Developmental biology / 7th ed.

Table Of Contents:

part 1 Principles of developmental biology

Developmental biology: The anatomical tradition 3(22)

The Questions of Developmental Biology 4(1)

Approaches to Developmental Biology 5(1)

The Anatomical Approach 5(9)

Comparative embryology 5(1)

Epigenesis and preformation 6(2)

Naming the parts: The primary germ layers and early organs 8(1)

The four principles of Karl Ernst von Baer 8(2)

Fate mapping the embryo 10(3)

Cell migration 13(1)

Evolutionary Embryology 14(2)

Embryonic homologies 15(1)

Medical Embryology and Teratology 16(2)

Mathematical Modeling of Development 18(7)

The mathematics of organismal growth 18(1)

The mathematics of patterning 19(6)

Life cycles and the evolution of developmental patterns 25(26)

The Circle of Life: The Stages of Animal Development 25(1)

The Frog Life Cycle 26(4)

The Evolution of Developmental Patterns in Unicellular Protists 30(3)

Control of developmental morphogenesis: The role of the nucleus 30(2)

Unicellular protists and the origins of sexual reproduction 32(1)

Multicellularity: The Evolution of Differentiation 33(11)

The Volvocaceans 34(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Sex and Individuality in Volvox 36(3)

Differentiation and morphogenesis in Dictyostelium: Cell adhesion 39(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: Rules of Evidence I 42(1)

Differentiation in Dictyostelium 43(1)

Developmental Patterns among the Metazoa 44(7)

The diploblasts 46(1)

Protostomes and deuterostomes 46(5)

Principles of experimental embryology 51(30)

Environmental Developmental Biology 51(5)

Environmental sex determination 52(1)

Adaptation of embryos and larvae to their environments 52(4)

The Developmental Dynamics of Cell Specification 56(13)

Autonomous specification 56(2)

Conditional specification 58(9)

Sidelights & Speculations: Rules of Evidence II 67(1)

Stem cells and commitment 68(1)

Syncytial specification 69(1)

Morphogenesis and Cell Adhesion 69(12)

Differential cell affinity 70(1)

The thermodynamic model of cell interactions 71(3)

Cadherins and cell adhesion 74(7)

The genetic core of development 81(26)

The Embryological Origins of the Gene Theory 81(4)

Nucleus or cytoplasm: Which controls heredity? 81(2)

The split between embryology and genetics 83(1)

Early attempts at developmental genetics 84(1)

Evidence for Genomic Equivalence 85(7)

Amphibian cloning: The restriction of nuclear potency 85(1)

Amphibian cloning: The totipotency of somatic cells 86(1)

Cloning mammals 87(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Why Clone Mammals? 89(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Exception to the Rule: Immunoglobulin Genes 90(2)

Differential Gene Expression 92(1)

RNA Localization Techniques 93(5)

Northern blotting 93(1)

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction 93(3)

Microarrays and macroarrays 96(1)

In situ hybridization 97(1)

Determining the Function of Genes During Development 98(6)

Transgenic cells and organisms 98(3)

Determining the function of a message: Antisense RNA 101(3)

Coda 104(3)

The paradigm of differential gene expression 107(36)

Differential Gene Transcription 107(14)

Anatomy of the gene: Exons and introns 107(4)

Anatomy of the gene: Promoters and enhancers 111(3)

Transcription factors 114(3)

Transcription factor cascades 117(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Studying DNA Regulatory Elements 118(2)

Silencers 120(1)

Methylation Pattern and the Control of Transcription 121(6)

DNA methylation and gene activity 121(1)

Chromatin modification 122(1)

Insulators 123(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Genomic Imprinting 123(1)

Transcriptional regulation of an entire chromosome: Dosage compensation 124(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Mechanisms of X Chromosome Inactivation 126(1)

Differential RNA Processing 127(5)

Control of early development by nuclear RNA selection 128(1)

Creating families of proteins through differential nRNA splicing 129(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Differential nRNA Processing and Drosophila Sex Determination 131(1)

