Cover 1
Frontmatter 2
Half Title Page 2
Title Page 4
Copyright 5
Contents at A Glance 6
Table of Contents 7
Preface 13
Chapter 1. The Breadth and Depth of DSP 16
The Roots of DSP 16
Telecommunications 19
Audio Processing 20
Echo Location 22
Image Processing 24
Chapter 2. Statistics, Probability and Noise 26
Signal and Graph Terminology 26
Mean and Standard Deviation 28
Signal vs. Underlying Process 32
The Histogram, Pmf and Pdf 34
The Normal Distribution 41
Digital Noise Generation 44
Precision and Accuracy 47
Chapter 3. ADC and DAC 50
Quantization 50
The Sampling Theorem 54
Digital-to-Analog Conversion 59
Analog Filters for Data Conversion 63
Selecting the Antialias Filter 70
Multirate Data Conversion 73
Single-Bit Data Conversion 75
Chapter 4. DSP Software 82
Computer Numbers 82
Fixed Point (Integers) 83
Floating Point (Real Numbers) 85
Number Precision 87
Execution Speed: Program Language 91
Execution Speed: Hardware 95
Execution Speed: Programming Tips 100
Chapter 5. Linear Systems 102
Signals and Systems 102
Requirements for Linearity 104
Static Linearity and Sinusoidal Fidelity 107
Examples of Linear and Nonlinear Systems 109
Special Properties of Linearity 111
Superposition: The Foundation of DSP 113
Common Decompositions 115
Alternatives to Linearity 119
Chapter 6. Convolution 122
The Delta Function and Impulse Response 122
Convolution 123
The Input Side Algorithm 127
The Output Side Algorithm 131
The Sum of Weighted Inputs 137
Chapter 7. Properties of Convolution 138
Common Impulse Responses 138
Mathematical Properties 147
Correlation 151
Speed 155
Chapter 8. The Discrete Fourier Transform 156
The Family of Fourier Transform 156
Notation and Format of the Real DFT 161
The Frequency Domain's Independent Variable 163
DFT Basis Functions 165
Synthesis, Calculating the Inverse DFT 167
Analysis, Calculating the DFT 172
Duality 176
Polar Notation 176
Polar Nuisances 179
Chapter 9. Applications of the DFT 184
Spectral Analysis of Signals 184
Frequency Response of Systems 192
Convolution via the Frequency Domain 195
Chapter 10. Fourier Transform Properties 200
Linearity of the Fourier Transform 200
Characteristics of the Phase 203
Periodic Nature of the DFT 209
Compression and Expansion, Multirate Methods 215
Multiplying Signals (Amplitude Modulation) 219
The Discrete Time Fourier Transform 221
Parseval's Relation 223
Chapter 11. Fourier Transform Pairs 224
Delta Function Pairs 224
The Sinc Function 227
Other Transform Pairs 230
Gibbs Effect 233
Harmonics 235
Chirp Signals 237
Chapter 12. The Fast Fourier Transform 240
Real DFT Using the Complex DFT 240
How the FFT Works 243
FFT Programs 248
Speed and Precision Comparisons 252
Further Speed Increases 253
Chapter 13. Continuous Signal Processing 258
The Delta Function 258
Convolution 261
The Fourier Transform 267
The Fourier Series 270
Chapter 14. Introduction to Digital Filters 276
Filter Basics 276
How Information Is Represented in Signals 280
Time Domain Parameters 281
Frequency Domain Parameters 283
High-Pass, Band-Pass and Band-Reject Filters 286
Filter Classification 289
Chapter 15. Moving Average Filters 292
Implementation by ConvoIution 292
Noise Reduction vs. Step Response 293
Frequency Response 295
Relatives of the Moving Average Filter 295
Recursive Implementation 297
Chapter 16. Windowed-Sinc Filters 300
Strategy of the Windowed-Sinc 300
Designing the Filter 303
Examples of Windowed-Sinc Filters 307
