简介
Since the enormously successful first edition of Forensic DNA Typing was published, the Human Genome Project has published a draft sequence of the human genome and completed the "finished" reference sequence. The advent of modern DNA technology has resulted in the increased ability to perform human identity testing-desirable in a number of situations including the determination of perpetrators of violent crime such as murder and rape, resolving unestablished paternity, and identifying remains of missing persons or victims of mass disasters. The technology has been utilized in identifying remains from victims of the World Trade Center twin towers collapse following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the President Clinton-Monica Lewinsky scandal, and the identification of the remains in the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Indeed, our perceptions of history have been changed with DNA evidence that revealed Thomas Jefferson fathered a child by one of his slaves. This book examines the science of current forensic DNA typing methods by focusing on the biology, technology, and genetic interpretation of short tandem repeat (STR) markers, which encompass the most common forensic DNA analysis methods used today. Ten new chapters have been added to accommodate the explosion of new information since the turn of the century.
*The only book available that specifically covers detailed information on mitochondrial DNA and the Y chromosome
*Chapters cover the topic from introductory level right up to "cutting edge" research
*High-profile cases are addressed throughout the book, near the sections dealing with the science or issues behind these cases
*NEW TO THIS EDITION: D.N.A. Boxes--boxed "Data, Notes & Applications" sections throughout the book offer higher levels of detail on specific questions
目录
CONTENTS 6
FOREWORD 8
INTRODUCTION 10
NEW MATERIAL IN THIS SECOND EDITION 11
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK CHAPTERS 12
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 17
OVERVIEW AND HISTORY OF DNA TYPING 20
HISTORY OF FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS 21
STEPS IN DNA SAMPLE PROCESSING 25
COMPARISONS TO COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 29
BIOLOGY 34
DNA BIOLOGY REVIEW 36
BASIC DNA PRINCIPLES 36
POPULATION VARIATION 45
ADDITIONAL READING 50
SAMPLE COLLECTION, DNA EXTRACTION, AND DNA QUANTITTION 52
SAMPLE COLLECTION 52
PRESUMPTIVE TESTS FOR BLOOD, SEMEN, AND 58
SALIVA 58
DNA EXTRACTION 61
DNA QUANTITATION 69
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 75
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ( PCR) PROCESS 82
THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (DNA AMPLIFICATION) 82
MULTIPLEX PCR 92
REAL- TIME ( QUANTITATIVE) PCR 94
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CONTAMINATION 98
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PCR WITH 99
FORENSIC SPECIMENS 99
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 100
REPEATED DNA 104
COMMONLY USED SHORT TANDEM REPEAT MARKERS AND COMMERCIAL KITS 104
CHOICE OF MARKERS USED BY THE FORENSIC DNA 112
TYPING COMMUNITY 112
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE STR KITS 116
DETAILS ON ALLELES PRESENT IN THE 125
CODIS STR LOCI 125
GENDER IDENTIFICATION WITH AMELOGENIN 132
STRBASE: A DYNAMIC SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON 134
STR MARKERS 134
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 136
STUTTER PRODUCTS 142
BIOLOGY OF STRs: STUTTER PRODUCTS, NON-TEMPLATE ADDITION, MICRO VARIANTS, NULL ALLELES AND MUTATION RATES 142
NON- TEMPLATE ADDITION 146
MICROVARIANTS AND 脦 OFF- LADDER脤 ALLELES 148
ALLELE DROPOUT AND NULL ALLELES 152
MUTATIONS AND MUTATION RATES 157
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 161
DEGRADED DNA 164
FORENSIC ISSUES: DEGRADED DNA, PCR INHIBITION, CONTAMINATION, MIXED SAMPLES AND LOW COPY NUMBER 164
PCR INHIBITION 169
CONTAMINATION ISSUES 171
MIXTURES 173
LOW- COPY NUMBER DNA TESTING 186
OTHER USES FOR STR TYPING 189