Control of Gene Expression at the Level of Translation 132(11)

Differential mRNA longevity 132(1)

Selective inhibition of mRNA translation 132(2)

Control of RNA expression by cytoplasmic localization 134(1)

Posttranslational regulation of gene expression 135(8)

Cell-cell communication in development 143(40)

Induction and Competence 143(6)

Cascades of induction: Reciprocal and sequential inductive events 145(1)

Instructive and permissive interactions 145(2)

Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions 147(2)

Paracrine Factors 149(5)

The fibroblast growth factors 150(1)

The Hedgehog family 151(1)

The Wnt family 152(1)

The TGF-β superfamily 153(1)

Other paracrine factors 153(1)

Cell Surface Receptors and Their Signal Transduction Pathways 154(10)

The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathway 154(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The RTK Pathway and Cell-to-Cell Induction 155(4)

The Smad pathway 159(1)

The JAK-STAT pathway 159(2)

The Wnt pathway 161(1)

The Hedgehog pathway 161(3)

Cell Death Pathways 164(2)

Juxtacrine Signaling 166(6)

The Notch pathway: Juxtaposed ligands and receptors 166(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Cell-Cell Interactions and Chance in the Determination of Cell Types 167(1)

The extracellular matrix as a source of critical developmental signals 168(3)

Direct transmission of signals through gap junctions 171(1)

Cross-Talk between Pathways 172(1)

Maintenance of the Differentiated State 173(1)

Coda 174(9)

part 2 Early embryonic development

Fertilization: Beginning a new organism 183(38)

Structure of the Gametes 183(6)

Sperm 183(3)

The egg 186(3)

Recognition of Egg and Sperm 189(8)

Sperm attraction: Action at a distance 189(2)

The acrosome reaction in sea urchins 191(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Action at a Distance: Mammalian Gametes 192(2)

Species-specific recognition in sea urchins 194(1)

Gamete binding and recognition in mammals 195(2)

Gamete Fusion and the Prevention of Polyspermy 197(6)

Fusion of the egg and sperm cell membranes 197(1)

The prevention of polyspermy 198(5)

The Activation of Egg Metabolism 203(6)

Early responses 204(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Activation of Gamete Metabolism 206(2)

Late responses 208(1)

Fusion of the Genetic Material 209(1)

Fusion of genetic material in sea urchins 209(1)

Fusion of genetic material in mammals 209(1)

Rearrangement of the Egg Cytoplasm 210(11)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Nonequivalence of Mammalian Pronuclei 212(9)

Early development in selected invertebrates 221(42)

An Introduction To Early Developmental Processes 221(1)

Cleavage 221(5)

From fertilization to cleavage 222(1)

The cytoskeletal mechanisms of mitosis 223(1)

Patterns of embryonic cleavage 224(2)

Specification of cell fates during cleavage 226(1)

Gastrulation 226(1)

Cell Specification and Axis Formation 226(1)

The Early Development Of Sea Urchins 227(1)

Cleavage in Sea Urchins 227(6)

Blastula formation 227(1)

Fate maps and the determination of sea urchin blastomeres 228(5)

Sea Urchin Gastrulation 233(6)

Ingression of primary mesenchyme 233(3)

First stage of archenteron invagination 236(1)

Second and third stages of archenteron invagination 237(2)

The Early Development Of Snails 239(1)

Cleavage in Snail Embryos 239(6)

Fate map of Ilyanassa obsoleta 241(1)

The polar lobe: Cell determination and axis formation 242(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Adaptation by Modifying Embryonic Cleavage 242(3)

Gastrulation in Snails 245(1)

Early Development In Tunicates 246(1)

Tunicate Cleavage 246(4)

The tunicate fate map 246(1)

Autonomous and conditional specification of tunicate blastomeres 247(2)

Specification of the embryonic axes 249(1)

Gastrulation in Tunicates 250(1)

Early Development Of The Nematode Caenorhabditis Elegans 251(1)

Why C. elegans? 251(1)

Cleavage and Axis Formation in C. elegans 251(6)

