简介
Contemporary metaphor theory has recently begun to address the relation between metaphor, culture and ideology. In this wide-ranging book, Andrew Goatly, using lexical data from his database Metalude, investigates how conceptual metaphor themes construct our thinking and social behaviour in fields as diverse as architecture, engineering, education, genetics, ecology, economics, politics, industrial time-management, medicine, immigration, race, and sex. He argues that metaphor themes are created not only through the universal body but also through cultural experience, so that an apparently universal metaphor such as event-structure as realized in English grammar is, in fact, culturally relative, compared with e.g. the construal of 'cause and effect' in the Algonquin language Blackfoot. Moreover, event-structure as a model is both scientifically reactionary and, as the basis for technological mega-projects, has proved environmentally harmful. Furthermore, the ideologies of early capitalism created or exploited a selection of metaphor themes historically traceable through Hobbes, Hume, Smith, Malthus and Darwin. These metaphorical concepts support neo-Darwinian and neo-conservative ideologies apparent at the beginning of the 21st century, ideologies underpinning our social and environmental crises. The conclusion therefore recommends skepticism of metaphor s reductionist tendencies.
目录
Table Of Contents:
List of table xv
List of figures xvii
Preface 1(8)
SECTION 1 9(394)
Introducing metaphor 11(24)
Some terms for analysing metaphors 11(1)
Inter-relations between metaphors 12(1)
The theory of conceptual metaphors 13(4)
Characterising conceptual metaphors and metaphor themes 17(4)
Literal language, conventional metaphor and original metaphor 21(4)
Convention, commonsense and latent ideology 25(5)
Conclusion: Category is divided area 30(5)
Metaphors of power 35(54)
Introduction 35(1)
Important is big, power/control is above, importance/status is high 35(5)
Important is central 40(5)
Race is colour, Good is pure/clean/white 45(4)
Disease is invasion 49(2)
Activity is movement forward and the cult of speech 51(9)
Time and space metaphors 60(8)
Time is money/commodity 68(1)
Education, socialisation and time: Harry potter and the Philospher's stone 69(3)
Activity is fighting 72(6)
The adversarial system in law, politics, the media and philosophy 78(5)
Sex is violence and rape 83(2)
Summary 85(4)
Metaphors for humans and the living world 89(30)
Introduction 89(1)
Human is food 89(1)
Life as a commodity 90(5)
Quality is money/wealth 95(5)
Privation of natural ``resources'' 97(3)
Organisation/system is machine 100(3)
Human is machine 103(14)
Lexical evidence of the prevalence of the metaphor 103(8)
Science, technology and the views of humans 111(1)
Objections to mechanistic views of humans 111(2)
The Santiago theory of cognition 113(1)
Haraway's cyborg manifesto 114(3)
Summary 117(2)
Human as animals, literal or metaphorical? 119(44)
Impositive metaphors and subjects metaphors 119(2)
Landscape/weather is a Human body? 121(4)
Human is animal 125(34)
Human as more or less/a kind of animal-selfish, competitive and aggressive 128(12)
Human as more or less animals-but-co-operative and symbiotic 140(4)
Human as in many respects animals 144(4)
Humans as possibly like animals in many respects, but ideally as different 148(5)
Human as in some/few respects like an animal 153(4)
Human reductionism 157(2)
Summary 159(4)
Interaction between themes 163(54)
Introduction 163(1)
Multivalency 164(13)
Multivalency → more=Good 165(5)
Multivalency → change= success/Development 170(7)
Evaluative oppositions 177(15)
Relationship is proximity/cohesion v. Freedom is space to move 178(9)
Change v. stability in relationships 187(5)
A complex case of metaphor theme interaction 192(5)
Diversification 197(17)
Diverse metaphors for emotion 197(9)
Diverse metaphors for education 206(7)
Summary of diversification 213(1)
Summary of metaphorical interactions 214(3)
Introduction to Section 2
Are metaphorical themes universal? 217(64)
Mind, body and culture 217(1)
Metonymy as basis of all conceptual metaphor themes 218(6)
Emotion is sense impression 224(19)
Damasio's theory of the emotions 224(6)
Emotion as cause of emotion metonymy 230(6)
Specific emotional/bodily responses 236(7)
The cultural influences on emotion metaphors 243(13)
Metaphor themes for anger in English 244(4)
Cultural variations in metaphor themes for anger 248(2)
Humoral theory and the body-cultural history debate 250(6)
Challenges to the universality of conceptual metaphor themes 256(14)
