简介
Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry is tailor-made to comprehensively cover Cambridge syllabus requirements. Written by highly experienced authors and Cambridge examiners, this book offers full support to students. Simple and clear language, colourful photos and international examples make this book accessible to students from around the world. Exam-style questions at the end of each chapter reinforce knowledge and skills and offer thorough exam practice. This book comes fully endorsed by Cambridge. The coursebook comes with a free CD-ROM which offers guidance on practicals, useful tips to help in revision and interactive material to engage students.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Introduction vi
1 Moles and equations 1(24)
1.1 Introduction 1(1)
1.2 Masses of atoms and molecules 1(1)
1.3 Accurate relative atomic masses 2(2)
1.4 Amount of substance 4(2)
1.5 Mole calculations 6(4)
1.6 Chemical formulae and chemical equations 10(5)
1.7 Solutions and concentration 15(4)
1.8 Calculations involving gas volumes 19(6)
2 Atomic structure 25(8)
2.1 Elements and atoms 25(1)
2.2 Inside the atom 25(3)
2.3 Numbers of nucleons 28(1)
2.4 How many protons, neutrons and electrons? 29(4)
3 Electrons in atoms 33(16)
3.1 Simple electronic structure 33(1)
3.2 Evidence for electronic structure 34(3)
3.3 Sub-shells and atomic orbitals 37(2)
3.4 Electronic configurations 39(3)
3.5 Patterns in ionisation energies in the Periodic Table 42(7)
4 Chemical bonding 49(26)
4.1 Introduction: types of chemical bonding 49(1)
4.2 Ionic bonding 50(2)
4.3 Covalent bonding 52(4)
4.4 Shapes of molecules 56(4)
4.5 Metallic bonding 60(1)
4.6 Intermolecular forces 61(8)
4.7 Bonding and physical properties 69(6)
5 States of matter 75(18)
5.1 States of matter 75(1)
5.2 The gaseous state 76(4)
5.3 The liquid state 80(1)
5.4 The solid state 81(5)
5.5 Ceramics 86(1)
5.6 Conserving materials 87(6)
6 Enthalpy changes 93(18)
6.1 Introduction: energy changes 93(1)
6.2 What are enthalpy changes? 93(2)
6.3 Standard enthalpy changes 95(2)
6.4 Measuring enthalpy changes 97(4)
6.5 Hess's law 101(3)
6.6 Bond energies and enthalpy changes 104(7)
7 Redox reactions and electrolysis 111(17)
7.1 What is a redox reaction? 111(1)
7.2 Redox and electron transfer 112(1)
7.3 Oxidation numbers 113(5)
7.4 Electrolysis 118(10)
8 Equilibrium 128(26)
8.1 Reversible reactions and equilibrium 128(3)
8.2 Changing the position of equilibrium 131(4)
8.3 Equilibrium expressions and the equilibrium constant, Kc 135(4)
8.4 Equilibria in gas reactions: the equilibrium constant, Kp 139(3)
8.5 Equilibria and the chemical industry 142(1)
8.6 Acid-base equilibria 143(11)
9 Rates of reaction 154(7)
9.1 Introduction to reaction kinetics 154(2)
9.2 The effect of concentration on rate of reaction 156(1)
9.3 The effect of temperature on rate of reaction 156(1)
9.4 Catalysis 157(4)
10 Periodicity 161(15)
10.1 Introduction - structure of the Periodic Table 161(2)
10.2 Periodicity of physical properties 163(4)
10.3 Periodicity of chemical properties 167(1)
10.4 Oxides of Period 3 elements 168(3)
10.5 Chlorides of Period 3 elements 171(5)
