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出版社:商务印书馆,1990.11
简介: 《希腊罗马名人传》(the live of the noble grecians and romans)又称《对传》(parallel lives),简称《名人传》或《传记集》。它是罗马帝国早期希腊传记作家和伦理学家普鲁塔克(lucius mestriusplutarch,约公元46-120年)的传世之作,也是西方纪传体历史著作之滥觞。 一,普鲁塔克以历史传记名垂于世,但他却没有给后世留下本人的传记或自述材料。正像对于很多古代史学家、文学家一样,我们关于普鲁塔克的生平事迹大多是从散见在他本人著作中的叙谈插话推断而来。普鲁塔克约于公元46年生于希腊中部贝奥提亚地区的克罗涅亚小镇。他的家境富裕而有文化素养,父亲阿里斯托布洛斯就是一位有名的传记作家并对哲学很有研究。普鲁塔克幼承庭训,早就养成了对学问的爱好,渴求知识,孜孜不倦。青年时代游学雅典,师从阿莫尼乌斯研习数学、哲学、修辞学、历史学和医学。他曾广泛游历希腊本土的历史名城,如底比斯、科林斯、佩雷斯等;遍访爱琴海诸岛,并到过埃及、小亚细亚、意大利。所到之处,普鲁塔克总是留心研究当地的宗教、政治问题,同时注意搜集历史文献和人物传说、趣闻佚事、谚语格言,他甚至还收集各种碑刻、绘画、图表等等。所有与历史有关的一切,只要是他感兴趣的,就无所遗漏。这就为他日后的写作积累了大量丰富的第一手资料。他通晓当时的多种学间,并能关心世道人心,成为当时一位学识渊博而又富有人道精神的饱学之士。 大约从公元69年至公元79年,普鲁塔克因公务被派往罗马,并在那里讲授哲学。其间结识了很多名人,他也游历了意大利的其他地方。这使他有机会更多地了解罗马的历史、政治和文化。普鲁塔克深知自己是来自僻壤小镇的外乡人,所以十分重视亲临大城市,博览群书,广交社会有识之士,搜集材料。尽管他获得了罗马公民权,他还是从罗马回到了家乡克罗涅亚。他一边潜心著述,一边担任了许多公务职位,热心公益事业。他曾多次担任德尔菲阿波罗神庙的祭司。德尔菲位于克罗涅亚以西约20英里,被称为普鲁塔克的第m故乡。普鲁塔克于公元120年去世后,德尔菲人为他树立了一座雕塑以纪念这位杰出的公民。 普鲁塔克性情温良敦厚,和善而豁达,恬静而不慕虚荣。文如其人,我们可以从他的作品中充分了解到他的性格,尤其被后世史家乐于称道的是他以孝涕友爱为立身之道。家庭生活和睦美满,他的妻子提摩泽娜贤慧朴素,夫妻相爱甚笃。这一点在他女儿4岁夭折时他写给妻子的安慰信中得以充分的表露。他的父亲和兄弟也时常在家宴上露面,这种家宴的席间漫谈也成了他写作的重要素材。普鲁塔克在家的生活平静而顺遂,朋友们也常来探访,讨论哲学伦理问题,他也常在作品中提到他朋友的名字。 普鲁塔克生平著作宏富,被称为古代罕见的多产作家之一。根据现存的《兰普利亚目录》,普鲁塔克著述共达277种,其中大部分已经亡佚。保存至今的100多种,由后人辑为两集,一为包括50篇传记的《名人传》,一为包括六七十篇论文和语录的《道德论集》。虽然普鲁塔克享有盛誉的传世之作是《名人传》而非《道德论集》,但后者探讨了伦理、宗教、哲学、科学、政治、文学等问题,内容极为广泛,反映了作者的伦理思想、宗教观、世界观以及所处的时代的背景、道德风尚与行为准则,是了解普鲁塔克生平和思想的重要文献。普鲁塔克的伦理思想主要来源于柏拉图的理论,兼取亚里上多德、斯多葛派以及毕达哥拉斯派各家之长。从哲学观点上看,他是一个以柏拉图学说为基础的折衷主义者,并特别注重道德实践。因此,他的哲学思想的重心是伦理道德问题。他为古希腊“圣贤”们的思想文化成就而感到自豪。他对柏拉图更是景仰有加,可以称得上是柏拉图忠实的信徒。 《名人传》历来被称为西方古典文库中的瑰宝,是一部融历史。文学和人生哲学于一炉的宏篇巨制。古代希腊、罗马许多历史人物的形象都是有赖于《名人传》中绘声绘色的叙述而流传下来的。近2000年来,《名人传》以丰富多彩的史料。朴素生动的叙述以及渗透其间的伦理思想,一直为人们喜爱称道。尽管它不是严格意义上的历史专著,但因作者以其独特的风格,以古希腊罗马的重要历史人物为中心,详尽地描述了许多重要历史事件,保存了许多已散件的文献材料和难得的传说佚事,至今仍是研究希腊罗马历史所必不可少的典籍。另一方面,普鲁塔克也是西方传记文学的鼻祖,因而又被称为西方“现代心理传记作家”的先驱。他的笔调和文体风格对欧美散文、传记、历史小说的发展产生了巨大的影响。因此普鲁塔克在西方史学、文学和伦理哲学方面都具有独特的重要地位。 二,现存的《名人传》共有50篇,其中46篇以类相从,是名符其实的对传。用一个希腊名人搭配一个罗马名人,共23组,每一组后面都有一个合论。其余四篇则为单独的传记,不作对比,也没有合论。