Rotational cleavage of the C. elegans egg 251(2)

Anterior-posterior axis formation 253(1)

Formation of the dorsal-ventral and right-left axes 253(1)

Control of blastomere identity 254(3)

Integration of autonomous and conditional specification: The differentiation of the C. elegans pharynx 257(1)

Gastrulation in C. elegans 257(1)

Coda 258(5)

The genetics of axis specification in Drosophila 263(42)

Early Drosophila Development 263(1)

Cleavage 264(2)

The mid-blastula transition 265(1)

Gastrulation 266(2)

The Origins Of Anterior-Posterior Polarity 268(2)

The Maternal Effect Genes 270(8)

Embryological evidence of polarity regulation by oocyte cytoplasm 270(1)

The molecular model: Protein gradients in the early embryo 270(3)

The anterior organizing center: The Bicoid gradient 273(3)

The posterior organizing center: Localizing and activating nanos 276(1)

The terminal gene group 277(1)

The Segmentation Genes 278(7)

The gap genes 279(2)

The pair-rule genes 281(2)

The segment polarity genes 283(2)

The Homeotic Selector Genes 285(5)

Patterns of homeotic gene expression 285(1)

Initiating the patterns of homeotic gene expression 286(2)

Maintaining the patterns of homeotic gene expression 288(1)

Realisator genes 288(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Homeodomain Proteins 289(1)

The Generation Of Dorsal-Ventral Polarity 290(1)

Dorsal: The Morphogenetic Agent for Dorsal-Ventral Polarity 291(6)

Translocation of Dorsal to the nucleus 291(2)

The signal cascade 293(1)

Establishing the dorsal patterning gradient 294(3)

Axes and Organ Primordia: The Cartesian Coordinate Model 297(1)

Coda 297(8)

Early development and axis formation in amphibians 305(40)

Early Amphibian Development 305(1)

Cleavage in Amphibians 305(2)

Amphibian Gastrulation 307(10)

The Xenopus fate map 308(1)

Cell movements during amphibian gastrulation 309(1)

The mid-blastula transition: Preparing for gastrulation 310(1)

Positioning the blastopore 311(1)

Invagination and involution 312(1)

The convergent extension of the dorsal mesoderm 313(2)

Migration of the involuting mesoderm 315(1)

Epiboly of the ectoderm 315(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Fibronectin and the Pathways for Mesodermal Migration 316(1)

Axis Formation In Amphibians: The Phenomenon Of The Organizer 317(1)

The Progressive Determination of the Amphibian Axes 317(3)

Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold: Primary Embryonic Induction 320(1)

Mechanisms of Axis Determination in Amphibians 321(4)

The origin of the Nieuwkoop center 321(1)

The molecular biology of the Nieuwkoop center 322(3)

The Functions of the Organizer 325(9)

The diffusible proteins of the organizer I: The BMP inhibitors 327(3)

The diffusible proteins of the organizer II: The Wnt inhibitors 330(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: BMP4 and Geoffroy's Lobster 330(2)

Conversion of the ectoderm into neural plate cells 332(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Competence, Bias, and Neurulation 333(1)

The Regional Specificity of Induction 334(3)

The determination of regional differences 334(1)

The posterior transforming proteins: Wnt signals and retinoic acid 334(2)

The anterior transforming proteins: Insulin-like growth factors 336(1)

Specifying the Left-Right Axis 337(8)

The early development of vertebrates: Fish, birds, and mammals 345(44)

Early Development In Fish 345(2)

Cleavage in Fish Eggs 347(2)

Gastrulation in Fish Embryos 349(2)

The formation of germ layers 349(2)

Axis Formation in Fish Embryos 351(3)

Dorsal-ventral axis formation: The embryonic shield 351(1)

The fish Nieuwkoop center 352(1)

Anterior-posterior patterning 353(1)

Early Development In Birds 354(1)

Cleavage in Bird Eggs 354(2)

Gastrulation of the Avian Embryo 356(4)

The hypoblast 356(1)

The primitive streak 356(2)