11 Groups II and VII 176(15)
11.1 Physical properties of Group II elements 176(2)
11.2 Reactions of Group II elements 178(2)
11.3 Thermal decomposition of Group II carbonates and nitrates 180(1)
11.4 Some uses of Group II compounds 180(1)
11.5 Physical properties of Group VII elements 181(1)
11.6 Reactions of Group VII elements 182(3)
11.7 Reactions of the halide ions 185(1)
11.8 Disproportionation 186(1)
11.9 Uses of the halogens and their compounds 187(4)
12 Nitrogen and sulfur 191(11)
12.1 Nitrogen gas 191(1)
12.2 Ammonia and ammonium compounds 192(4)
12.3 Sulfur and its oxides 196(2)
12.4 Sulfuric add 198(4)
13 Introduction to organic chemistry 202(13)
13.1 Introduction 202(1)
13.2 Representing organic molecules 203(2)
13.3 Functional groups 205(1)
13.4 Naming organic compounds 206(1)
13.5 Bonding in organic molecules 207(1)
13.6 Structural isomerism 208(1)
13.7 Stereoisomerism 209(1)
13.8 Organic reactions - mechanisms 210(2)
13.9 Types of organic reactions 212(3)
14 Hydrocarbons 215(16)
14.1 Introduction - the alkanes 215(1)
14.2 Sources of the alkanes 216(1)
14.3 Reactions of alkanes 217(4)
14.4 The alkenes 221(1)
14.5 Addition reactions of the alkenes 222(9)
15 Halogenoalkanes 231(7)
15.1 Introduction 231(1)
15.2 Nudeophilic substitution reactions 231(2)
15.3 Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes 233(2)
15.4 Elimination reactions 235(1)
15.5 Uses of halogenoalkanes 235(3)
16 Alcohols and esters 238(8)
16.1 Introduction - the alcohols 238(1)
16.2 Reactions of the alcohols 238(8)
17 Carbonyl compounds 246(8)
17.1 Introduction - aldehydes and ketones 246(1)
17.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones 247(1)
17.3 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones 248(1)
17.4 Nucleophilic addition with HCN 248(1)
17.5 Testing for aldehydes and ketones 249(5)
18 Lattice energy 254(17)
18.1 Introducing lattice energy 254(1)
18.2 Enthalpy change of atomisation and electron affinity 255(1)
18.3 Born-Haber cycles 256(3)
18.4 Factors affecting the value of lattice energy 259(1)
18.5 Ion polarisation 260(2)
18.6 Enthalpy changes in solution 262(9)
19 Electrode potentials 271(30)
19.1 Redox reactions revisited 271(1)
19.2 Electrode potentials 272(4)
19.3 Measuring standard electrode potentials 276(3)
19.4 Using Etheta values 279(8)
19.5 Cells and batteries 287(3)
19.6 More about electrolysis 290(2)
19.7 Quantitative electrolysis 292(9)
20 Ionic equilibria 301(22)
20.1 Introduction 301(1)
20.2 pH calculations 302(2)
20.3 Weak acids - using the acid dissociation constant, Ka 304(3)
20.4 Indicators and acid-base titrations 307(4)
20.5 Buffer solutions 311(4)
20.6 Equilibrium and solubility 315(8)
21 Reaction kinetics 323(28)
21.1 Introduction 323(1)
21.2 Rate of reaction 323(5)
21.3 Rate equations 328(2)
21.4 Which order of reaction? 330(3)
21.5 Calculations involving the rate constant, k 333(1)
21.6 Deducing order of reaction from raw data 334(3)
21.7 Kinetics and reaction mechanisms 337(3)
21.8 Catalysis 340(11)
22 Group IV 351(11)
22.1 Introduction 351(1)
22.2 Variation in properties 351(1)
22.3 The tetrachlorides 352(1)