原书各传的先后顺序只有部分可以确定下来,如第一对传记是希腊英雄伊巴密地达(epaminonda)和罗马名将西比阿(scipioafricanus)及其合论(现已佚失);第二对姊妹篇在希波战争的萨拉米斯海战中大败薛西斯、战功赫赫的雅典军人政治家地米斯托克利传(themistocles)与五次被选为独裁官、四次因战功而举行凯旋式庆祝大典、被授予“罗马第二奠基人”称号的卡十卢斯传(camilius);第三对是一生戎马倥聦、驰骋疆场的政治家和军事家的客蒙(cimon)与能征善战、在对抗波斯人的战争中功绩辉煌的罗马军事家卢库卢斯(lucullus)及其合论;第四对分别是作为希腊和罗马的立法者、奠基人的吕库古(lycurgus)与努马(numa porpilius)传及其合论;第五对是古希腊卓越的演说家和著名的政治家德摩斯梯尼(demosthenes)与罗马共和国末期著名的政治家、哲学家和文学家西塞罗(cicero)的传记以及合论…第十对是伯里克利(pericles)与费边(fabius)的传记及其合论。 根据诺斯爵士最早的英译本,17世纪后半叶英国大文豪德莱顿的重译本以及法文和欧美其他的版本,这些传记一般都是按照时代先后的原则排列。这样做也更符合历史传记的通例。现在的《名人传》一般从古希腊、罗马的开国君主忒修斯(theseus)和罗慕洛(romulus)的传记开始,以下分别是吕库古——努马,梭伦(solon)——普布利科拉(puplicola),地米斯托克利——卡米卢斯,伯里克利——费边,亚基比德(alcibiades)——克里奥拉努斯(coriolanus),提摩勒昂(timoleon)——伊米尼乌斯(aemilius paulus),佩洛皮达斯(pelopias)——马克卢斯(mancelius),阿里斯提德(aristides)——马可·伽图(maxcus cato),菲洛佩门(philopoemen)——弗拉弥尼乌斯(flaminius),皮洛士(pyrrhus)——马略(caius marius),吕山德(lysander)——苏拉(sylla),客蒙——卢库卢斯,尼基亚斯(nicias)——克拉苏(crassus),塞尔托里乌斯(sertorius)——尤蒙尼斯(eumenes),阿格西劳斯(agesilaus)——庞培(pompey),亚历山大(alexander)——凯撒(caesar),福基昂(phocion)——小林图(cato,the younger),阿基斯(agis)——克利奥十尼(cleomenus)虚比略·格拉古(tiberius gracchus)——盖约·格拉古(caius gracchus),德莫斯提尼——西塞罗,德米特里(demetrius)——安东尼(antony),狄翁(dion)——布鲁图(brutus)。最后是4个单独的传记:阿拉图传(aratus)、阿塔薛西斯传(artaxerxes)、伽尔巴传(galba)、奥托传(otho )。 《名人传》以古代希腊罗马社会广阔的历史舞台为背景,塑造了一系列栩栩如生的人物形象。至于为什么要采取这种对传的形式,普鲁塔克认为,若要更好地了解各种人物性格之间的差异或相似,最好的办法莫过于将他们的生活和行动相互对照比较,就好像艺术馆陈列的肖像画一样。这是问题的一个方面,另一个方面虽然他并没有明确说出来,但在《名人传》中,我们不时可以体会到。例如,在伯里克利与费边的合论中,普鲁塔克认为伯里克利曾以庙宇和殿堂等宏伟的公共建筑装点了雅典城邦。对比之下,从开国直到几代大帝统治期间,罗马人所追求的辉煌壮丽都显得黯然失色。进一步说,无论是气度恢宏的设计,还是美奂绝伦的建筑艺术,希腊的成就高耸人云,远远凌驾于罗马之上,二者简直不可同日而语。普鲁塔克一方面具有泛希腊主义的爱国情绪,为古希腊过去的辉煌和成就而感到自豪,另一方面拥护罗马帝国,赞扬罗马自建国以来的文治武功。他的《名人传》原是献给罗马皇帝图拉真的宠臣索西乌斯·塞涅基奥,用以增进希腊人和罗马人之间的和睦和友谊。为了证明古代希腊也像罗马一样拥有自己杰出的立法家、军事家、演说家,普鲁塔克把一位希腊的杰出人物与他认为属于同一领域的罗马著名人物放在一起,分别列传叙述并殿之以合论。 总体上来看,《名人传》中的每一个传记都有一定的写作模式。普鲁塔克总是首先交代人物的家世、家庭教养、少年时代的成长和遭遇,然后传记的重点就是主人公如何在战场上建功立业;或则力挽狂澜,救大厦于将倾;或则忍辱负重,救民于水火;最后以死时的情景及身后的影响为终结。由于每一个人物的出身不同,经历不同,性格相貌各有特点,因此在作者笔下必然呈现为同中有异、共性中见个性的描述。尽管每一十传记都在一般模式下写成,由于作者炉火纯青的语言艺术,其间镶嵌以绘声绘色的轶事趣闻,杂糅以伦理思想和评论,使得每一位历史人物都各具特性,栩栩如生,跃然纸上。更值得一提的是,普鲁塔克善于从所记人物的生平经历及诸多事件中提炼出一两件能反映出其性格的小事,作点睛之笔,使人物性格鲜明突出,给读者留下深刻的印象。例如《格拉古兄弟传》中对提比略和盖约兄弟在性情上的差异以及作演讲时的不同姿态的描述,使读者如见其人,如闻其声。