Pushing It to the Limit 308
Chapter 17. Custom Filters 312
Arbitrary Frequency Response 312
Deconvolution 315
Optimal Filters 322
Chapter 18. FFT Convolution 326
The Overlap-Add Method 326
FFT Convolution 327
Speed Improvements 331
Chapter 19. Recursive Filters 334
The Recursive Method 334
Single Pole Recursive Filters 337
Narrow-Band Filters 341
Phase Response 343
Using Integers 347
Chapter 20. Chebyshev Filters 348
The Chebyshev and Butterworth Responses 348
Designing the Filter 349
Step Response Overshoot 353
Stability 354
Chapter 21. Filter Comparison 358
Match #1: Analog vs. Digital Filters 358
Match #2: Windowed-Sinc vs. Chebyshev 361
Match #3: Moving Average vs. Single Pole 363
Chapter 22. Audio Processing 366
Human Hearing 366
Timbre 370
Sound Quality vs. Data Rate 373
High Fidelity Audio 374
Companding 377
Speech Synthesis and Recognition 379
Nonlinear Audio Processing 383
Chapter 23. Image Formation & Display 388
Digital Image Structure 388
Cameras and Eyes 391
Television Video Signals 399
Other Image Acquisition and Display 401
Brightness and Contrast Adjustments 402
Grayscale Transforms 405
Warping 409
Chapter 24. Linear Image Processing 412
Convolution 412
3x3 Edge Modification 417
Convolution by Separability 419
Example of A Large PSF: Illumination Flattening 422
Fourier Image Analysis 425
FFT Convolution 431
A Closer Look at Image Convolution 433
Chapter 25. Special Imaging Techniques 438
Spatial Resolution 438
Sample Spacing and Sampling Aperture 445
Signal-to-Noise Ratio 447
Morphological Image Processing 451
Computed Tomography 457
Chapter 26. Neural Networks (and More!) 466
Target Detection 466
Neural Network Architecture 473
Why Does It Work? 478
Training the Neural Network 480
Evaluating the ResuIts 488
Recursive Filter Design 491
Chapter 27. Data Compression 496
Data Compression Strategies 496
Run-Length Encoding 498
Huffman Encoding 499
Delta Encoding 501
LZW Compression 503
JPEG (Transform Compression) 509
MPEG 516
Chapter 28. Digital Signal Processors 518
How DSPs Are Different from Other Microprocessors 518
Circular Buffering 521
Architecture of the Digital Signal Processor 524
Fixed versus Floating Point 529
C versus Assembly 535
How Fast Are DSPs? 541
The Digital Signal Processor Market 546
Chapter 29. Getting Started with DSPs 550
The ADSP-2106x Family 550
The SHARC EZ-KIT Lite 552
Design Example: An FIR Audio Filter 553
Analog Measurements on A DSP System 557
Another Look at Fixed versus Floating Point 559
Advanced Software Tools 561
Chapter 30. Complex Numbers 566
The Complex Number System 566
Polar Notation 570
Using Complex Numbers by Substitution 572
Complex Representation of Sinusoids 574
Complex Representation of Systems 576
Electrical Circuit Analysis 578
Chapter 31. The Complex Fourier Transform 582
The Real DFT 582
Mathematical Equivalence 584
The Complex DFT 585
The Family of Fourier Transforms 590
Why the Complex Fourier Transform Is Used 592
Chapter 32. The Laplace Transform 596
The Nature of the s-Domain 596
Strategy of the Laplace Transform 603
Analysis of Electric Circuits 607
The Importance of Poles and Zeros 612
Filter Design in the s-Domain 615
Chapter 33. The z-Transform 620
The Nature of the z-Domain 620
Analysis of Recursive Systems 625
Cascade and Parallel Stages 631
Spectral Inversion 634
Gain Changes 636
Chebyshev-Butterworth FiIter Design 638
The Best and Worst of DSP 645
Backmatter 646
Glossary 646
Index 658
Back Cover 666