22.4 The oxides 353(2)
22.5 Relative stability of the +2 and +4 oxidation states 355(3)
22.6 Ceramics from silicon(IV) oxide 358(4)
23 Transition elements 362(12)
23.1 What is a transition element? 362(2)
23.2 Physical properties of the transition elements 364(1)
23.3 Redox reactions 365(2)
23.4 Ligands and complex formation 367(7)
24 Benzene and its compounds 374(10)
24.1 Introduction to benzene 374(2)
24.2 Reactions of arenes 376(3)
24.3 Phenol 379(1)
24.4 Reactions of phenol 380(4)
25 Carboxylic acids and acyl compounds 384(6)
25.1 The acidity of carboxylic acids 384(1)
25.2 Acyl chlorides 385(3)
25.3 Reactions to form tri-iodomethane 388(2)
26 Organic nitrogen compounds 390(9)
26.1 Amines 390(3)
26.2 Amides 393(1)
26.3 Amino acids 394(1)
26.4 Peptides and proteins 395(4)
27 Polymerisation 399(8)
27.1 Types of polymerisation 399(1)
27.2 Polyamides 400(1)
27.3 Polyesters 401(1)
27.4 Polymer deductions 402(5)
28 The chemistry of life 407(40)
28.1 Introduction 407(1)
28.2 Reintroducing amino acids and proteins 408(2)
28.3 The structure of proteins 410(3)
28.4 Enzymes 413(6)
28.5 Factors affecting enzyme activity 419(2)
28.6 Nucleic acids 421(4)
28.7 Protein synthesis 425(5)
28.8 Genetic mutations 430(2)
28.9 Energy transfers in biochemical reactions 432(2)
28.10 Metals in biological systems 434(13)
29 Applications of analytical chemistry 447(33)
29.1 Electrophoresis 447(5)
29.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 452(9)
29.3 Chromatography 461(6)
29.4 Mass spectrometry 467(13)
30 Design and materials 480(17)
30.1 Designing new medicinal drugs 480(5)
30.2 Designing polymers 485(3)
30.3 Nanotechnology 488(2)
30.4 Fighting pollution 490(2)
30.5 'Green chemistry' 492(5)
Appendix 1: The Periodic Table 497(1)
Appendix 2: Standard electrode potentials 498(1)
Answers to check-up questions 499(39)
Glossary 538(9)
Index 547(6)
Acknowledgements 553(1)
Terms and conditions of use for the CD-ROM 554
Introduction vi
1 Moles and equations 1(24)
1.1 Introduction 1(1)
1.2 Masses of atoms and molecules 1(1)
1.3 Accurate relative atomic masses 2(2)
1.4 Amount of substance 4(2)
1.5 Mole calculations 6(4)
1.6 Chemical formulae and chemical equations 10(5)
1.7 Solutions and concentration 15(4)
1.8 Calculations involving gas volumes 19(6)
2 Atomic structure 25(8)
2.1 Elements and atoms 25(1)
2.2 Inside the atom 25(3)
2.3 Numbers of nucleons 28(1)
2.4 How many protons, neutrons and electrons? 29(4)
3 Electrons in atoms 33(16)
3.1 Simple electronic structure 33(1)
3.2 Evidence for electronic structure 34(3)
3.3 Sub-shells and atomic orbitals 37(2)
3.4 Electronic configurations 39(3)
3.5 Patterns in ionisation energies in the Periodic Table 42(7)
4 Chemical bonding 49(26)
4.1 Introduction: types of chemical bonding 49(1)
4.2 Ionic bonding 50(2)
4.3 Covalent bonding 52(4)
4.4 Shapes of molecules 56(4)
4.5 Metallic bonding 60(1)
4.6 Intermolecular forces 61(8)
4.7 Bonding and physical properties 69(6)
5 States of matter 75(18)
5.1 States of matter 75(1)
5.2 The gaseous state 76(4)
5.3 The liquid state 80(1)
5.4 The solid state 81(5)
5.5 Ceramics 86(1)
5.6 Conserving materials 87(6)
6 Enthalpy changes 93(18)