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 193
ROLE OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC MARKERS 200
IN FORENSIC SCIENCE 200
SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS AND OTHER BI-ALLELIC MARKERS 200
BASICS OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS 201
( SNPs) 201
SNP TYPING ASSAYS AND TECHNOLOGIES 203
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR SNPs IN HUMAN 207
IDENTITY TESTING 207
OTHER BI- ALLELIC MARKERS 211
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 213
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 213
LINEAGE MARKERS 220
VALUE OF Y CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS IN HUMAN 220
IDENTITY TESTING 220
Y CHROMOSOME DNA TESTING 220
Y CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 223
Y- STR MARKERS 225
ISSUES WITH USE OF Y- STRs IN FORENSIC CASEWORK 239
Y- SNP AND BI- ALLELIC MARKERS 241
HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE 242
Y CHROMOSOME 242
THE THOMAS JEFFERSON- SALLY HEMINGS AFFAIR 243
SURNAME TESTING AND GENETIC GENEALOGY 249
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 251
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 251
CHARACTERISTICS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA 260
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS 260
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCING IN 274
FORENSIC CASEWORK 274
INTERPRETING AND REPORTING mtDNA RESULTS 285
LABORATORIES PERFORMING mtDNA TESTING IN THE 291
UNITED STATES 291
ISSUES IMPACTING INTERPRETATION 292
SCREENING ASSAYS FOR mtDNA TYPING 297
POPULATION DATABASES 300
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN mtDNA RESEARCH 303
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 307
DOMESTIC ANIMAL DNA TESTING 318
NON-HUMAN DNA TESTING AND MICROBIAL FORENSICS 318
PLANT DNA 322
MICROBIAL FORENSICS 324
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 325
TECHNOLOGY 330
INTRODUCTION 332
DNA SEPARATION METHODS: SLAB GEL AND CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 332
SLAB GELS 333
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 337
DNA SEPARATION MECHANISMS 340
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON ELECTROPHETIC 341
SEPARATIONS 341
ADDITIONAL READING 342
VARIOUS METHODS FOR DETECTING DNA MOLECULES 344
FLUORESCENCE DETECTION 344
DNA DETECTION METHODS: FLUORESCENT DYES AND SILVER-STAINING 344
SILVER STAINING 359
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 361
THE ABI PRISM 310 GENETIC ANALYZER 364
INSTRUMENTATION FOR STR TYPING: ABI 310, ABI 3100, FMBIO SYSTEMS 364
COMPONENTS OF THE ABI 310 366
OPERATION OF THE ABI 310 FOR 369
GENOTYPING STR SAMPLES 369
STEPS PERFORMED BY THE STANDARD MODULE 375
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR HIGHER 376
THROUGHPUT CAPABILITIES 376
HITACHI FMBIO II AND FMBIO III FLUORESCENCE 380
IMAGING SYSTEMS 380
SAMPLE PROCESSING ON THE FMBIO II 383
ISSUES WITH THE FMBIO II APPROACH 386
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 389
THE GENOTYPING PROCESS 392
STR GENOTYPING ISSUES 392
FACTORS AFFECTING GENOTYPING RESULTS 397
EXTRA PEAKS OBSERVED IN THE DATA 401
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 405
INTRODUCTION 408
LABORATORY VALIDATION 408
ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN ENSURING QUALITY 413
AND UNIFORMITY OF DNA TESTING 413
VALIDATION 417
INTER- LABORATORY TESTS 423
DNA STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS 425
QUALITY CONTROL FOR COMMERCIAL SOURCES 427
OF MATERIALS 427
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 427
NEW DNA SEPARATION/ GENOTYPING 432
TECHNOLOGIES 432
NEW TECHNOLOGIES, AUTOMATION, AND EXPERT SYSTEMS 432
LABORATORY AUTOMATION 441
EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR STR DATA INTERPRETATION 443
UNIQUE CHALLENGES WITH FORENSIC DNA 448
AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES 448
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 449
COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM (CODIS) AND THE USE OF DNA DATABASES 454
COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM ( CODIS) 457
IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR DNA DATABASES 462
DNA DATABASE LAWS 466
NATIONAL DNA DATABASES AROUND THE WORLD 467
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 469
GENETICS 472
BASIC GENETIC PRINCIPLES, STATISTICS, AND PROBABILITY 474
PROBABILITY 476
STATISTICS 479
PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION GENETICS 484
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 489
STR POPULATION DATA BASE ANALYSES 492
GENERATING A POPULATION DNA DATABASE 493
STATISTICAL TESTS ON DNA DATABASES 499
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 508
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 513
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 513
PROFILE FREQUENCY ESTIMATES, LIKELIHOOD RATIOS, AND SOURCE ATTRIBUTION 516
FREQUENCY ESTIMATE CALCULATIONS 517
LIKELIHOOD RATIO 529
SOURCE ATTRIBUTION 532
OTHER TOPICS OF INTEREST 534
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 534
MIXTURE INTERPRETATION 538
APPROACHES TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES AND DEGRADED DNA 538
PARTIAL DNA PROFILES 545
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 546
KINSHIP AND PARENTAGE TESTING 548
PATERNITY ( PARENTAGE) TESTING 549
REVERSE PARENTAGE TESTING 552
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 554
BIOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND GENETICS 558
ISSUES FACED DURING DISASTER VICTIM 560
IDENTIFICATION EFFORTS 560
MASS DISASTER DNA VICTIM IDENTIFICATION 560
EARLY EFFORTS WITH APPLYING DNA ANALYSIS 564
TO MASS DISASTERS 564
DNA IDENTIFICATION WORK WITH 11 SEPTEMBER 570
VICTIMS 570
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 576
EXPLANATION OF INFORMATION INCLUDED IN THE 580
FOLLOWING TABLES: 580
APPENDIX I 580
REPORTED STR ALLELES: SIZES AND SEQUENCES 580
REFERENCES 592
APPENDIX II 596
U.S. POPULATION DATA - STR ALLELE FREQUENCIES 596
APPENDIX III 604
SUPPLIERS OF DNA ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT, PRODUCTS, OR SERVICES 604
DNA ADVISORY BOARD 612
QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS FOR FORENSIC 612
DNA TESTING LABORATORIES 612
APPENDIX IV 612
DNA ADVISORY BOARD QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS 612
QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS FOR FORENSIC 613
DNA TESTING LABORATORIES 613
DNA ADVISORY BOARD 632
APPENDIX V 632
DAB RECOMMENDATIONS ON STATISTICS 632
CONCLUSION 640
REFERENCES 640
RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE LABORATORY 642
PERFORMANCE 642
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING 642
RANDOM- MATCH PROBABILITIES 642
APPENDIX VI 642
NRC II RECOMMENDATIONS 642
RECOMMENDATIONS ON INTERPRETING THE RESULTS 644
OF DATABASE SEARCHES, ON BINNING, AND ON 644
ESTABLISHING THE UNIQUENESS OF PROFILES 644
RECOMMENDATION FOR RESEARCH ON JUROR 644
COMPREHENSION 644
CASE ( A) 脪 SEXUAL ASSAULT EVIDENCE EXAMINED 646
WITH 13 CODIS AUTOSOMAL STR LOCI 646
APPENDIX VII 646
EXAMPLE DNA CASES 646
CASE ( B) USE OF Y CHROMOSOME STR INFORMATION 649
AUTHOR INDEX 652
SUBJECT INDEX 666
FOREWORD 8
INTRODUCTION 10
NEW MATERIAL IN THIS SECOND EDITION 11
AN OVERVIEW OF THE BOOK CHAPTERS 12
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16
ABOUT THE AUTHOR 17
OVERVIEW AND HISTORY OF DNA TYPING 20
HISTORY OF FORENSIC DNA ANALYSIS 21
STEPS IN DNA SAMPLE PROCESSING 25
COMPARISONS TO COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY 29
BIOLOGY 34
DNA BIOLOGY REVIEW 36
BASIC DNA PRINCIPLES 36
POPULATION VARIATION 45
ADDITIONAL READING 50
SAMPLE COLLECTION, DNA EXTRACTION, AND DNA QUANTITTION 52
SAMPLE COLLECTION 52
PRESUMPTIVE TESTS FOR BLOOD, SEMEN, AND 58
SALIVA 58
DNA EXTRACTION 61
DNA QUANTITATION 69
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 75
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ( PCR) PROCESS 82
THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (DNA AMPLIFICATION) 82
MULTIPLEX PCR 92
REAL- TIME ( QUANTITATIVE) PCR 94