在《伯里克利传》中,普鲁塔克一开始就着重描述了他与众不同的外貌特征:伯利克里的形体各方面都无可挑剔,惟独头颅较长,不成比例,他的外貌长得像那个僭主庇西斯特拉图。上了年纪的老人对他们二人这样相像都感到惊讶。但这样描写作者仍嫌不够,还要从各种喜剧台同中来加强读者对于伯利克里的“海葱头”的印象。对于伯利克里的相貌特征,凡是读过《伯里克利传》的人,恐怕是忘记都很难:这就是普鲁塔克历史的叙述中所表现的艺术魅力。 三,《阿基斯传》是《名人传》中作者着重渲染道德理想的代表传记之一。阿基斯虽然生长于富裕和奢侈的环境中,但他早己反对享乐,摒弃了一切奢侈;在风气普遍堕落的时代他仍崇尚克己、朴素。乐善好施;他信仰神谕,要让所有的斯巴达人都按吕库古所制定的法律,处于平等的地位;他率领的军队士气高昂,军纪严明,英勇善战。阿基斯简直就成了普鲁塔克道德理想的化身。由于他保全了李奥尼达的性命,自己为人最温良、最仁厚,又相信了他的敌人,结果成了被监政官处死的第一位斯巴达国王。作者的结语是:这就使爱他的人比仇视他的人更应当责备他了、对于书中所记述的杰出人物在性格或行为上的道德瑕疵,普鲁塔克也有过专门的论述。他认为,写传记就好像是画肖像画。如果这些杰出人物有些微的瑕疵,画家们既不应该完全忽视,也不应该加以夸大。因为后者使肖像变丑而前者使肖像失真。历史学家不应该热衷于描绘这些缺点,而应当小心谨慎地对待。他之所以要指出这些缺点,只是为了说明人类的本性不可能没有缺陷。十全十美、毫无瑕疵的人是没有的。《名人传》中的英雄们的美德方面并不个个都是完美无缺的。譬如客蒙和卢库卢斯两人款待宾客的豪华奢靡以及私生活上的放纵无度,阿基斯则对他的敌人过于温良仁厚、盖约有时则过于鲁莽冲动等等。 《伯里克利传》最好地体现了普鲁塔克的写作信条。他认为他写的不是历史,而是传记。最显赫的业绩不一定总能表示人们的美德和恶行,往往一件小事、一句话或一个笑话却更能清楚地显示人物的性格和趋向。因此他要专心致志于展示人物灵魂的特征及其表现,并借此描绘每一个人物的生平事迹,而将他们的赫赫战功政绩留给别人去写。在《帕里克利传》中,普鲁塔克一开始就做了一番伦理的探讨,最后的结论是:美德是有吸引力的,它能使人立即产生身体力行的冲动,不仅模仿它能使观看者的性格得以形成,就连研究它也能提供行动的准则。普鲁塔克也忘不了告诉读者这是他写的第十个传记。接着就对伯里克利的大头颅议论了一番,然后就是对伯里克利性格特点的描述:举止庄重文雅,表情沉着严肃,说话声调柔和。紧接着就介绍了第一段趣闻轶事:有一次,伯里克利被一个毫无教养的人整天辱骂,他竟然忍耐着,一声不吭。到了傍晚,他从容不迫地走回家,那家伙仍在他后头,辱骂不休。他进屋时,大已经黑下来了,他就吩咐一个仆人打起火把,让他送那人回家去休息。只要我们读到这里,一个与众不同的伯里克利的形象就初见端倪了。在整个传记中,普鲁塔克对伯里克利的文治武功的描述相当少,只是简单地介绍了他远征克索涅索一役和征对萨摩斯人的情形,而对其在雅典城邦所实行的政治改革则很少提及。这一方面反映了他对伯里克利的文治武功估计不足,另一方面也反映了他对雅典所实行的民主政治改革有所偏见,而对斯巴达的军事民主制则有所偏爱。但是他对于伯里克利的其他优点,还是给予了公正的评价,如不谋私利,富有领导才能,能言善辩,机智过人,以及给雅典所带来的无人能及的建筑艺术成就。伯里克利去世以后,人们对他的功业相当怀念,常常谈起他的品德和才于,历数他的功绩。作为一个为城邦屡建战功的将领,他一共建立过9座纪功柱。总之,普鲁塔克对于伯里克利生平的描述时所用的史料不同于一般史学家,体现了他着重描写能体现人物内心的小事的写作原则。我们也从他的笔下见到了伯里克利的另一面。这也是普鲁塔克为我们所提供的历史的另一面——关于人物心灵的历史。 在《费边传》中,普鲁塔克又回到了以人物生平主要事迹为线索的常用传记方法。它体现了普鲁塔克灵活多变的写作手法。费边是古罗马的政治家、军事家,以其著名的拖延战术与迦太基名将汉尼拔周旋,解救了处于危机中的罗马,并因此而名垂史册。费边出生于罗马声名显赫的大家庭,据说其祖先曾以设置陷阱猎取野兽为生,其家族因此而得名。幼年时,费边性情温和,沉默寡言,行动迟缓,被认为是“驯良如羔羊的人”,也被误认为是几分痴呆,简直是蠢材。但是普鲁塔克认为只有少数人才觉察到他灵魂深处不屈不挠的坚定性格和磊落大方、勇如雄师的素质。以后,费边在苦练演讲术并以征战来锻炼体魄。在第一次任执政官期间,费边就取得了大破南高卢和利古里人的胜利。此后他临危受命,被推选为独裁官、面对汉尼拔势如破竹的凌厉攻势,费边采取了著名的拖延战术,即不与汉尼拔正面交锋,而是避其锋芒,联合意大利各城邦与其周旋,听任汉尼拔处于巅峰状态的锐气减弱,直到“就像从微少的薪柴燃起的火焰必将自行熄灭一样”。费边首先极力安定人心,鼓舞士气。后经卡西努姆战役、坎奈大战,费边的声誉也是几起几落,并连续担任了三届执政官。每一次战役,罗马军队屡战屡败,而每次失败都是由于当时的骑兵长官未能执行费边的拖延战略。这一方面反映了汉尼拔的足智多谋和英勇善战,另一方面也从反面说明了当时的形势下费边的拖延战略是明智之举。