6.1 Introduction: energy changes 93(1)
6.2 What are enthalpy changes? 93(2)
6.3 Standard enthalpy changes 95(2)
6.4 Measuring enthalpy changes 97(4)
6.5 Hess's law 101(3)
6.6 Bond energies and enthalpy changes 104(7)
7 Redox reactions and electrolysis 111(17)
7.1 What is a redox reaction? 111(1)
7.2 Redox and electron transfer 112(1)
7.3 Oxidation numbers 113(5)
7.4 Electrolysis 118(10)
8 Equilibrium 128(26)
8.1 Reversible reactions and equilibrium 128(3)
8.2 Changing the position of equilibrium 131(4)
8.3 Equilibrium expressions and the equilibrium constant, Kc 135(4)
8.4 Equilibria in gas reactions: the equilibrium constant, Kp 139(3)
8.5 Equilibria and the chemical industry 142(1)
8.6 Acid-base equilibria 143(11)
9 Rates of reaction 154(7)
9.1 Introduction to reaction kinetics 154(2)
9.2 The effect of concentration on rate of reaction 156(1)
9.3 The effect of temperature on rate of reaction 156(1)
9.4 Catalysis 157(4)
10 Periodicity 161(15)
10.1 Introduction - structure of the Periodic Table 161(2)
10.2 Periodicity of physical properties 163(4)
10.3 Periodicity of chemical properties 167(1)
10.4 Oxides of Period 3 elements 168(3)
10.5 Chlorides of Period 3 elements 171(5)
11 Groups II and VII 176(15)
11.1 Physical properties of Group II elements 176(2)
11.2 Reactions of Group II elements 178(2)
11.3 Thermal decomposition of Group II carbonates and nitrates 180(1)
11.4 Some uses of Group II compounds 180(1)
11.5 Physical properties of Group VII elements 181(1)
11.6 Reactions of Group VII elements 182(3)
11.7 Reactions of the halide ions 185(1)
11.8 Disproportionation 186(1)
11.9 Uses of the halogens and their compounds 187(4)
12 Nitrogen and sulfur 191(11)
12.1 Nitrogen gas 191(1)
12.2 Ammonia and ammonium compounds 192(4)
12.3 Sulfur and its oxides 196(2)
12.4 Sulfuric add 198(4)
13 Introduction to organic chemistry 202(13)
13.1 Introduction 202(1)
13.2 Representing organic molecules 203(2)
13.3 Functional groups 205(1)
13.4 Naming organic compounds 206(1)
13.5 Bonding in organic molecules 207(1)
13.6 Structural isomerism 208(1)
13.7 Stereoisomerism 209(1)
13.8 Organic reactions - mechanisms 210(2)
13.9 Types of organic reactions 212(3)
14 Hydrocarbons 215(16)
14.1 Introduction - the alkanes 215(1)
14.2 Sources of the alkanes 216(1)
14.3 Reactions of alkanes 217(4)
14.4 The alkenes 221(1)
14.5 Addition reactions of the alkenes 222(9)
15 Halogenoalkanes 231(7)
15.1 Introduction 231(1)
15.2 Nudeophilic substitution reactions 231(2)
15.3 Mechanism of nucleophilic substitution in halogenoalkanes 233(2)
15.4 Elimination reactions 235(1)
15.5 Uses of halogenoalkanes 235(3)
16 Alcohols and esters 238(8)
16.1 Introduction - the alcohols 238(1)
16.2 Reactions of the alcohols 238(8)
17 Carbonyl compounds 246(8)
17.1 Introduction - aldehydes and ketones 246(1)
17.2 Preparation of aldehydes and ketones 247(1)
17.3 Reduction of aldehydes and ketones 248(1)
17.4 Nucleophilic addition with HCN 248(1)
17.5 Testing for aldehydes and ketones 249(5)
18 Lattice energy 254(17)
18.1 Introducing lattice energy 254(1)
18.2 Enthalpy change of atomisation and electron affinity 255(1)
