Chemistry: Matter and Measurement
Chemistry: Principles and Applications
Getting Started: Some Key Terms
Scientific Measurements
Precision and Accuracy in Measurements
A Problem-Solving Method
Further Remarks on Problem Solving
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Laws of Chemical Combination
John Dalton and the Atomic Theory of Matter
The Divisible Atom
Atomic Masses
The Periodic Table: Elements Organized
Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Acids, Bases, and Salts
Organic Compounds
Stoichiometry: Chemical Calculations
Molecular Masses and Formula Masses
The Mole and Avogadro's Number
The Mole and Molar Mass
Mass Percent Composition from Chemical Formulas
Chemical Formulas from Mass Percent Composition
Elemental Analysis: Experimental Determination of Mass Percent Composition
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
Reaction Stoichiometry
Limiting Reactants
Yields of Chemical Reactions
Solutions and Solution Stoichiometry
Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Some Electrical Properties of Aqueous Solutions
Reactions of Acids and Bases
Reactions that Form Precipitates
Reactions Involving Oxidation and Reduction
Applications of Oxidation and Reduction
Titrations
Gases
Gases: What Are They Like? 5.2 An Introduction to the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
Gas Pressure
Boyle's Law: The Pressure-Volume Relationship
Charles's Law: The Temperature-Volume Relationship
Avogadro's Law: The Mole-Volume Relationship
The Combined Gas Law
The Ideal Gas Law and Its Applications
Gases in Reaction Stoichiometry
Mixtures of Gases: Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Some Quantitative Aspects
Real Gases
Thermochemistry
Energy
Thermochemistry: Some Basic Terms
Internal Energy (U), State Functions, and the First Law of Thermodynamics
Heats of Reaction and Enthalpy Change, (_H)
Calorimetry: Measuring Quantities of Heat
Hess's Law of Constant Heat Summation
Standard Enthalpies of Formation
Combustion and Respiration: Fuels and Foods
Atomic Structure
The Electron: Experiments by Thomson and Millikan
Atomic Models: Thomson and Rutherford
Protons and Neutrons
Positive Ions and Mass Spectrometry
The Wave Nature of Light
Photons: Energy by the Quantum
Bohr's Hydrogen Atom: A Planetary Model
Wave Mechanics: Matter as Waves
Quantum Numbers and Atomic Orbitals
Electron Configurations, Atomic Properties, and the Periodic Table
Multielectron Atoms
An Introduction to Electron Configurations
Rules for Electron Configurations
Electron Configurations: The Aufbau Principle
Electron Configurations: Periodic Relationships
Magnetic Properties: Paired and Unpaired Electrons
Periodic Atomic Properties of the Elements
Metals, Nonmetals, Metalloids, and Noble Gases
Using Atomic Properties and the Periodic Table the Explain the Behavior of the Elements
Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bonds: A Preview
The Lewis Theory of Chemical Bonding: An Overview
Ionic Bonds and Ionic Crystals
Using Lewis Symbols to Represent Ionic Bonding
Energy Changes in Ionic Compounds Formations
Lewis Structures of Some Simple Molecules
Polar Covalent Bonds and Electronegativity
A Strategy for Writing Lewis Structures
Molecules That Do Not Follow the Octet Rule
Bond Lengths and Bond Energies
Alkenes and Alkynes
Polymers
Bonding Theory and Molecular Structure
The Valence-Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Method
Polar Molecules and Dipole Moments
Atomic Orbital Overlap
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
Hybrid Orbitals and Multiple Covalent Bonds
Characteristics of Molecular Orbitals
Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules of the Second-Period Elements
Bonding in Benzene
Aromatic Compounds
States of Matter and Intermolecular Forces
Intermolecular Forces and the States of Matter: A Chapter Preview
Vaporization and Vapor Pressure
Phase Changes Involving Solids
Phase Diagrams
Intermolecular Forces of the van der Waals Type
Hydrogen Bonds
Intermolecular Forces and Two Liquid Properties
Network Covalent Solids
Ionic Bonds as "Intermolecular" Forces
The Structure of Crystals
Physical Properties of Solutions
Some Types of Solutions
Solution Concentration
Energetics of Solution Formation
Equilibrium in Solution Formation
The Solubilities of Gases
Vapor Pressures of Solutions
Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation
Osmotic Pressure
Solutions of Electrolytes
Colloids
Chemical Kinetics: Rates and Mechanisms of Chemical Reactions
Chemical Kinetics-A Preview
The Meaning of Reaction Rate
Measuring Reaction Rates
The Rate Law of Chemical Reaction
First-Order Reactions
Reactions of Other Orders
Theories of Chemical Kinetics
Effects of Temperature on Reaction Rates
