure p. 116
5.1.1 Indirect calorimetry and the respiratory quotient p. 116
5.1.2 Long-term measurement of energy expenditure-the dual isotopically labeled water method p. 117
5.1.3 Calculation of energy expenditure p. 117
5.1.3.1 Basal metabolic rate p. 118
5.1.3.2 Energy costs of physical activity p. 118
5.1.3.3 Diet-induced thermogenesis p. 120
5.2 Energy balance and changes in body weight p. 122
5.3 Metabolic fuels in the fed and fasting states p. 123
5.3.1 The fed state p. 123
5.3.2 The fasting state p. 125
5.4 Energy-yielding metabolism p. 127
5.4.1 Glycolysis-the (anaerobic) metabolism of glucose p. 127
5.4.1.1 Transfer of NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria p. 129
5.4.1.2 The reduction of pyruvate to lactate: anaerobic glycolysis p. 131
5.4.2 The pentose phosphate pathway-an alternative to glycolysis p. 133
5.4.2.1 The pentose phosphate pathway in red blood cells-favism p. 134
5.4.3 The metabolism of pyruvate p. 135
5.4.3.1 The oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA p. 135
5.4.4 Oxidation of acetyl CoA-the citric acid cycle p. 136
5.4.4.1 The citric acid cycle as a pathway for metabolic inter conversion p. 139
5.4.4.2 Complete oxidation of four-and five-carbon compounds p. 140
5.5 The metabolism of fats p. 140
5.5.1 Carnitine and the transport of fatty acids into the mitochondrion p. 142
5.5.2 The [beta]-oxidation of fatty acids p. 144
5.5.3 Ketone bodies p. 145
5.6 Tissue reserves of metabolic fuels p. 147
5.6.1 Synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols p. 147
5.6.1.1 Unsaturated fatty acids p. 150
5.6.1.2 Synthesis of triacylglycerol p. 151
5.6.2 Plasma lipoproteins p. 151
5.6.2.1 Chylomicrons p. 153
5.6.2.2 Very low density lipoproteins, intermediate density lipoprotein, and low density lipoproteins p. 154
5.6.2.3 High density lipoproteins p. 155
5.6.3 Glycogen p. 155
5.6.3.1 Glycogen utilization p. 156
5.7 Gluconeogenesis-the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors p. 157
Key points p. 158
Chapter 6 Diet and health-nutrition and chronic diseases p. 171
Objectives p. 171
6.1 Chronic diseases (the "diseases of affluence") p. 172
6.2 Types of evidence linking diet and chronic diseases p. 172
6.2.1 Secular changes in diet and disease incidence p. 173
6.2.2 International correlations between diet and disease incidence p. 173
6.2.3 Studies of migrants p. 174
6.2.4 Case-control studies p. 175
6.2.5 Prospective studies p. 176
6.2.6 Intervention studies p. 177
6.3 Guidelines for a prudent diet p. 178
6.3.1 Energy intake p. 178
6.3.2 Fat intake p. 179
6.3.2.1 Type of fat in the diet p. 181
6.3.3 Carbohydrate intake p. 184
6.3.3.1 Sugars in the diet p. 184
6.3.3.2 Undigested carbohydrates (dietary fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides) p. 185
6.3.4 Salt p. 186
6.3.5 Alcohol p. 186
6.4 Nutritional genomics: interactions between diet and genes p. 188
6.4.1 Epigenetic modifications p. 189
6.5 Free radicals, oxidative damage, and antioxidant nutrients p. 189
6.5.1 Tissue damage by oxygen radicals p. 190
6.5.2 Sources of oxygen radicals p. 190
6.5.2.1 Reoxidation of reduced flavins p. 190
6.5.2.2 The macrophage respiratory burst p. 191
6.5.2.3 Formation of nitric oxide p. 191