18.3 Born-Haber cycles 256(3)
18.4 Factors affecting the value of lattice energy 259(1)
18.5 Ion polarisation 260(2)
18.6 Enthalpy changes in solution 262(9)
19 Electrode potentials 271(30)
19.1 Redox reactions revisited 271(1)
19.2 Electrode potentials 272(4)
19.3 Measuring standard electrode potentials 276(3)
19.4 Using Etheta values 279(8)
19.5 Cells and batteries 287(3)
19.6 More about electrolysis 290(2)
19.7 Quantitative electrolysis 292(9)
20 Ionic equilibria 301(22)
20.1 Introduction 301(1)
20.2 pH calculations 302(2)
20.3 Weak acids - using the acid dissociation constant, Ka 304(3)
20.4 Indicators and acid-base titrations 307(4)
20.5 Buffer solutions 311(4)
20.6 Equilibrium and solubility 315(8)
21 Reaction kinetics 323(28)
21.1 Introduction 323(1)
21.2 Rate of reaction 323(5)
21.3 Rate equations 328(2)
21.4 Which order of reaction? 330(3)
21.5 Calculations involving the rate constant, k 333(1)
21.6 Deducing order of reaction from raw data 334(3)
21.7 Kinetics and reaction mechanisms 337(3)
21.8 Catalysis 340(11)
22 Group IV 351(11)
22.1 Introduction 351(1)
22.2 Variation in properties 351(1)
22.3 The tetrachlorides 352(1)
22.4 The oxides 353(2)
22.5 Relative stability of the +2 and +4 oxidation states 355(3)
22.6 Ceramics from silicon(IV) oxide 358(4)
23 Transition elements 362(12)
23.1 What is a transition element? 362(2)
23.2 Physical properties of the transition elements 364(1)
23.3 Redox reactions 365(2)
23.4 Ligands and complex formation 367(7)
24 Benzene and its compounds 374(10)
24.1 Introduction to benzene 374(2)
24.2 Reactions of arenes 376(3)
24.3 Phenol 379(1)
24.4 Reactions of phenol 380(4)
25 Carboxylic acids and acyl compounds 384(6)
25.1 The acidity of carboxylic acids 384(1)
25.2 Acyl chlorides 385(3)
25.3 Reactions to form tri-iodomethane 388(2)
26 Organic nitrogen compounds 390(9)
26.1 Amines 390(3)
26.2 Amides 393(1)
26.3 Amino acids 394(1)
26.4 Peptides and proteins 395(4)
27 Polymerisation 399(8)
27.1 Types of polymerisation 399(1)
27.2 Polyamides 400(1)
27.3 Polyesters 401(1)
27.4 Polymer deductions 402(5)
28 The chemistry of life 407(40)
28.1 Introduction 407(1)
28.2 Reintroducing amino acids and proteins 408(2)
28.3 The structure of proteins 410(3)
28.4 Enzymes 413(6)
28.5 Factors affecting enzyme activity 419(2)
28.6 Nucleic acids 421(4)
28.7 Protein synthesis 425(5)
28.8 Genetic mutations 430(2)
28.9 Energy transfers in biochemical reactions 432(2)
28.10 Metals in biological systems 434(13)
29 Applications of analytical chemistry 447(33)
29.1 Electrophoresis 447(5)
29.2 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) 452(9)
29.3 Chromatography 461(6)
29.4 Mass spectrometry 467(13)
30 Design and materials 480(17)
30.1 Designing new medicinal drugs 480(5)
30.2 Designing polymers 485(3)
30.3 Nanotechnology 488(2)
30.4 Fighting pollution 490(2)
30.5 'Green chemistry' 492(5)
Appendix 1: The Periodic Table 497(1)
Appendix 2: Standard electrode potentials 498(1)
Answers to check-up questions 499(39)
Glossary 538(9)
Index 547(6)
Acknowledgements 553(1)
Terms and conditions of use for the CD-ROM 554
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