虽然作者描述的重点是几次战役的过程,如对卡西努姆战役中汉尼拔使用的著名的“火牛阵”,坎奈战役中汉尼拔大获全胜的战术阵形,但是普鲁塔克总是在战争过程后描写费边是如何地忍辱负重,面对嘲讽而泰然处之,如何保持他不骄不躁的美德。例如,卡西努姆战役后由费边和米努基乌斯共同指挥军队。米努基乌斯不满费边的拖延战略,率领军队独自安营扎寨。汉尼拔利用米努基乌斯好战的弱点,布置埋伏,大败米努基乌斯指挥的军队。费边及时赶到,才免于全军覆没。米努基乌斯及其部下对费达感恩戴德,对他的仁慈和智慧心悦诚服。费边第四次任执政官时取得了塔伦同战役的彻底胜利。是役,他与汉尼拔斗智斗勇,最后汉尼拔不得不私下里承认说:看来罗马人也有一个汉尼拔,以他们目前的兵力要占领全部意大利是不可能的。大约在汉尼拔从意大利扬帆遁离时,费边一病不起,长辞人世了。普鲁塔克对费边以坚韧精神战胜年轻、高傲的汉尼拔大加赞赏,认为他受命于危难之际,但不让危难拂乱其心,也不因此而放弃他所信守的行为准则,显示出坚强的意志和伟大的人格。 在《梭伦传》中,普鲁塔克主要塑造了梭伦作为雅典立法者的形象。梭伦出生于雅典贵族家庭,他的父亲乐善好施。到梭伦年轻的时候,已是家道中落。梭伦一面外出经商,一面游历。普鲁塔克认为梭伦出外旅行,主要是为了获取经验和学问,并不是为了赚钱。在此过程中,梭伦认识了古希腊著名哲学家泰勒斯等人,并获得了古希腊“七贤'”之一的美名,也显示出了杰出的诗歌才能。普鲁塔克在此传中保存了梭伦许多著名的诗句,如:“道德是永远存在的,而财富每天都在更换主人。”“僭主政治是一个可爱的地位,可是没有一条路可以由那里走下台。”公元前600年梭伦率领雅典人通过智取从麦枷拉人手中夺回了萨拉米斯岛,从而显示出了卓越的军事才能,并使他一举成名。此后,雅典发生山区派、平原派和海洋派之间关于政治制度的纷争。梭伦在平民的支持下被选为执政宫,并被指定为当时危机的调处者和立法者。梭伦从此开始了雅典的民主政治改革。普鲁塔克记述的内容主要是梭伦所制定的法律和这些法律在当时的实施情况以及所产生的反响,梭伦颁布的第一条法令就是“解负令”。根据这个法令,平民所欠的各种债务一律废除;禁止在放债时以债户的人身作抵押,废除债务奴隶制;由国家赎回因负债而被卖到外邦为奴的人。梭伦还对公民的财产进行了一次调查分等,并按照财产等级规定相应的政治权利。这些新的法令还包括:设立四百人会议;禁止买卖婚姻,保障妇女孤儿的利益;修改死刑法;其他鼓励手工业和农业发展的措施。梭伦的法律一开始实施,每天都有人到他那里去,称赞或是指责那些法律,或建议加上某些条文,或删除某些条文,还有很多人去询问有关条文的目的和意义。梭伦为了摆脱这种困境,就借口到国外考察,乘船出国旅行去了。他希望这段时间内,人们会习惯他所订立的法律。等到梭伦结束游历回国时,雅典发生了以庇西斯特拉图准备实行僭主政治而引发的冲突。梭伦晚年退隐在家,从事研究和著述。他死后遗体被焚化。骨灰撒在他曾经为之战斗过的萨拉米斯岛上。 《地米斯托克刊传》记述了这位希腊军人政治家辉煌而悲剧的一生。普鲁塔克首先点出了地米斯托克利虽出生寒微,但自幼性情刚烈,天资聪慧,立志于成就一番大事业。他的老师也曾预言,不管是好是坏,他长大后都将是一个叱咤风云的人物。他所处的时代正是希波战争(公元前500-公元前449年)处于决定意义的阶段,这个风雷激荡的年代为他施展才能提供了广阔的历史舞台。在马拉松战役(公元前490年)之后,所有的雅典人都为这次空前巨大的胜利所陶醉,但地米斯托克利却夜不成寐。他敏锐地觉察到波斯人在马拉松的失败并不是希波战争的结束,而是更加严重的战斗的开端。他认为要拯救雅典,必须大力发展海军。他利用劳里昂地方银矿的收人建成了100多艘战舰。在他任执政官期间,雅典海军力量的发展对其政治、经济生活以及社会各阶层之间的相互关系都产生了巨大的影响。公元前480年,波斯军队从海陆两面大举进犯雅典,地米斯托克利在危急关头充分显示出了卓越的政治、军事才能。他首先颁布一道法令,让他的政敌、遭陶片放逐的阿里斯提德回国,参加保卫祖国的战斗,又主动地将海军的最高指挥权让给了斯巴达将军欧律比亚德斯,以增强波斯同盟内部的团结。他还通过巧妙地解释神渝的办法,说服了大部分雅典公民撤出雅典,同时他施展计谋诱使波斯人在最有利于希腊人的萨拉米斯湾展开海战。正是由于地十斯托克利的审时度势、高风亮节和运筹帷幄,希腊人赢得了萨拉米斯海战的辉煌胜利。这场胜利也给他带来了巨大的荣誉,使他一度成为希腊最显赫的人物。此后,他与斯巴达人在防卫城墙问题上产生激烈冲突。他的政敌,包括呵里斯拉德和客蒙等人,对他施用陶片放逐法来剥夺他的尊严和杰出成就。被逐出城以后,他最初在亚哥斯漂泊。后又遭诬陷,被指责私通波斯而遭到追捕。他断定回雅典受审必将凶多吉少,因而辗转逃避,屡经艰险,最后到达波斯,投奔了波斯国王。后来,当波斯王命其为进攻雅典出谋效力时,他烙守自己的诺言,决不做有损于希腊的事,最后服毒自杀,客死异乡,终年“岁。 四,《名人传》在西方史学发展中的独特地位首先在于它开创了纪传体历史著作的先河。