6.5.2.4 Nonenzymic formation of radicals p. 191
6.5.3 Antioxidant nutrients and non-nutrients-protection against radical damage p. 192
6.5.3.1 Superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, and catalase p. 192
6.5.3.2 Glutathione peroxidase p. 192
6.5.3.3 Vitamin E p. 193
6.5.3.4 Carotenes p. 193
6.5.3.5 Vitamin C p. 194
6.5.3.6 Non-nutrient antioxidants p. 194
6.6 Other protective compounds in foods p. 194
6.6.1 Inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis p. 196
6.6.2 Inhibition of carcinogen activation and increased conjugation of activated metabolites p. 196
6.6.2.1 Allyl sulfur compounds p. 196
6.6.2.2 Glucosinolates p. 197
6.6.2.3 Flavonoids p. 199
6.6.3 Phytoestrogens p. 199
6.6.4 Miscellaneous actions of phytochemicals p. 200
Key points p. 201
Chapter 7 Overweight and obesity p. 205
Objectives p. 205
7.1 Desirable body weight p. 205
7.1.1 Body mass index p. 205
7.1.2 Measurement of body fat p. 206
7.1.2.1 Determination of body density p. 207
7.1.2.2 Determination of total body water or potassium p. 208
7.1.2.3 Imaging techniques p. 208
7.1.2.4 Measurement of whole-body electrical conductivity and impedance p. 208
7.1.2.5 Measurement of skinfold thickness p. 209
7.2 The problems of overweight and obesity p. 209
7.2.1 Social problems of obesity p. 209
7.2.2 The health risks of obesity p. 211
7.2.2.1 The distribution of excess adipose tissue p. 214
7.2.3 Obesity and the metabolic syndrome p. 214
7.2.3.1 Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinism p. 215
7.2.3.2 Adiponectin p. 216
7.2.3.3 Macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue p. 216
7.2.3.4 Excessive synthesis of cortisol p. 216
7.3 The causes and treatment of obesity p. 217
7.3.1 Energy expenditure p. 217
7.3.2 Availability of food p. 217
7.3.3 Control of appetite p. 218
7.3.4 How obese people can be helped to lose weight p. 219
7.3.4.1 Starvation p. 219
7.3.4.2 Very low-energy diets p. 220
7.3.4.3 Conventional diets p. 220
7.3.4.4 Very low carbohydrate (ketogenic) diets p. 221
7.3.4.5 Low glycemic index diets p. 221
7.3.4.6 High fiber diets p. 221
7.3.4.7 "Diets" that probably will not work p. 222
7.3.4.8 Slimming patches p. 223
7.3.4.9 Sugar substitutes p. 223
7.3.4.10 Fat substitutes p. 223
7.3.4.11 Pharmacological treatment of obesity p. 223
7.3.4.12 Surgical treatment of obesity p. 224
7.3.4.13 Help and support p. 224
Key points p. 225
Chapter 8 Protein-energy malnutrition-problems of undernutrition p. 229
Objectives p. 229
8.1 Problems of deficiency p. 229
8.2 Protein-energy malnutrition p. 230
8.3 Marasmus p. 232
8.3.1 Causes of marasmus and vulnerable groups of the population p. 233
8.3.1.1 Disorders of appetite: anorexia nervosa and bulimia p. 233
8.3.1.2 Malabsorption p. 234
8.3.1.3 Food intolerance and allergy p. 234
8.4 Cachexia p. 235
8.4.1 Hypermetabolism in cachexia p. 235
8.4.2 Increased protein catabolism in cachexia p. 236
8.5 Kwashiorkor p. 237
8.5.1 Factors in the etiology of kwashiorkor p. 237
8.5.2 Rehabilitation of malnourished children p. 238
Key points p. 238
Chapter 9 Protein nutrition and metabolism p. 241
Objectives p. 241
9.1 Nitrogen balance and protein requirements p. 241
9.1.1 Dynamic equilibrium p. 243
