简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
First published in 1924, this is linguist Jespersen's (1860-1943) critical overview of the full gamut of grammatical concepts, with special attention to discrepancies between grammatical categories and their notional counterparts and the reasons for those discrepancies. With a new introduction and index by James D. McCawley. Annotation copyright Book News, Inc. Portland, Or.
Publisher Summary 2
This study grew out of a series of lectures Jespersen gave at Columbia
University in 1909-10, called 鈥淎n Introduction to English Grammar.鈥?
It is the connected presentation of Jespersen's views of the general
principles of grammar based on years of studying various languages
through both direct observation of living speech and written and
printed documents.
鈥淸The Philosophy of Grammarand Analytic Syntax] set
forth the most extensive and original theory of universal grammar
prior to the work of Chomsky and other generative grammarians of the
last thirty years.鈥濃擜rne Juul and Hans F. Nielsen, in Otto
Jespersen: Facets of His Life and Work
鈥淏esides being one of the most perceptive observers and original
thinkers that the field of linguistics has ever known, Jespersen was
also one of its most entertaining writers, and reading The
Philosophy of Grammaris fun. Read it, enjoy it.鈥濃擩ames D.
McCawley, from the Introduction
Otto Jespersen (1860-1943), an authority on the growth and structure
of language, was the Chair of the English Department at the University
of Copenhagen. Among his many works are A Modern English
Grammarand Analytic Syntax, the latter published by the
University of Chicago Press.
Publisher Summary 3
This study grew out of a series of lectures Jespersen gave at Columbia
University in 1909-10, called “An Introduction to English Grammar.”
It is the connected presentation of Jespersen's views of the general
principles of grammar based on years of studying various languages
through both direct observation of living speech and written and
printed documents.
“[The Philosophy of Grammarand Analytic Syntax] set
forth the most extensive and original theory of universal grammar
prior to the work of Chomsky and other generative grammarians of the
last thirty years.”--Arne Juul and Hans F. Nielsen, in Otto
Jespersen: Facets of His Life and Work
“Besides being one of the most perceptive observers and original
thinkers that the field of linguistics has ever known, Jespersen was
also one of its most entertaining writers, and reading The
Philosophy of Grammaris fun. Read it, enjoy it.”--James D.
McCawley, from the Introduction
Otto Jespersen (1860-1943), an authority on the growth and structure
of language, was the Chair of the English Department at the University
of Copenhagen. Among his many works are A Modern English
Grammarand Analytic Syntax, the latter published by the
University of Chicago Press.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Introduction 1(10)
James D. McCawley
Preface 11(2)
Abbreviations of Book Titles, etc. 13(3)
Phonetic Symbols 16(1)
Living Grammar 17(13)
Speaker and Hearer 17(1)
Formulas and Free Expression 18(6)
Grammatical Types 24(2)
Building up of Sentences 26(4)
Systematic Grammar 30(15)
Descriptive and Historical Linguistics 30(1)
Grammar and Dictionary 31(4)
Sounds 35(2)
Usual Division of Grammar 37(2)
New System 39(1)
Morphology 40(5)
Systematic Grammar---continued 45(13)
Syntax 45(1)
Universal Grammar? 46(3)
Differences Of Languages 49(1)
What Categories to Recognize 50(2)
Syntactic Categories 52(1)
Syntax and Logic 53(2)
Notional Categories 55(3)
Parts of Speech 58(14)
Old Systems 58(1)
Definitions 59(1)
The Basis of Classification 60(3)
Language and Real Life 63(1)
Proper Names 64(1)
Actual Meaning of Proper Names 65(7)
Substantives and Adjectives 72(10)
Survey of Forms 72(2)
Substance and Quality 74(1)
Specialization 75(3)
Interchange of the Two Classes 78(1)
Other Combinations 79(3)
Parts of Speech---concluded 82(14)
Pronouns 82(4)
Verbs 86(1)
Particles 87(4)