在普鲁塔克生活的时代,为政治上、军事上的杰出人物树碑立传已颇为流行,而《名人传》就是其中最杰出的代表。这种体例所奠定的模式一直到中世纪都非常盛行。就史料而言,《名人传》的取材来源十分广泛,有前人的历史著作,当时存留的典籍和文献以及作者亲身了解的传闻轶事。在历史著作中,希罗多德的《历史》和修昔底德的《伯罗奔尼撒战争史》都是普鲁塔克引证的重要来源,李维的《罗马史》也是他从中汲取教益的重要文献。虽然普鲁塔克在历史过程的叙述中常常糅杂以主观的评价和道德说教,《名人传》的史料价值还是不可否认的。普鲁塔克在《名人传》中搜集了丰富的史料,引用了古代历史、哲学、诗歌中的大量材料,其中有很多早已佚失,还有些后世无法见到的材料,就是靠他独家保留下来的。另一方面普鲁塔克酷爱趣闻轶事和隽语名言,这也是《名人传》之所以具有永久魅力的原因之一。正如他在《忒修斯》传的开头所说的那样:“但愿我能将虚构的传说予以澄清,使之合乎理性,具有历史的容貌。但是,如果有荒诞无稽之处,实在难以更动,毫不足信,那就只有请求宽厚的读者诸君,对古人的故事姑妄听之了。” 《名人传》在普鲁塔克的有生之年大受欢迎,这几乎是可以肯定的。作为希腊哲学家和柏拉图学说的信徒,普鲁塔克常在罗马宣读论文和讲学。希腊语是当时罗马文人和上流社会的通用语言,凡是有文化教养的希腊人,特别是哲学家,在那里都是受欢迎的。作为一代宗师,普鲁塔克在当时就得到尊敬,他的著作也一直传诵不衰。即使在中世纪时期,拜占廷帝国有教养的人对他的著作也十分熟悉。 文艺复兴时期,普鲁塔克的著作通过拜占廷学者传人意大利,由意大利人文主义者译成拉丁文和意大利文。在这一时期;《名人传》得到了更广泛的传播。人们开始大量仿效这种体例作传,歌颂世俗统治者和名人英雄业绩的传记作品层出不穷。当时一些名闻遐迩的传记作品有彼德拉克的《名人传》、蒲伽丘的《但丁传》、维拉尼的《佛罗伦萨名人传》等。这种传记体的盛行既是对普鲁塔克等人的写作传统的复兴,又反映了当时社会重视人的价值,以人取代中世纪神的位置,符合人文主义者的需要。特别是《名人传》的法文译本和英文译本问世以后,普鲁塔克的作品在西欧各国的影响日益扩大,几乎成了家喻户晓、人人爱读的经典著作了。研究表明,文艺复兴时期,普鲁塔克在欧洲受欢迎的程度仅次于柏拉图,居第二位。法国文艺复兴时期的文学大师拉伯雷和蒙田都对普鲁塔克作品爱不释手,他们的作品也受到普鲁塔克写作风格的直接影响。在英国,普鲁塔克也影响了一大批文艺复兴时期的文学家和剧作家。莎士比亚的《尤利乌斯·恺撒》、《安东尼和克娄巴特拉》和《科里奥拉努斯》就是直接取材于诺斯爵士的《名人传》英译本。19世纪以后,普鲁塔克的直接影响开始减弱。这主要是由于工业社会的发展和浪漫主义的兴起,人们强调思想感情的自由表达,反对古典主义的克制。但是德意志“狂飚运动”的代表人物哥德和席勒、音乐家贝多芬都嗜读普鲁塔克的著作。马克思在青少年时期就开始阅读《名人传》。直到19世纪中叶,美国超验主义作家爱默生还对普鲁塔克推崇备至,对其道德文章追慕不已。 尽管《希腊罗马名人传》算不上是严格意义的历史专著,普鲁塔克也无意成为严谨的历史学家,但是作为一部西方古典名著,它无疑会长久地为人们所传诵喜爱,不同时代的读者都可以从中发掘它与众不同的价值。
作者: (美)佩里·斯科特·金(Perry Scott King)著;陈俊华译
出版社:中国工人出版社,2010
简介:伯里克利出身雅典名门,父克山提波斯是公元前479年米卡列海战雅典舰队的司令官,母阿加里斯特为雅典民主政治的奠基人克利斯提尼的侄女。他受到良好的教育,曾向当代智者哲人达蒙和芝诺学习音乐、政治理论和哲学思想。在良师益友,博学的阿纳克萨哥拉斯的熏陶下,伯里克利具有不迷信神异的唯物主义思想和高尚庄严的情操和风格。 本书的主编阿瑟·施莱辛格为美国著名的历史学家,曾著有和编纂过多种历史著作,均极为畅销,本书尤其具有浅显易读的特色。 阅读作者所叙述的历史事实及其背景,将有助于我们了解历史上的重大事件及其价值和影响。
简介:Summary: Publisher Summary 1 Classics of Political and Moral Philosophyprovides in one volume the major writings from nearly 2,500 years of political and moral philosophy. The most comprehensive collection of its kind, it moves from classical thought (Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, Cicero) through medieval views (Augustine, Aquinas) to modern perspectives (Machiavelli, Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, Rousseau, Hume, Adam