Reaction Mechanisms
Catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis
Chemical Equilibrium
The Dynamic Nature of Equilibrium
The Equilibrium Constant Expression
Modifying Equilibrium Constant Expressions
Qualitative Treatment of Equilibrium: Le Chtelier's Principle
Some Illustrative Equilibrium Calculations
Acids, Bases, and Acid-Base Equilibria
The Br脗驴nsted-Lowry Theory of Acids and Bases
Molecular Structure and Strengths of Acids and Bases
Self-Ionization of Water-the pH Scale
Equilibrium in Solutions of Weak Acids and Weak Bases
Polyprotic Acids
Ions as Acids and Bases
The Common Ion Effect
Buffer Solutions
Acid0Base Indicators
Neutralization Reactions and Titration Curves
Lewis Acids and Bases
More Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions: Slightly Soluble Salts and Complex Ions
The Solubility Product Constant, Ksp
The Relationship Between Ksp and Molar Solubility
The Common Ion Effect in Solubility Equilibria
Will Precipitation Occur? Is It Complete? 16.5 Effect of pH on Solubility
Equilibria Involving Complex Ions
Qualitative Inorganic Analysis
Thermodynamics: Spontaneity, Entropy, and Free Energy
Why Study Thermodynamics? 17.2 Spontaneous Change
The Concept of Entropy
Free Energy and Free Energy Change (G)
Standard Free Energy Change, _G脙”
Free Energy Change and Equilibrium
The Dependence of _G脙” and Keq on Temperature
Electrochemistry
Half-Reactions
The Half-Reaction Method of Balancing Redox Equations
A Qualitative Description of Voltaic Cells
Standard Electrode Potentials
Electrode Potentials, Spontaneous Change, and Equilibrium
Effect of Concentrations on Cell Voltage
Batteries: Using Chemical Reactions to Make Electricity
Corrosion: Metal Loss Through Voltaic Cells
Predicting Electrolysis Reactions
Quantitative Electrolysis
Applications of Electrolysis
Nuclear Chemistry
Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations
Naturally Occurring Radioactivity
Radioactive Decay Rates
Synthetic Nuclides
Transuranium Elements
Nuclear Stability
Energetics of Nuclear Reactions
Nuclear Fission and Nuclear Fusion
Effect of Radiation of Matter
Applications of Radioactive Nuclides
The s-Block Elements
Occurrence and Preparation of Hydrogen
Binary Compounds of Hydrogen
Uses of Hydrogen
Properties and Trends I Group 1A
Occurrence, preparation, Uses, and Reactions of Group 1A Metals
Important Compounds of Li, Na, and K
The Alkali Metals and Living Matter
Properties and Trends in Group 2A
Occurrence, preparation, Uses, and Reactions of Group 2A Metals
Important Compounds of Magnesium and Calcium
The Group 2A Metals and Living Matter
Hard Water and Water Softening
Soaps and Detergents
The p-Block Elements
Properties and Trends in Group 3A
Boron
Aluminum
Carbon
Silicon
Tina and Lead
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Oxygen
Sulfur
Selenium, Tellurium, and Polonium
Sources and Uses of Halogens
Hydrogen Halides
Oxoacids and Oxoanions of the Halogens
Occurrence of Noble Gases
Properties and Uses
The d-Block Elements and Coordination Chemistry
General Properties of d-Block Elements and Their Trends
The Elements Scandium Through Manganese
The Iron Triad: Fe, Co, and Ni
Group 1B: Cu, Ag, and Au
Group 2B: Zn, Cd, and Hg
The Lanthanide Elements (Rare Earths)
Werner's Theory of Coordination Chemistry
Naming Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
Isomerism in Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
Bonding in Complexes: Crystal Field Theory
Color in Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
Chelates: Complexes of Special Interest
Chemistry and Life: More on Organic, Biological, and Medicinal Chemistry
Alkanes
Alkenes and Alkynes
Conjugated and Aromatic Compounds
Alcohols and Ethers
Aldehydes and Ketones
Carboxylic Acids, Esters, and Amides
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acids: Molecules of Heredity
The Interaction of Matter with Electromagnetic Radiation
Infrared Spectroscopy
Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Molecule Shapes and Drug Action
Acid-Base Chemistry and Drug Action
Chemistry of Materials: Bronze Age to Space Age
Metallurgy: From Natural Sources to Pure Metals
Iron and Steel
Tin and Lead
Copper, Zinc, Silver, and Gold
The Free-Electron Model of Metallic Bonding
Band Theory
Semiconductors
Natural Polymers
Polymerization Processes
Physical Properties of Polymers
Modern Synthetic Polymers
High Performance Alloys
Ceramics and Composites
Nanomaterials
Environmental Chemistry
Composition, Structure, and Natural Cycles
Air Pollution
The Ozone Layer
Global Warming: Carbon Dioxide and the Greenhouse Effect
Earth's Natural Waters
Water Pollution
Acid Rain and Acid Waters
Poisons
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens
Hazardous Materials