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST CONTAMINATION 98
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PCR WITH 99
FORENSIC SPECIMENS 99
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 100
REPEATED DNA 104
COMMONLY USED SHORT TANDEM REPEAT MARKERS AND COMMERCIAL KITS 104
CHOICE OF MARKERS USED BY THE FORENSIC DNA 112
TYPING COMMUNITY 112
COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE STR KITS 116
DETAILS ON ALLELES PRESENT IN THE 125
CODIS STR LOCI 125
GENDER IDENTIFICATION WITH AMELOGENIN 132
STRBASE: A DYNAMIC SOURCE OF INFORMATION ON 134
STR MARKERS 134
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 136
STUTTER PRODUCTS 142
BIOLOGY OF STRs: STUTTER PRODUCTS, NON-TEMPLATE ADDITION, MICRO VARIANTS, NULL ALLELES AND MUTATION RATES 142
NON- TEMPLATE ADDITION 146
MICROVARIANTS AND 脦 OFF- LADDER脤 ALLELES 148
ALLELE DROPOUT AND NULL ALLELES 152
MUTATIONS AND MUTATION RATES 157
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 161
DEGRADED DNA 164
FORENSIC ISSUES: DEGRADED DNA, PCR INHIBITION, CONTAMINATION, MIXED SAMPLES AND LOW COPY NUMBER 164
PCR INHIBITION 169
CONTAMINATION ISSUES 171
MIXTURES 173
LOW- COPY NUMBER DNA TESTING 186
OTHER USES FOR STR TYPING 189
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 193
ROLE OF ADDITIONAL GENETIC MARKERS 200
IN FORENSIC SCIENCE 200
SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS AND OTHER BI-ALLELIC MARKERS 200
BASICS OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS 201
( SNPs) 201
SNP TYPING ASSAYS AND TECHNOLOGIES 203
POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS FOR SNPs IN HUMAN 207
IDENTITY TESTING 207
OTHER BI- ALLELIC MARKERS 211
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 213
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 213
LINEAGE MARKERS 220
VALUE OF Y CHROMOSOME ANALYSIS IN HUMAN 220
IDENTITY TESTING 220
Y CHROMOSOME DNA TESTING 220
Y CHROMOSOME STRUCTURE 223
Y- STR MARKERS 225
ISSUES WITH USE OF Y- STRs IN FORENSIC CASEWORK 239
Y- SNP AND BI- ALLELIC MARKERS 241
HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL STUDIES WITH THE 242
Y CHROMOSOME 242
THE THOMAS JEFFERSON- SALLY HEMINGS AFFAIR 243
SURNAME TESTING AND GENETIC GENEALOGY 249
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 251
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 251
CHARACTERISTICS OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA 260
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA ANALYSIS 260
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA SEQUENCING IN 274
FORENSIC CASEWORK 274
INTERPRETING AND REPORTING mtDNA RESULTS 285
LABORATORIES PERFORMING mtDNA TESTING IN THE 291
UNITED STATES 291
ISSUES IMPACTING INTERPRETATION 292
SCREENING ASSAYS FOR mtDNA TYPING 297
POPULATION DATABASES 300
FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN mtDNA RESEARCH 303
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 307
DOMESTIC ANIMAL DNA TESTING 318
NON-HUMAN DNA TESTING AND MICROBIAL FORENSICS 318
PLANT DNA 322
MICROBIAL FORENSICS 324
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 325
TECHNOLOGY 330
INTRODUCTION 332
DNA SEPARATION METHODS: SLAB GEL AND CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 332
SLAB GELS 333
CAPILLARY ELECTROPHORESIS 337
DNA SEPARATION MECHANISMS 340
ADDITIONAL COMMENTS ON ELECTROPHETIC 341
SEPARATIONS 341
ADDITIONAL READING 342
VARIOUS METHODS FOR DETECTING DNA MOLECULES 344
FLUORESCENCE DETECTION 344
DNA DETECTION METHODS: FLUORESCENT DYES AND SILVER-STAINING 344
SILVER STAINING 359
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 361
THE ABI PRISM 310 GENETIC ANALYZER 364
INSTRUMENTATION FOR STR TYPING: ABI 310, ABI 3100, FMBIO SYSTEMS 364
COMPONENTS OF THE ABI 310 366
OPERATION OF THE ABI 310 FOR 369
GENOTYPING STR SAMPLES 369
STEPS PERFORMED BY THE STANDARD MODULE 375
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS FOR HIGHER 376
THROUGHPUT CAPABILITIES 376
HITACHI FMBIO II AND FMBIO III FLUORESCENCE 380
IMAGING SYSTEMS 380
SAMPLE PROCESSING ON THE FMBIO II 383
ISSUES WITH THE FMBIO II APPROACH 386