Epiboly of the ectoderm 358(2)

Axis Formation in the Chick Embryo 360(3)

The role of pH in forming the dorsal-ventral axis 360(1)

The role of gravity in forming the anterior-posterior axis 360(3)

Left-Right Axis Formation 363(1)

Early Mammalian Development 363(1)

Cleavage in Mammals 363(5)

The unique nature of mammalian cleavage 364(2)

Compaction 366(2)

Escape from the zona pellucida 368(1)

Gastrulation in Mammals 368(7)

Modifications for development within another organism 368(2)

Formation of extraembryonic membranes 370(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: Twins and Embryonic Stem Cells 373(2)

Mammalian Anterior-Posterior Axis Formation 375(5)

Two signaling centers 375(2)

Patterning the anterior-posterior axis: The Hox code hypothesis 377(1)

Expression of Hox genes along the dorsal axis 377(1)

Experimental analysis of the Hox code 377(3)

The Dorsal-Ventral and Right-Left Axes in Mice 380(9)

The dorsal-ventral axis 380(1)

The left-right axis 381(8)

part 3 Later embryonic development

The emergence of the ectoderm: The central nervous system and the epidermis 389(38)

Establishing the Neural Cells 391(2)

Formation of the Neural Tube 393(5)

Primary neurulation 393(5)

Secondary neurulation 398(1)

Differentiation of the Neural Tube 398(4)

The anterior-posterior axis 398(3)

The dorsal-ventral axis 401(1)

Tissue Architecture of the Central Nervous System 402(8)

Spinal cord and medulla organization 403(1)

Cerebellar organization 404(1)

Cerebral organization 405(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: The Unique Development of the Human Brain 408(1)

Adult neural stem cells 409(1)

Differentiation of Neurons 410(3)

Development of the Vertebrate Eye 413(3)

The dynamics of optic development 413(1)

Neural retina differentiation 414(1)

Lens and cornea differentiation 414(2)

The Epidermis and the Origin of Cutaneous Structures 416(11)

The origin of epidermal cells 416(2)

Cutaneous appendages 418(1)

Developmental genetics of hair formation 419(8)

Neural crest cells and axonal specificity 427(38)

The Neural Crest 427(1)

Specification and Regionalization of the Neural Crest 427(2)

The Trunk Neural Crest 429(5)

Migration pathways of trunk neural crest cells 429(2)

The mechanisms of trunk neural crest migration 431(1)

Trunk neural crest cell differentiation 432(2)

The Cranial Neural Crest 434(7)

Cranial neural crest cell migration and specification: The first wave 436(1)

Intramembranous ossification 437(1)

Innervation of the placodes: The second wave of cranial neural crest migration 438(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Tooth Development 439(2)

The Cardiac Neural Crest 441(1)

Neuronal Specification And Axonal Specificity 442(1)

The Generation of Neuronal Diversity 442(2)

Pattern Generation in the Nervous System 444(13)

Cell adhesion and contact guidance by attractive and permissive molecules 445(1)

Guidance by specific growth cone repulsion 445(1)

Guidance by diffusible molecules 446(4)

Target selection 450(1)

Forming the synapse: Activity-dependent development 451(1)

Differential survival after innervation: Neurotrophic factors 451(2)

Paths to glory: Migration of the retinal ganglion axons 453(4)

The Development of Behaviors: Constancy and Plasticity 457(8)

Paraxial and intermediate mesoderm 465(26)

Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites And Their Derivatives 466(1)

The Formation of Somites 467(6)

The periodicity of somite formation 467(1)

The separation of somites from the unsegmented mesoderm 468(1)

The epithelialization of the somite 469(2)

Specification of the somite along the anterior-posterior axis 471(1)

The derivatives of the somite 471(1)

Determination of the sclerotome and dermatome 472(1)

Determination of the myotome 473(1)

Myogenesis: The Development of Muscle 473(1)

Specification and differentiation by the myogenic bHLH proteins 473(1)

Muscle cell fusion 474(1)

Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones 474(3)