Smith, Kant). It includes major nineteenth-century thinkers (Hegel, Bentham, Mill, Nietzsche) as well as twentieth-century theorists (Rawls, Nozick, Nagel, Foucault, Habermas, Nussbaum). Also included are numerous essays from The Federalist Papersand a variety of notable documents and addresses, among them Pericles' Funeral Oration, the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution of the United States, and speeches by Edmund Burke, Abraham Lincoln, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, John Dewey, and Martin Luther King, Jr. The readings are substantial or complete texts, not fragments. An especially valuable feature of this volume is that the works of each author are introduced with a substantive and engaging essay by a leading contemporary authority. These introductions include Richard Kraut on Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and Cicero; Paul J. Weithman on Augustine and Aquinas; Roger D. Masters on Machiavelli; Jean Hampton on Hobbes; Steven B. Smith on Spinoza and Hegel; A. John Simmons on Locke; Joshua Cohen on Rousseau and Rawls; Donald W. Livingston on Hume; Charles L. Griswold, Jr., on Smith; Bernard E. Brown on Hamilton and Madison; Jeremy Waldron on Bentham and Mill; Paul Guyer on Kant; Richard Miller on Marx and Engels; Richard Schacht on Nietzsche; Thomas Christiano on Nozick; John Deigh on Nagel; Thomas A. McCarthy on Foucault and Habermas; and Eva Feder Kittay on Nussbaum. Offering unprecedented breadth of coverage, Classics of Political and MoralPhilosophyis an ideal text for courses in social and political philosophy, moral philosophy, or surveys in Western civilization.
简介: 在线阅读本书 Includes: The Tempest- A Midsummer Night's Dream- The Winter's Tale- Much Ado About Nothing- As You Like It- Cymbeline- The Two Gentlemen of Verona- The Merchant of Venice- King Lear- Macbeth- All's Well that Ends Well- The Taming of the Shrew- The Comedy of Errors- Measure for Measure- Twelfth Night- Timon of Athens- Romeo and Juliet- Hamlet- Othello- Pericles--This text refers to the Paperbackedition.