9.1.1.1 Mechanisms involved in tissue protein catabolism p. 244
9.1.2 Protein requirements p. 245
9.1.2.1 Protein requirements of children p. 246
9.1.2.2 Protein losses in trauma and infection-requirements for convalescence p. 247
9.1.3 Essential amino acids p. 248
9.1.3.1 Protein quality and complementation p. 249
9.1.3.2 Unavailable amino acids and protein digestibility p. 250
9.2 Protein synthesis p. 250
9.2.1 The structure and information content of DNA p. 251
9.2.1.1 DNA replication p. 253
9.2.1.2 The genetic code p. 253
9.2.2 Ribonucleic acid p. 254
9.2.2.1 Transcription to form messenger RNA p. 256
9.2.3 Translation of mRNA-the process of protein synthesis p. 257
9.2.3.1 Transfer RNA p. 257
9.2.3.2 Protein synthesis on the ribosome p. 258
9.2.3.3 The energy cost of protein synthesis p. 260
9.2.3.4 Posttranslational modification of proteins p. 261
9.3 The metabolism of amino acids p. 261
9.3.1 Metabolism of the amino nitrogen p. 262
9.3.1.1 Deamination p. 262
9.3.1.2 Transamination p. 263
9.3.1.3 The metabolism of ammonia p. 264
9.3.1.4 The synthesis of urea p. 266
9.3.1.5 Incorporation of nitrogen in biosynthesis p. 268
9.3.2 The metabolism of amino acid carbon skeletons p. 268
Key points p. 270
Chapter 10 The integration and control of metabolism p. 283
Objectives p. 283
10.1 Patterns of metabolic regulation p. 283
10.2 Intracellular regulation of enzyme activity p. 284
10.2.1 Allosteric modification of the activity of regulatory enzymes p. 285
10.2.2 Control of glycolysis-the allosteric regulation of phosphofructokinase p. 286
10.2.2.1 Feedback control of phosphofructokinase p. 286
10.2.2.2 Feed-forward control of phosphofructokinase p. 288
10.2.2.3 Substrate cycling p. 289
10.3 Responses to fast-acting hormones by covalent modification of enzyme proteins p. 289
10.3.1 Membrane receptors and G-proteins p. 291
10.3.2 Cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP as second messengers p. 291
10.3.2.1 Amplification of the hormone signal p. 293
10.3.3 Inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol as second messengers p. 294
10.3.3.1 Amplification of the hormone signal p. 295
10.3.4 The insulin receptor p. 296
10.4 Slow-acting hormones: changes in enzyme synthesis p. 296
10.4.1 Amplification of the hormone signal p. 298
10.5 Hormonal control in the fed and fasting states p. 299
10.5.1 Hormonal control of adipose tissue metabolism p. 300
10.5.2 Control of lipid metabolism in the liver p. 301
10.6 Selection of fuel for muscle activity p. 302
10.6.1 The effect of work intensity on muscle fuel selection p. 302
10.6.2 Muscle fuel utilization in the fed and fasting states p. 304
10.6.2.1 Regulation of fatty acid metabolism in muscle p. 304
10.7 Diabetes mellitus-a failure of regulation of blood glucose concentration p. 306
10.7.1 Adverse effects of poor glycemic control p. 307
Key points p. 308
Chapter 11 Micronutrients-the vitamins and minerals p. 317
Objectives p. 317
11.1 The determination of requirements and reference intakes p. 317
11.1.1 Dietary reference values p. 318
11.1.1.1 Supplements and safe levels of intake p. 324
11.1.2 The vitamins p. 324
11.2 Vitamin A p. 327
11.2.1 Vitamin A vitamers and international units p. 327