Endochondral ossification 475(2)

Osteoclasts 477(1)

Intermediate Mesoderm: The Urogenital System 477(1)

The Specification of the Intermediate Mesoderm 478(1)

Progression of Kidney Types 479(1)

Reciprocal Interactions of Developing Kidney Tissues 480(11)

The mechanisms of reciprocal induction 481(10)

Lateral plate mesoderm and endoderm 491(32)

Lateral Plate Mesoderm 491(1)

The Heart 492(8)

Specification of heart tissue and fusion of heart rudiments 492(6)

Sidelights & Speculations: Redirecting Blood Flow in the Newborn Mammal 498(2)

Formation of Blood Vessels 500(4)

Constraints on the construction of blood vessels 500(1)

Vasculogenesis: The initial formation of blood vessels 501(2)

Angiogenesis: Sprouting of blood vessels and remodeling of vascular beds 503(1)

Mechanisms of Arterial and Venous Differentiation 504(1)

The Development of Blood Cells 505(5)

The stem cell concept 505(1)

Sites of hematopoiesis 506(3)

Committed stem cells and their fates 509(1)

Hematopoietic inductive microenvironments 509(1)

Endoderm 510(1)

The Pharynx 511(1)

The Digestive Tube and Its Derivatives 511(4)

Specification of the gut tissue 512(1)

Liver, pancreas, and gallbladder 512(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Blood and Guts: The Specification of Liver and Pancreas 513(2)

The Respiratory Tube 515(2)

The Extraembryonic Membranes 517(6)

The amnion and chorion 517(1)

The allantois and yolk sac 517(6)

Development of the tetrapod limb 523(24)

Formation of the Limb Bud 524(5)

Specification of the limb fields: Hox genes and retinoic acid 524(1)

Induction of the early limb bud: Wnt proteins and fibroblast growth factors 525(1)

Specification of forelimb or hindlimb: Tbx4 and Tbx5 526(3)

Generating the Proximal-Distal Axis of the Limb 529(5)

The apical ectodermal ridge 529(1)

FGFs in the induction and maintenance of the AER 530(1)

Specifying the limb mesoderm: Determining the proximal-distal polarity of the limb 531(1)

Hox genes, meis genes, and the specification of the proximal-distal axis 532(2)

Specification of the Anterior-Posterior Limb Axis 534(3)

The zone of polarizing activity 534(1)

Sonic hedgehog defines the ZPA 535(1)

Specification of the ZPA 535(1)

Specifying digit identity through cell interactions initiated by Sonic hedgehog 536(1)

Generation of the Dorsal-Ventral Axis 537(1)

Coordinating the Three Axes 537(1)

Cell Death and the Formation of Digits and Joints 538(2)

Sculpting the autopod 538(1)

Forming the joints 539(1)

Continued Limb Growth: Epiphyseal Plates 540(7)

Sidelights & Speculations: Control of Cartilage Maturation at the Growth Plate 541(6)

Sex determination 547(28)

Chromosomal Sex Determination In Mammals 548(1)

Primary and Secondary Sex Determination in Mammals 548(1)

The Developing Gonads 549(2)

The Mechanisms of Mammalian Primary Sex Determination 551(5)

SRY: The Y chromosome sex determinant 551(1)

SOX9: An autosomal testis-determining gene 552(1)

Fibroblast growth factor 9 553(1)

SF1: The link between SRY and the male developmental pathways 554(1)

DAX1: A potential testis-suppressing gene on the X chromosome 554(2)

WNT4: A potential ovary-determining gene on an autosome 556(1)

Secondary Sex Determination: Hormonal Regulation of the Sexual Phenotype 556(5)

Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone 557(1)

Anti-Mullerian duct hormone 558(1)

Estrogen 559(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Sex Determination and Behaviors 559(2)

Chromosomal Sex Determination In Drosophila 561(1)

The Sexual Development Pathway 561(1)

Mechanisms of Sex Determination 562(5)

The sex-lethal gene as the pivot for sex determination 562(1)

The transformer genes 563(1)