作者: 支荩忠注释
出版社:商务印书馆,2011
简介: 传奇剧《泰尔亲王配力克里斯》是莎士比亚晚年和别人合作写成的。故事主要取材于英国十四世纪诗人高厄的《情人的自白》。剧中主人公配力克里斯识破了安提奥克斯父女的乱伦隐私,惧其权势,深恐受害,将国事托付一老臣后,自己远航逃离本国。此后他历尽艰险,屡遭厄运。在得知爱女也已继妻子泰莎离开人世的消息之后,他痛不欲生,从此少食不语,命在旦夕。然而否极泰来,奇迹发生了:首先,从来慰藉他的歌女的身世自述中发现,她正是他误信已死的女儿;继而又因狄安娜女神的现身指引,而找到了十四年前他误认为已死且亲手将尸体及人海中的妻子。这部以悲剧开始,以喜剧结尾的传奇剧富有直德教育意义:剧中作恶多端的安提奥克斯国王和与他狼狈为汗的女儿以及背信弃义、以怨报德的克里翁夫妇最终都遭到报立;而心地善良、品德高尚,受他们迫害的配力克里斯一家三人虽然受尽磨难,终得天助神佑而团圆砍叙。要是作者写作本剧狗初衷真是我们从本剧谢幕词中所能窥探到的那样是劝人为聾,诫人作恶的话,那本剧的效果是理想的,因为在读完了本剧之后,浮现于我们脑际的正是“善恶终有报,只是来迟早”之类向众所周知的警世箴言。
作者: Charles
出版社:Penguin 2007年06月
简介:
Includes: The Tempest - A Midsummer Night's Dream- The Winter's Tale - Much Ado About Nothing - AsYou Like It - Cymbeline - The Two Gentlemen ofVerona - The Merchant of Venice - King Lear -Macbeth - All's Well that Ends Well - The Tamingof the Shrew - The Comedy of Errors - Measure forMeasure - Twelfth Night - Timon of Athens -Romeo and Juliet - Hamlet - Othello -Pericles
The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Pericles
作者: 本社 编
出版社:Cambridge University Press 2011年11月
简介:Mid-fifth-century Athens saw the development of the Athenianempire, the radicalization of Athenian democracy through theempowerment of poorer citizens, the adornment of the city through amassive and expensive building program, the classical age ofAthenian tragedy, the assembly of intellectuals offering novelapproaches to philosophical and scientific issues, and the end ofthe Spartan-Athenian alliance against Persia and the beginning ofopen hostilities between the two greatest powers of ancient Greece.The Athenian statesman Pericles both fostered and supported many ofthese developments. Although it is no longer fashionable to viewPericlean Athens as a social or cultural paradigm, study of thehistory, society, art, and literature of mid-fifth-century Athensremains central to any understanding of Greek history. Thiscollection of essays reveal the political, religious, economic,social, artistic, literary, intellectual, and militaryinfrastructure that made the Age of Pericles possible.
简介:Summary: Publisher Summary 1 The more than two millennia history of Athens is brought to life through individuals who have shaped its past, from the period of classical greatness followed by occupying empires, to the modern era. 25,000 first printing. Publisher Summary 2 A history of the city that invented democracy and still resonates as a beacon of civilization, from the Golden Age of Pericles to the present Publisher Summary 3 Perhaps no other city looms larger in our cultural and historical imagination than Athens. For two and a half millennia, people have looked to the city's past as a beacon of genuine democracy, artistic expression, and the classical ideal. In this engaging narrative, noted classicist Robin Waterfield traces the life and history of Athens, a city whose idealized past continues to inspire the present.This is the only book to cover the entire history of Athens, from its brief period of classical greatness through its decline under a series of occupying empires-Macedonian, Roman, Byzantine, and Turkish-to its resurrection in the modern era. Waterfield brings the city vividly to life through the colorful and varied individuals who shaped her history, from Solon, the founder of her democracy, to Pericles, Socrates, Euripides, and the other geniuses of the fifth century, and right up to more recent figures, such as Lord Byron and Baron de Coubertin, founder of the modern Olympics.As Waterfield shows, the memory of Athens' glorious past-even if that memory is a myth-has inspired generations, and offers vital lessons for the current era.
Shakespeare, co-author : a historical study of five collaborative plays /
作者: Brian Vickers.
简介:Summary: Publisher Summary 1 This major new study asks the question, "how much do we know about Shakespeare's collaborations with other dramatists?", and sets out to provide a detailed evaluation of the claims made for Shakespeare's co-authorship of Titus Andronicus, Timon of Athens, Pericles, Henry VIII, and The TwoNoble Kinsmen. Through an examination of the processes of collaboration and the methods used in authorship studies since the early nineteenth century, Brian Vickers identifies a coherent tradition in attribution work on Shakespeare.
简介:The History of the Peloponnesian War, by Thucydides, is part of the Barnes & Noble Classics?series, which offers quality editions at affordable prices to the student and the general reader, including new scholarship, thoughtful design, and pages of carefully crafted extras. Here are some of the remarkable features of Barnes & Noble Classics: All editions are beautifully designed and are printed to superior specifications; some include illustrations of historical interest. Barnes & Noble Classics pulls together a constellation of influences?biographical, historical, and literary?to enrich each reader's understanding of these enduring works.?A monumental work unsurpassed for its brilliant description, accuracy, and penetrating insights, Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian Waris a spectacular eyewitness report of the war between Greece’s two most powerful city-states, Athens and Sparta, as it unfolded during the fifth century B.C.The first recorded political and moral analysis of a nation’s war policies, the Historyis a tragic story of virtue, ambition, and failed deterrence. All aspects of the conflict?from the battlefield strategies and the political landscape to the peoples’ thoughts and feelings as the long war dragged on?are presented in startlingly vivid detail.?From the treachery of Alcibiades and the disastrous invasion of Sicily to the plague that devastated Athens and Pericles’ famous funeral oration, Thucydides has written more than a mere account of war. His Historyis nothing less than a classic Greek drama about the rise and fall of Athens. More than two thousand years have passed since the Historywas written, but its impact on modern politics, military strategy, and foreign relations has been timeless.?Donald Lateinerteaches Greek, Latin, Ancient History and Comparative Folklore in the Humanities-Classics department at Ohio Wesleyan University. His scholarship focuses on Homer and Herodotus, and he has published a book on each. He also researches nonverbal behaviors in ancient literature.
简介: This book reflects a resurgence of interest in Shakespeare's plays performed between 1608 and 1613: Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter's Tale, The Tempest, All is True (Henry VIII), The Two Noble Kinsmen,and Cardenio(the "lost" play). It offers a broad range of new, historicist approaches, touching upon key topics in current Shakespearean studies, such as kinship relations, manliness, magic, medico-politics, nationalism, rhetoric, schism, sexuality and staging conventions. The plays are explored both individually and within generic, thematic and chronological groups.