No such exact target concept exists in one cultural/language as exists in another 257(3)
No such exact source concept exists in one cultural/language as exists in another 260(2)
Target varies with the source 262(3)
Sources and targets are paired differently 265(2)
Different grounds or partial mapping of potential correspondence 267(3)
General identity of pairing with specific differences 270(1)
Grady, primary metaphors and multivalecy 270(3)
Questioning the metonymic basis of metaphors themes 273(3)
The body as biological or historycal and cultural? 276(5)
Grammar, metaphor and ecology 281(54)
Introduction 281(1)
The noun-verb/thing-process construction 282(2)
The Typical clause and canonical events 284(4)
Canonical events, the Newtonian world-view and industrialisation 288(10)
Industrialising nature 290(5)
The role of ideological metaphors in the industrialisation of nature 295(3)
Modern scientific challenges to newtonian dynamics 298(4)
Congruent language and grammatical mataphor 302(3)
Grammatical metaphors for modern science 305(15)
Activation of tokens 307(1)
Activation of experience (phenomena) 307(1)
Ambient structures or dummy subjects: Prop it and existential there 308(1)
Activation of circumstances 309(1)
Creative processes and cognate objects 309(1)
Reciprocal and reflexive verbs 309(1)
Ergativity 310(3)
Nominalization 313(7)
Niitsi'powahsin (blackfoot) grammers as radical metaphor 320(3)
Emphasis on ``verbs'' in Nitis' powahsin 317(2)
Nominalisations'' 319(1)
Niitsi' powahsin (Blackfoot) speakers' perspectives 320(3)
Other relevant aspects of Blackfoot world view 323(3)
Possession 326(4)
Action schema 327(1)
Location, existence and other schema 327(1)
Ideology and the action schema 328(2)
Conclusion and summary: process philosophies and ideologies 330(5)
Capitalism and the development of ideological metaphors 335(68)
Introduction 335(1)
The ideological tradition of capitalist economic philosophy 336(47)
Competition and conflict 337(7)
Self-interest, individualism and the family 344(5)
Man is animal 349(2)
Property 351(6)
Summary 357(2)
Newtonian influence on economics philosophers 359(2)
Man and Society as machine 361(4)
Quality and quantity 365(2)
Quality is wealth/money 367(6)
Economic virtues and time is Money/Commodity 373(6)
Progressivism in Darwin: Change=Good 379(1)
Capitalist economic philosophers, experientialism and the contemporary theory of metaphor 380(3)
A Criltique of Lakoff's moral politics 383(7)
Reductionism or not? 390(5)
Feyerabend, Prigogine and reductionism 390(2)
Experiential cognitive science as reductionism 392(1)
Literalisation reductionism and ideology 392(1)
A less-reductionist model of discourse 393(2)
Envoi: a meditation on incarnation 395(6)
Summary and conclusion 401(2)
Bibliography 403(12)
Main index 415(8)
Name and author index 423(4)
Index of languages 427(2)
Index of metonymy themes x as y metaphor themes x is y, metaphor equations x = y and theme reversals 429
List of table xv
List of figures xvii
Preface 1(8)
SECTION 1 9(394)
Introducing metaphor 11(24)
Some terms for analysing metaphors 11(1)
Inter-relations between metaphors 12(1)
The theory of conceptual metaphors 13(4)
Characterising conceptual metaphors and metaphor themes 17(4)
Literal language, conventional metaphor and original metaphor 21(4)
Convention, commonsense and latent ideology 25(5)
Conclusion: Category is divided area 30(5)
Metaphors of power 35(54)
Introduction 35(1)
Important is big, power/control is above, importance/status is high 35(5)
Important is central 40(5)
Race is colour, Good is pure/clean/white 45(4)
Disease is invasion 49(2)
Activity is movement forward and the cult of speech 51(9)
Time and space metaphors 60(8)
Time is money/commodity 68(1)
Education, socialisation and time: Harry potter and the Philospher's stone 69(3)
Activity is fighting 72(6)
The adversarial system in law, politics, the media and philosophy 78(5)
Sex is violence and rape 83(2)
Summary 85(4)
Metaphors for humans and the living world 89(30)
Introduction 89(1)
Human is food 89(1)
Life as a commodity 90(5)
Quality is money/wealth 95(5)
Privation of natural ``resources'' 97(3)
Organisation/system is machine 100(3)
Human is machine 103(14)
Lexical evidence of the prevalence of the metaphor 103(8)
Science, technology and the views of humans 111(1)
Objections to mechanistic views of humans 111(2)
The Santiago theory of cognition 113(1)
Haraway's cyborg manifesto 114(3)
Summary 117(2)
Human as animals, literal or metaphorical? 119(44)
Impositive metaphors and subjects metaphors 119(2)