Doublesex: The switch gene of sex determination 564(3)

Environmental Sex Determination 567(1)

Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination in Reptiles 567(1)

Aromatase and the production of estrogens 567(1)

Sex reversal, aromatase, and conservation biology 568(1)

Location-Dependent Sex Determination in Bonellia and Crepidula 568(7)

Metamorphosis regeneration, and aging 575(38)

Metamorphosis: The Hormonal Reactivation of Development 575(1)

Amphibian Metamorphosis 576(7)

Morphological changes associated with metamorphosis 576(1)

Biochemical changes associated with metamorphosis 577(1)

Hormonal control of amphibian metamorphosis 578(2)

Regionally specific developmental programs 580(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Variations on the Theme of Amphibian Metamorphosis 581(2)

Metamorphosis in Insects 583(9)

Types of insect metamorphosis 583(1)

Imaginal discs 584(3)

Determination of the wing imaginal discs 587(1)

Hormonal control of insect metamorphosis 588(2)

The molecular biology of 20-hydroxyecdysone activity 590(2)

Regeneration 592(1)

Epimorphic Regeneration of Salamander Limbs 592(5)

Formation of the apical ectodermal cap and regeneration blastema 593(1)

Proliferation of the blastema cells: The requirement for nerves 594(1)

Proliferation of the blastema cells: The requirement for FGF10 595(1)

Pattern formation in the regeneration blastema 595(2)

Morphallactic Regeneration in Hydra 597(4)

The head activation gradient 597(1)

The head inhibition gradient 598(1)

The hypostome as an ``organizer'' 598(2)

The basal disc activation and inhibition gradients 600(1)

Compensatory Regeneration in the Mammalian Liver 601(1)

Aging: The Biology of Senescence 601(12)

Maximum life span and life expectancy 601(1)

Causes of aging 602(1)

Genetically programmed aging 603(10)

The saga of the germ line 613(36)

Germ Plasm and the Determination of the Primordial Germ Cells 613(4)

Germ cell determination in nematodes 614(1)

Germ cell determination in insects 615(1)

Germ cell determination in amphibians 616(1)

The inert genome hypothesis 617(1)

Germ Cell Migration 617(7)

Germ cell migration in amphibians 617(1)

Germ cell formation and migration in mammals 618(3)

Sidelights & Speculations: EG Cells, ES Cells, and Teratocarcinomas 621(1)

Germ cell migration in birds and reptiles 622(1)

Germ cell migration in Drosophila 622(2)

Meiosis 624(4)

Sidelights & Speculations: Big Decisions: Mitosis or Meiosis? Sperm or Egg? 627(1)

Spermatogenesis 628(3)

Forming the haploid spermatid 628(2)

Spermiogenesis: The differentiation of the sperm 630(1)

Oogenesis 631(18)

Oogenic meiosis 631(1)

Maturation of the oocyte in amphibians 632(1)

Completion of amphibian meiosis: Progesterone and fertilization 633(1)

Gene transcription in oocytes 634(3)

Meroistic oogenesis in insects 637(1)

Maturation of the mammalian oocyte 638(11)

part 4 Ramifications of developmental biology

An overview of plant development 649(34)

Plant Life Cycles 651(3)

Gamete Production in Angiosperms 654(4)

Pollen 654(1)

The ovary 655(1)

Pollination 655(3)

Fertilization 658(1)

Embryonic Development 659(5)

Experimental studies 659(1)

Embryogenesis 659(5)

Dormancy 664(1)

Germination 664(1)

Vegetative Growth 665(6)

Meristems 665(2)

Root development 667(1)

Shoot development 667(1)

Leaf development 668(3)

The Vegetative-to-Reproductive Transition 671(7)

Control of the reproductive transition 672(2)

Inflorescence meristems 674(1)

Floral meristem identity genes 675(1)

Organ identity genes: The ABC model 676(2)

Senescence 678(5)

Medical implications of developmental biology 683(38)

Infertility 683(1)

Diagnosing Infertility 683(1)

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) 684(2)