11.2.2 Metabolism of vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids p. 328
11.2.2.1 Carotene dioxygenase and the formation of retinol from carotenes p. 328
11.2.2.2 Plasma retinol-binding protein (RBP) p. 329
11.2.3 Metabolic functions of vitamin A p. 330
11.2.3.1 Vitamin A in vision p. 330
11.2.3.2 Retinoic acid and the regulation of gene expression p. 330
11.2.4 Vitamin A deficiency-night blindness and xerophthalmia p. 332
11.2.5 Vitamin A requirements and reference intakes p. 333
11.2.5.1 Assessment of vitamin A status p. 333
11.2.5.2 Toxicity of vitamin A p. 333
11.3 Vitamin D p. 334
11.3.1 Vitamers and international units p. 335
11.3.2 Absorption and metabolism of vitamin D p. 335
11.3.2.1 Synthesis of vitamin D in the skin p. 335
11.3.2.2 Metabolism to the active metabolite, calcitriol p. 336
11.3.3 Metabolic functions of vitamin D p. 337
11.3.3.1 The role of calcitriol in bone metabolism p. 338
11.3.4 Vitamin D deficiency: rickets and osteomalacia p. 338
11.3.5 Vitamin D requirements and reference intakes p. 339
11.3.5.1 Vitamin D toxicity p. 339
11.4 Vitamin E p. 339
11.4.1 Vitamers and units of activity p. 340
11.4.2 Absorption and metabolism of vitamin E p. 340
11.4.3 Metabolic functions of vitamin E p. 341
11.4.3.1 Hypocholesterolemic actions of tocotrienols p. 342
11.4.4 Vitamin E deficiency p. 342
11.4.5 Vitamin E requirements p. 343
11.4.5.1 Indices of vitamin E status p. 343
11.5 Vitamin K p. 343
11.5.1 Vitamers of vitamin K p. 344
11.5.2 Metabolic functions of vitamin K p. 345
11.5.2.1 Vitamin K dependent proteins in bone p. 346
11.5.3 Vitamin K deficiency and requirements p. 346
11.6 Vitamin B[subscript 1] (thiamin) p. 346
11.6.1 Absorption and metabolism of thiamin p. 347
11.6.2 Metabolic functions of thiamin p. 347
11.6.3 Thiamin deficiency p. 348
11.6.3.1 Dry beriberi p. 348
11.6.3.2 Wet beriberi p. 349
11.6.3.3 Acute pernicious (fulminating) beriberi-shoshin beriberi p. 349
11.6.3.4 The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome p. 349
11.6.4 Thiamin requirements p. 349
11.7 Vitamin B[subscript 2] (riboflavin) p. 350
11.7.1 Absorption and metabolism of riboflavin p. 350
11.7.2 Metabolic functions of the flavin coenzymes p. 351
11.7.3 Riboflavin deficiency p. 351
11.7.3.1 Resistance to malaria in riboflavin deficiency p. 351
11.7.4 Riboflavin requirements p. 352
11.8 Niacin p. 352
11.8.1 Metabolism of niacin p. 352
11.8.1.1 Unavailable niacin in cereals p. 353
11.8.1.2 Absorption and metabolism of niacin p. 354
11.8.1.3 Metabolism of the nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes p. 354
11.8.2 The synthesis of nicotinamide nucleotides from tryptophan p. 354
11.8.3 Metabolic functions of niacin p. 356
11.8.3.1 The role of NAD in ADP-ribosylation p. 357
11.8.4 Pellagra-a disease of tryptophan and niacin deficiency p. 357
11.8.5 Niacin requirements p. 357
11.8.5.1 Niacin toxicity p. 358
11.9 Vitamin B[subscript 6] p. 358
11.9.1 Absorption and metabolism of vitamin B[subscript 6] p. 359
11.9.2 Metabolic functions of vitamin B[subscript 6] p. 359
11.9.3 Vitamin B[subscript 6] deficiency p. 359
11.9.4 Vitamin B[subscript 6] requirements p. 360
11.9.5 Assessment of vitamin B[subscript 6] status p. 360
11.9.5.1 The tryptophan load test p. 360