Landscape/weather is a Human body? 121(4)
Human is animal 125(34)
Human as more or less/a kind of animal-selfish, competitive and aggressive 128(12)
Human as more or less animals-but-co-operative and symbiotic 140(4)
Human as in many respects animals 144(4)
Humans as possibly like animals in many respects, but ideally as different 148(5)
Human as in some/few respects like an animal 153(4)
Human reductionism 157(2)
Summary 159(4)
Interaction between themes 163(54)
Introduction 163(1)
Multivalency 164(13)
Multivalency → more=Good 165(5)
Multivalency → change= success/Development 170(7)
Evaluative oppositions 177(15)
Relationship is proximity/cohesion v. Freedom is space to move 178(9)
Change v. stability in relationships 187(5)
A complex case of metaphor theme interaction 192(5)
Diversification 197(17)
Diverse metaphors for emotion 197(9)
Diverse metaphors for education 206(7)
Summary of diversification 213(1)
Summary of metaphorical interactions 214(3)
Introduction to Section 2
Are metaphorical themes universal? 217(64)
Mind, body and culture 217(1)
Metonymy as basis of all conceptual metaphor themes 218(6)
Emotion is sense impression 224(19)
Damasio's theory of the emotions 224(6)
Emotion as cause of emotion metonymy 230(6)
Specific emotional/bodily responses 236(7)
The cultural influences on emotion metaphors 243(13)
Metaphor themes for anger in English 244(4)
Cultural variations in metaphor themes for anger 248(2)
Humoral theory and the body-cultural history debate 250(6)
Challenges to the universality of conceptual metaphor themes 256(14)
No such exact target concept exists in one cultural/language as exists in another 257(3)
No such exact source concept exists in one cultural/language as exists in another 260(2)
Target varies with the source 262(3)
Sources and targets are paired differently 265(2)
Different grounds or partial mapping of potential correspondence 267(3)
General identity of pairing with specific differences 270(1)
Grady, primary metaphors and multivalecy 270(3)
Questioning the metonymic basis of metaphors themes 273(3)
The body as biological or historycal and cultural? 276(5)
Grammar, metaphor and ecology 281(54)
Introduction 281(1)
The noun-verb/thing-process construction 282(2)
The Typical clause and canonical events 284(4)
Canonical events, the Newtonian world-view and industrialisation 288(10)
Industrialising nature 290(5)
The role of ideological metaphors in the industrialisation of nature 295(3)
Modern scientific challenges to newtonian dynamics 298(4)
Congruent language and grammatical mataphor 302(3)
Grammatical metaphors for modern science 305(15)
Activation of tokens 307(1)
Activation of experience (phenomena) 307(1)
Ambient structures or dummy subjects: Prop it and existential there 308(1)
Activation of circumstances 309(1)
Creative processes and cognate objects 309(1)
Reciprocal and reflexive verbs 309(1)
Ergativity 310(3)
Nominalization 313(7)
Niitsi'powahsin (blackfoot) grammers as radical metaphor 320(3)
Emphasis on ``verbs'' in Nitis' powahsin 317(2)
Nominalisations'' 319(1)
Niitsi' powahsin (Blackfoot) speakers' perspectives 320(3)
Other relevant aspects of Blackfoot world view 323(3)
Possession 326(4)
Action schema 327(1)
Location, existence and other schema 327(1)
Ideology and the action schema 328(2)
Conclusion and summary: process philosophies and ideologies 330(5)
Capitalism and the development of ideological metaphors 335(68)
Introduction 335(1)
The ideological tradition of capitalist economic philosophy 336(47)
Competition and conflict 337(7)
Self-interest, individualism and the family 344(5)
Man is animal 349(2)
Property 351(6)
Summary 357(2)
Newtonian influence on economics philosophers 359(2)
Man and Society as machine 361(4)
Quality and quantity 365(2)
Quality is wealth/money 367(6)
Economic virtues and time is Money/Commodity 373(6)
Progressivism in Darwin: Change=Good 379(1)
Capitalist economic philosophers, experientialism and the contemporary theory of metaphor 380(3)
A Criltique of Lakoff's moral politics 383(7)
Reductionism or not? 390(5)
Feyerabend, Prigogine and reductionism 390(2)
Experiential cognitive science as reductionism 392(1)
Literalisation reductionism and ideology 392(1)
A less-reductionist model of discourse 393(2)
Envoi: a meditation on incarnation 395(6)
Summary and conclusion 401(2)
Bibliography 403(12)
Main index 415(8)
Name and author index 423(4)
Index of languages 427(2)
Index of metonymy themes x as y metaphor themes x is y, metaphor equations x = y and theme reversals 429
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