The IVF procedure 684(1)

Variations on IVF 685(1)

Success rates and complications of IVF 685(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Ethical Issues and Assisted Reproductive Technology 686(1)

Genetic Errors Of Human Development 686(1)

Identifying the Genes for Human Developmental Anomalies 687(2)

The Nature of Human Syndromes 689(2)

Pleiotropy 689(1)

Genetic heterogeneity 690(1)

Phenotypic variability 690(1)

Mechanisms of dominance 691(1)

Gene Expression and Human Disease 691(2)

Inborn errors in transcriptional regulation 691(1)

Inborn errors of nuclear RNA processing 692(1)

Inborn errors of translation 692(1)

Preimplantation Genetics 693(1)

Amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling, and preimplantation genetics 693(1)

Sperm separation and sex selection 694(1)

Teratogenesis: Environmental Assaults On Human Development 694(1)

Teratogenic Agents 695(8)

Retinoic acid as a teratogen 696(1)

Alcohol as a teratogen 697(1)

Endocrine disruptors 698(2)

Other teratogenic agents 700(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: The DES Story: Is It Happening Again? 701(2)

Developmental Biology And The Future Of Medicine 703(1)

Developmental Cancer Therapies 703(2)

Cancer as a disease of altered development 703(1)

Differentiation therapy 703(1)

Angiogenesis inhibition 704(1)

Gene Therapy 705(3)

Somatic cell gene therapy 707(1)

Germ line gene therapy 707(1)

Stem Cells and Therapeutic Cloning 708(13)

Cloning 708(1)

Embryonic stem cells and therapeutic cloning 708(1)

Adult stem cells 709(2)

Transgenic stem cells 711(1)

Regeneration therapy 712(9)

Environmental regulation of animal development 721(30)

The Environment as Part of Normal Development 721(6)

Gravity and pressure 722(1)

Developmental symbiosis 722(3)

Larval settlement 725(1)

Sex in its season 726(1)

Diapause: Suspended development 727(1)

Phenotypic Plasticity: Control of Development by Environmental Conditions 727(10)

Polyphenism and reaction norms 727(1)

Seasonal polyphenism in butterflies 728(2)

Nutritional polyphenism 730(1)

Environment-dependent sex determination 731(1)

Polyphenisms for alternative environmental conditions 732(1)

Sidelights & Speculations: Genetic Assimilation 733(1)

Predator-induced polyphenisms 734(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Mammalian Immunity as a Predator-Induced Response 736(1)

Learning: An Environmentally Adaptive Nervous System 737(2)

The formation of new neurons 737(1)

Experiential changes in mammalian visual pathways 737(2)

Endocrine Disruptors 739(4)

Environmental estrogens 740(2)

Environmental thyroid hormone disruptors 742(1)

Chains of causation 742(1)

Developmental Biology Meets the Real World 743(8)

Sidelights & Speculations: Deformed Frogs 744(7)

Developmental mechanisms of evolutionary change 751(34)

``Unity of Type'' and ``Conditions of Existence'' 751(3)

Charles Darwin's synthesis 751(1)

``Life's splendid drama'' 752(1)

The search for the Urbilaterian ancestor 753(1)

Hox Genes: Descent with Modification 754(9)

Sidelights & Speculations: How the Chordates Got a Head 761(2)

Homologous Pathways of Development 763(3)

Instructions for forming the central nervous system 763(1)

Instructions for appendage formation 764(2)

Modularity: The Prerequisite for Evolution through Development 766(3)

Dissociation: Heterochrony and allometry 766(2)

Duplication and divergence 768(1)

Co-option 768(1)

Generating Evolutionary Novelty 769(4)

Developmental Constraints 773(4)

Physical constraints 773(1)

Morphogenetic constraints 774(1)

Phyletic constraints 774(2)

Sidelights & Speculations: Canalization and the Release of Developmental Constraints 776(1)

A New Evolutionary Synthesis 777(8)
Sources for Chapter-Opening Quotations 785(2)
Author Index 787(18)
Subject Index 805