简介:Controversy has surrounded "Pericles" for centuries, due to the fact that critics and editors have argued that much of the play was written between 1607 and 1608 by one of Shakespeare's inferior collaborators, and that it shows in both its style and content. However, Shakespeare was clearly the driving force behind the play, and it is important to remember that it was one of the most popular plays of its time.
简介:This Companion to Shakespeare's poems, problem comedies, and late plays contains original essays on Troilus and Cressida, Measure for Measure, All's Well That Ends Well, Venus and Adonis, The Rape of Lucrece, and The Sonnets, as well as Pericles, The Winter's Tale, Cymbeline, The Tempest, Henry VIII, and The Two Noble Kinsmen. In addition, it includes eleven essays on such topics as the reception history of the sonnets, collaboration in Shakespeare's middle and late plays, the generic classification of Shakespeare's late plays, The Tempest in performance, and the relation of Shakespeare's "problem plays" to the work of contemporary dramatists. - Back cover.
作者: Terry Golway 著
出版社:Penguin 2009-9-1
简介: The fifty most important speeches of all time: their context,history, and meaning for our world The speeches remembered by history are rarely remembered incontext; but it was almost always the context, not the speechitself, that made each address so significant. Terry Golway hasselected fifty speeches that changed the world through the sheerpower of their oratory. From Moses to Mandela and others fromacross time and around the world, Golway's selections are eachilluminated with an insightful essay setting the speech squarely inits historical contexts and detailing its impact and consequences.In doing so, Golway allows us to fully understand their importanceand effect. Including speeches from Jesus, Mohammed, Cicero, Pericles,Cromwell, Washington, Pope Urban II, John Winthrop, Kennedy,Emperor Hirohito, Barbara Jordan, Ho Chi Minh, Khrushchev,Robespierre, Patrick Henry, Queen Elizabeth I, Reagan, Mandela,FDR, Hitler, Churchill, Barack Obama and many more, this book is anhistoric achievement. Much more than a reference, it is a series ofwindows into our past presented by a gifted storyteller.
简介:Every age has its own geography, separate and distinct from the geographies of earlier and succeeding ages. This 1973 book seeks to examine the complex of natural and man-made features which have provided the background of history, influencing its course and themselves modified by human action. Professor Pounds examines five short periods, each of which is not only relatively well documented, but also important in the climax of a civilisation. In a sense, each represents the climax of a longer period of historical development. The aim is to survey the whole of Europe for each of the chosen periods, not merely those areas which have been highlighted by documents and events. Northern Europe in the age of Pericles and eastern Europe in all periods are, for example, examined, alongside the better-known Mediterranean region, France and the Rhineland. Considerable use is made of maps, all specially prepared for this book.
简介:Edited Dr. Barbara A. Mowat and Paul Werstine One of Shakespeare's later plays and initially considered a rather lowly example of his work, Cymbeline was disregarded as poorly-conceived 'folly' by such eminent critics as Dr. Johnson. However, in the nineteenth century the play received praise and fondness and it is now fairly highly thought of, partially since it is now not seen as a tragedy but rather a 'romance' and it therefore fits in with The Tempest, Pericles and The Winter's Tale rathe更多>>
简介:Thucydides of Athens, one of the greatest of historians, was born about 471 BCE . He saw the rise of Athens to greatness under the inspired leadership of Pericles. In 430, the second year of the Peloponnesian War, he caught and survived the horrible plague which he described so graphically. Later, as general in 423 he failed to save Amphipolis from the enemy and was disgraced. He tells about this, not in volumes of self-justification, but in one sentence of his history of the war-that it befell him to be an exile for twenty years. He then lived probably on his property in Thrace, but was able to observe both sides in certain campaigns of the war, and returned to Athens after her defeat in 404. He had been composing his famous history, with its hopes and horrors, triumphs and disasters, in full detail from first-hand knowledge of his own and others. The war was really three conflicts with one uncertain peace after the first; and Thucydides had not unified them into one account when death came sometime before 396. His history of the first conflict, 431–421, was nearly complete; Thucydides was still at work on this when the war spread to Sicily and into a conflict (415–413) likewise complete in his awful and brilliant record, though not fitted into the whole. His story of the final conflict of 413–404 breaks off (in the middle of a sentence) when dealing with the year 411. So his work was left unfinished and as a whole unrevised. Yet in brilliance of description and depth of insight this history has no superior. The Loeb Classical Library edition of Thucydides is in four volumes.
简介:Societies are defined at their margins. In the ancient Greek world bastards were often marginal, their affinities being with the female, the alien, the servile, the poor, and the sick. The study of bastardy in ancient Greece is therefore of an importance that goes far beyond the subject'sintrinsic interest, and provides insights into the structure of Greek society as a whole. This is the first full-length book on the subject, and it reviews the major evidence from Athens, Sparta, Gortyn, and Hellenistic Egypt, as well as collating and analysing fragmentary evidence from the otherGreek states. Dr Ogden shows how attitudes towards legitimacy differed across the various city states, and analyses their developments across time. He also advances new interpretations of more familiar problems of Athenian bastardy, such as Pericles' citizenship law. The book should interesthistorians of a wide range of social topics - from law and the economy to the study of women in antiquity and sexuality.



