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 389
THE GENOTYPING PROCESS 392
STR GENOTYPING ISSUES 392
FACTORS AFFECTING GENOTYPING RESULTS 397
EXTRA PEAKS OBSERVED IN THE DATA 401
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 405
INTRODUCTION 408
LABORATORY VALIDATION 408
ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN ENSURING QUALITY 413
AND UNIFORMITY OF DNA TESTING 413
VALIDATION 417
INTER- LABORATORY TESTS 423
DNA STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS 425
QUALITY CONTROL FOR COMMERCIAL SOURCES 427
OF MATERIALS 427
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 427
NEW DNA SEPARATION/ GENOTYPING 432
TECHNOLOGIES 432
NEW TECHNOLOGIES, AUTOMATION, AND EXPERT SYSTEMS 432
LABORATORY AUTOMATION 441
EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR STR DATA INTERPRETATION 443
UNIQUE CHALLENGES WITH FORENSIC DNA 448
AND NEW TECHNOLOGIES 448
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 449
COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM (CODIS) AND THE USE OF DNA DATABASES 454
COMBINED DNA INDEX SYSTEM ( CODIS) 457
IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR DNA DATABASES 462
DNA DATABASE LAWS 466
NATIONAL DNA DATABASES AROUND THE WORLD 467
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 469
GENETICS 472
BASIC GENETIC PRINCIPLES, STATISTICS, AND PROBABILITY 474
PROBABILITY 476
STATISTICS 479
PRINCIPLES OF POPULATION GENETICS 484
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 489
STR POPULATION DATA BASE ANALYSES 492
GENERATING A POPULATION DNA DATABASE 493
STATISTICAL TESTS ON DNA DATABASES 499
PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS 508
POINTS FOR DISCUSSION 513
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 513
PROFILE FREQUENCY ESTIMATES, LIKELIHOOD RATIOS, AND SOURCE ATTRIBUTION 516
FREQUENCY ESTIMATE CALCULATIONS 517
LIKELIHOOD RATIO 529
SOURCE ATTRIBUTION 532
OTHER TOPICS OF INTEREST 534
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 534
MIXTURE INTERPRETATION 538
APPROACHES TO STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MIXTURES AND DEGRADED DNA 538
PARTIAL DNA PROFILES 545
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 546
KINSHIP AND PARENTAGE TESTING 548
PATERNITY ( PARENTAGE) TESTING 549
REVERSE PARENTAGE TESTING 552
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 554
BIOLOGY, TECHNOLOGY, AND GENETICS 558
ISSUES FACED DURING DISASTER VICTIM 560
IDENTIFICATION EFFORTS 560
MASS DISASTER DNA VICTIM IDENTIFICATION 560
EARLY EFFORTS WITH APPLYING DNA ANALYSIS 564
TO MASS DISASTERS 564
DNA IDENTIFICATION WORK WITH 11 SEPTEMBER 570
VICTIMS 570
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READING 576
EXPLANATION OF INFORMATION INCLUDED IN THE 580
FOLLOWING TABLES: 580
APPENDIX I 580
REPORTED STR ALLELES: SIZES AND SEQUENCES 580
REFERENCES 592
APPENDIX II 596
U.S. POPULATION DATA - STR ALLELE FREQUENCIES 596
APPENDIX III 604
SUPPLIERS OF DNA ANALYSIS EQUIPMENT, PRODUCTS, OR SERVICES 604
DNA ADVISORY BOARD 612
QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS FOR FORENSIC 612
DNA TESTING LABORATORIES 612
APPENDIX IV 612
DNA ADVISORY BOARD QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS 612
QUALITY ASSURANCE STANDARDS FOR FORENSIC 613
DNA TESTING LABORATORIES 613
DNA ADVISORY BOARD 632
APPENDIX V 632
DAB RECOMMENDATIONS ON STATISTICS 632
CONCLUSION 640
REFERENCES 640
RECOMMENDATIONS TO IMPROVE LABORATORY 642
PERFORMANCE 642
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ESTIMATING 642
RANDOM- MATCH PROBABILITIES 642
APPENDIX VI 642
NRC II RECOMMENDATIONS 642
RECOMMENDATIONS ON INTERPRETING THE RESULTS 644
OF DATABASE SEARCHES, ON BINNING, AND ON 644
ESTABLISHING THE UNIQUENESS OF PROFILES 644
RECOMMENDATION FOR RESEARCH ON JUROR 644
COMPREHENSION 644
CASE ( A) 脪 SEXUAL ASSAULT EVIDENCE EXAMINED 646
WITH 13 CODIS AUTOSOMAL STR LOCI 646
APPENDIX VII 646
EXAMPLE DNA CASES 646
CASE ( B) USE OF Y CHROMOSOME STR INFORMATION 649
AUTHOR INDEX 652
SUBJECT INDEX 666
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