Summary 91(1)
Word 92(4)
The Three Ranks 96(12)
Subordination 96(2)
Substantives 98(1)
Adjectives 99(1)
Pronouns 99(1)
Verbs 100(1)
Adverbs 100(2)
Word Groups 102(1)
Clauses 103(4)
Final Remarks 107(1)
Junction and Nexus 108(9)
Adjuncts 108(6)
Nexus 114(3)
Various Kinds of Nexus 117(16)
Finite Verb 117(1)
Infinitival Nexus 117(3)
Nexus Without a Verb 120(2)
Nexus-Object, etc. 122(4)
Nexus Subjunct 126(3)
Nexus of Deprecation 129(2)
Summary 131(1)
Appendix 131(2)
Nexus Substantives. Final Words on Nexus 133(12)
Abstracts 133(6)
Infinitives and Gerunds 139(2)
Final Words on Nexus 141(4)
Subject and Predicate 145(12)
Various Definitions 145(2)
Psychological and Logical Subject 147(3)
Grammatical Subject 150(4)
There is 154(3)
Object. Active and Passive 157(16)
What is an Object? 157(2)
Object of Result 159(1)
Subject and Object 160(1)
Reciprocity 161(1)
Two Objects 161(2)
Adjectives and Adverbs with Objects 163(1)
Passive 164(3)
Use of the Passive 167(1)
Middle Voice 168(1)
Active and Passive Adjectives 168(1)
Active and Passive Substantives 169(1)
Nexus-Substantives 169(4)
Case 173(15)
Number of English Cases 173(7)
Genitive 180(2)
Nominative and Oblique 182(2)
Vocative 184(1)
Final Words about Cases 185(1)
Prepositional Groups 186(2)
Number 188(14)
Counting 188(2)
The Normal Plural 190(1)
Plural of Approximation 191(3)
Higher Units 194(4)
Common Number 198(1)
Mass-Words 198(4)
Number---concluded 202(10)
Various Anomalies 202(1)
The Generic Singular and Plural 203(2)
Dual 205(2)
Number in Secondary Words 207(3)
Plural of the Verbal Idea 210(1)
Appendix 211(1)
Person 212(14)
Definitions 212(3)
Common and Generic Person 215(2)
Notional and Grammatical Person 217(2)
Indirect Speech 219(1)
Fourth Person 220(1)
Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns 221(5)
Sex and Gender 226(18)
Various Languages 226(1)
Aryan Gender 227(3)
Sex 230(1)
Common Sex 231(3)
Animate and Inanimate 234(7)
Conceptional Neuter 241(3)
Comparison 244(10)
Comparative and Superlative 244(2)
Equality and Inequality 246(1)
Weakened Superlatives and Comparatives 247(1)
Latent Comparisons 248(1)
Formal Comparatives 249(1)
Indication of Distance 250(2)
Secondaries and Tertiaries 252(2)
Time and Tense 254(15)
The Nine-Tense System 254(1)
Seven Tenses 255(2)
Main Divisions of Time 257(5)
Subordinate Divisions of Time 262(2)
Economy of Speech 264(1)
Non-temporal Use of Tenses 265(4)
Time and Tense---concluded 269(21)
The Perfect 269(2)
Inclusive Time 271(1)
Passive Tenses 272(3)
Aorist and Imperfect 275(2)
The English Expanded Tenses 277(4)
Terms for the Tenses 281(1)
Time-Relations in Nouns (including Infinitives) 282(4)
Aspect 286(4)
Direct and Indirect Speech 290(11)
Two Kinds 290(2)
Shifting of Tenses 292(3)
Shifting of Mood 295(2)
Questions in Indirect Speech 297(2)
Indirect Requests 299(1)
Final Remarks 299(2)
Classification of Utterances 301(12)
How Many Classes? 301(1)
Questions 302(3)
Sentence 305(8)
Moods 313(9)
Classification 313(1)
Imperative 313(2)
Indicative and Subjunctive 315(4)
Notional Moods 319(3)
Negation 322(16)
Contradictory and Contrary 322(2)
Some Triparitions 324(1)
The Meaning of Negation 325(4)
Special and Nexal Negation 329(2)
Double or Cumulative Negation 331(4)
History of Negatives 335(1)
Implied Negation 336(2)
Conclusion 338(10)
Conflicts 338(3)
Terminology 341(3)
The Soul of Grammar 344(4)
Appendix 348(3)
Subject Index 351(8)
Index of Names 359(3)
Index of Languages and Language Families 362
Introduction 1(10)
James D. McCawley
Preface 11(2)
Abbreviations of Book Titles, etc. 13(3)
Phonetic Symbols 16(1)
Living Grammar 17(13)
Speaker and Hearer 17(1)
Formulas and Free Expression 18(6)
Grammatical Types 24(2)
Building up of Sentences 26(4)
Systematic Grammar 30(15)
Descriptive and Historical Linguistics 30(1)
Grammar and Dictionary 31(4)
Sounds 35(2)
Usual Division of Grammar 37(2)
New System 39(1)
Morphology 40(5)
Systematic Grammar---continued 45(13)
Syntax 45(1)
Universal Grammar? 46(3)
Differences Of Languages 49(1)
What Categories to Recognize 50(2)
