简介
Alyssa Ayres' fascinating study examines Pakistan's troubled history by exploring the importance of culture to political legitimacy. Early leaders selected Urdu as the natural symbol of the nation's great cultural past, but due to its limited base great efforts would be required to make it truly national. This paradox underscores the importance of cultural policies for national identity formation. By comparing Pakistan's experience with those of India and Indonesia, the author analyzes how their national language policies led to very different outcomes. The lessons of these large multiethnic states offer insights for the understanding of culture, identity, and nationalism throughout the world. The book is aimed at scholars in the fields of history, political theory, and South Asian studies, as well as those interested in the history of culture and nationalism in one of the world's most complex, and challenging, countries.
目录
Contents 7
Illustrations 8
Figures 8
Maps 9
Tables 10
Acknowledgments 11
Note on transliteration 13
Introduction 15
The nation, nationalism, and language 21
Organization of the work 27
1 Articulating a new nation 30
Fort William College and the Hindi\u2013Urdu controversy 31
Language becomes the bearer of religion 34
Articulating a new nation 37
Nationalism: boundaries, borders, and language 41
2 Urdu and the nation 45
English in the registers of power 50
Arabic and the Islamic nation 53
Bengal's trouble with Urdu 55
3 The nation and its margins 62
Sindh, Sindhi, and the emergence of the category \ 62
Siraiki 69
Pashto and Pashtunistan 73
Balochi 76
Conclusion 77
4 The case of Punjab, part I: elite efforts 81
Panjab ka muqaddamah, \ 84
Cultural revival 88
The hegemon's lost self 92
New voice through new literature 94
Old stories, new heroes 98
5 The case of Punjab, part II: popular culture 101
On the outside: language defines deprivation 103
The rise of the popular violent Punjabi hero 107
Theoretical lessons from the case of Punjab 113
6 History and local absence 119
Imagining Pakistani antiquity 120
The national past 124
Creating the national past 130
The history of Pakistani history 137
Periodizing the subcontinent: Hindu/Muslim/British 140
National history as ideology 142
Ideological studies 147
7 Bringing back the local past 152
Cultural continua: the regional imperative 153
Who made Pakistan? Seeking recognition 159
Conclusion: language, history, territory, and belonging 161
8 Speaking like a state: language planning 164
New states, national languages, and language planning 166
Herderianism and language-as-nation 169
India 172
National languages and linguistic provinces reorganization 176
The Indian nation, its literatures, and the state 180
9 Religion, nation, language 185
Indonesia 187
Bahasa Indonesia 188
National language development, regional languages, and propagation 194
Becoming national 199
10 Conclusion 202
Bibliography 210
Index 226
Illustrations 8
Figures 8
Maps 9
Tables 10
Acknowledgments 11
Note on transliteration 13
Introduction 15
The nation, nationalism, and language 21
Organization of the work 27
1 Articulating a new nation 30
Fort William College and the Hindi\u2013Urdu controversy 31
Language becomes the bearer of religion 34
Articulating a new nation 37
Nationalism: boundaries, borders, and language 41
2 Urdu and the nation 45
English in the registers of power 50
Arabic and the Islamic nation 53
Bengal's trouble with Urdu 55
3 The nation and its margins 62
Sindh, Sindhi, and the emergence of the category \ 62
Siraiki 69
Pashto and Pashtunistan 73
Balochi 76
Conclusion 77
4 The case of Punjab, part I: elite efforts 81
Panjab ka muqaddamah, \ 84
Cultural revival 88
The hegemon's lost self 92
New voice through new literature 94
Old stories, new heroes 98
5 The case of Punjab, part II: popular culture 101
On the outside: language defines deprivation 103
The rise of the popular violent Punjabi hero 107
Theoretical lessons from the case of Punjab 113
6 History and local absence 119
Imagining Pakistani antiquity 120
The national past 124
Creating the national past 130
The history of Pakistani history 137
Periodizing the subcontinent: Hindu/Muslim/British 140
National history as ideology 142
Ideological studies 147
7 Bringing back the local past 152
Cultural continua: the regional imperative 153
Who made Pakistan? Seeking recognition 159
Conclusion: language, history, territory, and belonging 161
8 Speaking like a state: language planning 164
New states, national languages, and language planning 166
Herderianism and language-as-nation 169
India 172
National languages and linguistic provinces reorganization 176
The Indian nation, its literatures, and the state 180
9 Religion, nation, language 185
Indonesia 187
Bahasa Indonesia 188
National language development, regional languages, and propagation 194
Becoming national 199
10 Conclusion 202
Bibliography 210
Index 226
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