11.9.5.2 The methionine load test p. 361
11.9.6 Non-nutritional uses of vitamin B[subscript 6] p. 361
11.9.6.1 Vitamin B[subscript 6] toxicity p. 361
11.10 Vitamin B[subscript 12] p. 361
11.10.1 Metabolic functions of vitamin B[subscript 12] p. 363
11.10.2 Vitamin B[subscript 12] deficiency: pernicious anemia p. 363
11.10.3 Vitamin B[subscript 12] requirements p. 364
11.10.4 Assessment of vitamin B[subscript 12] status p. 364
11.10.4.1 The Schilling test for vitamin B[subscript 12] absorption p. 364
11.11 Folic acid p. 364
11.11.1 Folate vitamers and dietary equivalence p. 365
11.11.2 Absorption and metabolism of folate p. 366
11.11.3 Metabolic functions of folate p. 366
11.11.3.1 Thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolate reductase p. 368
11.11.3.2 Methionine synthetase and the methyl-folate trap p. 368
11.11.3.3 Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and hyperhomocysteinemia p. 370
11.11.4 Folate deficiency: megaloblastic anemia p. 370
11.11.5 Folate requirements p. 371
11.11.5.1 Folate in pregnancy p. 371
11.11.5.2 Higher levels of folate intake p. 371
11.11.6 Assessment of folate status p. 372
11.11.6.1 Histidine metabolism-the FIGLU test p. 372
11.11.6.2 The dUMP suppression test p. 372
11.12 Biotin p. 373
11.12.1 Absorption and metabolism of biotin p. 373
11.12.2 Metabolic functions of biotin p. 373
11.12.3 Biotin deficiency and requirements p. 374
11.13 Pantothenic acid p. 375
11.13.1 Absorption, metabolism, and metabolic functions of pantothenic acid p. 375
11.13.1.1 Coenzyme A and acyl carrier protein p. 375
11.13.2 Pantothenic acid deficiency; safe and adequate levels of intake p. 375
11.14 Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) p. 376
11.14.1 Absorption and metabolism of vitamin C p. 377
11.14.2 Metabolic functions of vitamin C p. 377
11.14.2.1 Copper-containing hydroxylases p. 377
11.14.2.2 [alpha]-Ketoglutarate-linked iron-containing hydroxylases p. 378
11.14.3 Vitamin C deficiency: scurvy p. 378
11.14.3.1 Anemia in scurvy p. 379
11.14.4 Vitamin C requirements p. 379
11.14.4.1 Possible benefits of high intakes of vitamin C p. 380
11.14.4.2 Pharmacological uses of vitamin C p. 380
11.14.4.3 Toxicity of vitamin C p. 381
11.14.5 Assessment of vitamin C status p. 381
11.15 Minerals p. 382
11.15.1 Calcium p. 382
11.15.1.1 Osteoporosis p. 382
11.15.2 Minerals that function as prosthetic groups in enzymes p. 383
11.15.2.1 Cobalt p. 383
11.15.2.2 Copper p. 383
11.15.2.3 Iron p. 383
11.15.2.4 Molybdenum p. 384
11.15.2.5 Selenium p. 384
11.15.2.6 Zinc p. 385
11.15.3 Minerals that have a regulatory role in neurotransmission, as enzyme activators or in hormones p. 385
11.15.3.1 Calcium p. 385
11.15.3.2 Chromium p. 385
11.15.3.3 Iodine p. 385
11.15.3.4 Magnesium p. 387
11.15.3.5 Manganese p. 387
11.15.3.6 Sodium and potassium p. 387
11.15.4 Minerals known to be essential, but whose function is unknown p. 387
11.15.4.1 Silicon p. 387
11.15.4.2 Vanadium p. 387
11.15.4.3 Nickel and tin p. 387
11.15.5 Minerals that have effects in the body, but whose essentiality is not established p. 388
11.15.5.1 Fluoride p. 388
11.15.5.2 Lithium p. 388
11.15.5.3 Other minerals p. 388
Key points p. 388
Appendix p. 391
Glossary p. 393
Index p. 403