Syntactic Categories 52(1)
Syntax and Logic 53(2)
Notional Categories 55(3)
Parts of Speech 58(14)
Old Systems 58(1)
Definitions 59(1)
The Basis of Classification 60(3)
Language and Real Life 63(1)
Proper Names 64(1)
Actual Meaning of Proper Names 65(7)
Substantives and Adjectives 72(10)
Survey of Forms 72(2)
Substance and Quality 74(1)
Specialization 75(3)
Interchange of the Two Classes 78(1)
Other Combinations 79(3)
Parts of Speech---concluded 82(14)
Pronouns 82(4)
Verbs 86(1)
Particles 87(4)
Summary 91(1)
Word 92(4)
The Three Ranks 96(12)
Subordination 96(2)
Substantives 98(1)
Adjectives 99(1)
Pronouns 99(1)
Verbs 100(1)
Adverbs 100(2)
Word Groups 102(1)
Clauses 103(4)
Final Remarks 107(1)
Junction and Nexus 108(9)
Adjuncts 108(6)
Nexus 114(3)
Various Kinds of Nexus 117(16)
Finite Verb 117(1)
Infinitival Nexus 117(3)
Nexus Without a Verb 120(2)
Nexus-Object, etc. 122(4)
Nexus Subjunct 126(3)
Nexus of Deprecation 129(2)
Summary 131(1)
Appendix 131(2)
Nexus Substantives. Final Words on Nexus 133(12)
Abstracts 133(6)
Infinitives and Gerunds 139(2)
Final Words on Nexus 141(4)
Subject and Predicate 145(12)
Various Definitions 145(2)
Psychological and Logical Subject 147(3)
Grammatical Subject 150(4)
There is 154(3)
Object. Active and Passive 157(16)
What is an Object? 157(2)
Object of Result 159(1)
Subject and Object 160(1)
Reciprocity 161(1)
Two Objects 161(2)
Adjectives and Adverbs with Objects 163(1)
Passive 164(3)
Use of the Passive 167(1)
Middle Voice 168(1)
Active and Passive Adjectives 168(1)
Active and Passive Substantives 169(1)
Nexus-Substantives 169(4)
Case 173(15)
Number of English Cases 173(7)
Genitive 180(2)
Nominative and Oblique 182(2)
Vocative 184(1)
Final Words about Cases 185(1)
Prepositional Groups 186(2)
Number 188(14)
Counting 188(2)
The Normal Plural 190(1)
Plural of Approximation 191(3)
Higher Units 194(4)
Common Number 198(1)
Mass-Words 198(4)
Number---concluded 202(10)
Various Anomalies 202(1)
The Generic Singular and Plural 203(2)
Dual 205(2)
Number in Secondary Words 207(3)
Plural of the Verbal Idea 210(1)
Appendix 211(1)
Person 212(14)
Definitions 212(3)
Common and Generic Person 215(2)
Notional and Grammatical Person 217(2)
Indirect Speech 219(1)
Fourth Person 220(1)
Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns 221(5)
Sex and Gender 226(18)
Various Languages 226(1)
Aryan Gender 227(3)
Sex 230(1)
Common Sex 231(3)
Animate and Inanimate 234(7)
Conceptional Neuter 241(3)
Comparison 244(10)
Comparative and Superlative 244(2)
Equality and Inequality 246(1)
Weakened Superlatives and Comparatives 247(1)
Latent Comparisons 248(1)
Formal Comparatives 249(1)
Indication of Distance 250(2)
Secondaries and Tertiaries 252(2)
Time and Tense 254(15)
The Nine-Tense System 254(1)
Seven Tenses 255(2)
Main Divisions of Time 257(5)
Subordinate Divisions of Time 262(2)
Economy of Speech 264(1)
Non-temporal Use of Tenses 265(4)
Time and Tense---concluded 269(21)
The Perfect 269(2)
Inclusive Time 271(1)
Passive Tenses 272(3)
Aorist and Imperfect 275(2)
The English Expanded Tenses 277(4)
Terms for the Tenses 281(1)
Time-Relations in Nouns (including Infinitives) 282(4)
Aspect 286(4)
Direct and Indirect Speech 290(11)
Two Kinds 290(2)
Shifting of Tenses 292(3)
Shifting of Mood 295(2)
Questions in Indirect Speech 297(2)
Indirect Requests 299(1)
Final Remarks 299(2)
Classification of Utterances 301(12)
How Many Classes? 301(1)
Questions 302(3)
Sentence 305(8)
Moods 313(9)
Classification 313(1)
Imperative 313(2)
Indicative and Subjunctive 315(4)
Notional Moods 319(3)
Negation 322(16)
Contradictory and Contrary 322(2)
Some Triparitions 324(1)
The Meaning of Negation 325(4)
Special and Nexal Negation 329(2)
Double or Cumulative Negation 331(4)
History of Negatives 335(1)
Implied Negation 336(2)
Conclusion 338(10)
Conflicts 338(3)
Terminology 341(3)
The Soul of Grammar 344(4)
Appendix 348(3)
Subject Index 351(8)
Index of Names 359(3)
Index of Languages and Language Families 362
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