简介
Materials are the stuff of design. From the very beginningof human history, materials have been taken from the natural world and shaped, modified, and adapted for everything from primitive tools to modern electronics. This renowned book by noted materials engineering author Mike Ashby and Industrial designer, Kara Johnson, exploresthe role of materials and materials processing in product design, with a particular emphasis on creating both desired aesthetics and functionality. The new edition willfeature even more of the highly useful "materials profiles," that give critical design, processing, performance and applications criteria for each material in question. The reader will find information ranging from the generic and commercial names of each material, its physical and mechanical properties, its chemical properties, its commonuses, how it is typically made and processed, and even itsaverage price. And with improved photographs and drawings,the reader will be taken even more closely to the way realdesign is done by real designers, selecting the optimum materials for a successful product. * The best guide ever published on the on the role of materials, past and present, in product development, by noted materials authority Mike Ashby and professional designer Kara Johnson--now with even better photos and drawings on the Design Process * Significant new section on the use of re-cycled materials in products, and the importance of sustainable design for manufactured goods and services * Enhanced materials profiles, with addition of new materials types like nanomaterials, advanced plastics and bio-based materials.
目录
Front Cover 1
Materials and Design: The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product Design 4
Copyright Page 5
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
Ten Chapters 12
Chapter 1: Function and Personality 13
Further Reading 17
Chapter 2: What Influences Product Design? 19
The Market 20
Science and Technology 22
Sustainability and the Environment 23
Economics and Investment Climate 24
Aesthetics and Industrial Design 26
Some Examples\u2026 29
Material Evolution 32
Materials and Society 34
Conclusions 36
Further Reading 37
Chapter 3: Design and Designing 39
Ways of Thinking 41
The Design Process 44
The Design of Pens \u2013 an Example 47
Sources of Inspiration 50
Case Studies from IDEO 56
Conclusions: a Creative Framework 61
Further Reading 62
Chapter 4: The Stuff\u2026 Multi-Dimensional Materials 65
The Engineering Dimension: Technical Attributes 67
Usability: Ergonomics and Interfaces 72
The Environment: \u201cGreen\u201d Design and Sustainability 78
Aesthetics: The Five Senses and More 87
Personality: Building Emotional Connections 92
Conclusions: Expression through Material 97
Further Reading 99
Appendix: Modeling Aesthetic Attributes and Features 102
Chapter 5: Other Stuff\u2026 Shaping, Joining and Surfaces 105
The Engineering Dimension: Technical Attributes 106
The Other Dimensions 109
Conclusions 112
Further Reading 113
Chapter 6: Form Follows Material 115
Materials and Architecture 116
Materials and Chairs 118
Identifying a Feature List 119
The Compressor: Design Language 126
Extreme Design 127
The Inverse Process: Product Archeology 129
Conclusions: What Influences Form? 130
Further Reading 132
Chapter 7: A Structure for Material Selection 133
Classification and Indexing 134
An Information Structure for Product Design 137
Material Selection for Product Design 140
Summary and Conclusions 144
Further Reading 146
Appendix: Selection by Analysis 147
Chapter 8: Case Studies in Materials and Design 153
The Structure 154
Office Furniture 155
CD Cases 159
Violin Bows 161
Ice Axes 163
Inline Skates 166
Conclusions 167
Chapter 9: New Materials \u2013 The Potential for Innovation 169
The Adoption of New Materials 172
Information about New Materials 174
Conclusions 180
Further Reading 181
Chapter 10: Conclusions 183
Appendices 187
Appendix: Exercises for the Eye and Mind 187
Appendix: Selected Material Maps 190
Chart 1 \u2013 Elastic Modulus, E, and Density, rho 191
Chart 2 \u2013 Strength, sigmaf, and Density, rho 193
Chart 3 \u2013 Fracture Toughness, KIC, and Elastic Modulus, E 195
Chart 4 \u2013 Elastic Modulus, E, and Strength, sigmaf 197
Chart 5 \u2013 Loss Coefficient, eta, and Elastic Modulus, E 199
Chart 6 \u2013 Thermal Expansion Coefficient, alpha, and Thermal Conductivity, lambda 201
A Practical Reference for Inspiration 204
Material Profiles 205
Material Evolution 207
Polymers 208
Polymer Composites 212
Metals 213
Ceramics 214
Glass 215
Further Reading 216
Polyethylene (PE) 217
Polypropylene (PP) 218
Polystyrene (PS) 219
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) 220
Polyamide (PA), Nylon 221
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Acrylic 222
Polycarbonate (PC) 223
Polyoxymethylene (POM), Acetal 224
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 225
Ionomers 226
Celluloses (CA) 227
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 228
Polyurethane (PU) 229
Silicones 230
Polyesters (PET, PBT, PETg) 231
Phenolic 232
Other Elastomers 233
Polymer Foams 237
Polymer Composites 239
Carbon Steels 241
Stainless Steels 242
Low Alloy Steels 243
Aluminum Alloys 244
Magnesium Alloys 245
Titanium Alloys 246
Nickel Alloys 247
Zinc Alloys 248
Copper, Brass, Bronze 249
Ceramics 251
Glass 252
Fibers 253
Natural Materials 255
Metal Foams 256
Amorphous Metals 257
Shape-memory Alloys 258
Polylactide (PLA) 259
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, PHB) 260
Shaping Profiles 261
Further Reading 264
Injection Molding 265
Rotational Molding 266
Blow Molding 267
Expanded Foam Molding 268
Compression Molding 269
Resin Transfer Molding 270
Die-Casting 271
Sand Casting 272
Investment Casting 273
Polymer Casting 274
Shape Rolling and Die Forging 275
Extrusion 276
Press Forming, Roll Forming and Spinning 277
Thermoforming 278
Lay-up Methods 279
Powder Methods 280
Laser Prototyping 281
Deposition Prototyping 282
Joining-profiles 283
Further Reading 286
Adhesives 287
Sewing 291
Rivets and Staples 292
Threaded Fasteners 293
Snap Fits 294
Hot Gas Welding 295
Hot Bar Welding 296
Hot Plate Welding 297
Ultrasonic Welding 298
Power-beam Welding 299
Brazing 301
Soldering 302
Torch Welding (MMA or SMA) 303
MIG Welding 304
TIG Welding 305
Resistance Welding 306
Friction Welding 307
Diffusion and Glaze Bonding 308
Surface-profiles 309
Further Reading 311
Screen Printing 313
Pad Printing 314
Cubic Printing 315
Hot Stamping 316
In-Mold Decoration 317
Vapor Metalizing 318
Electro-Plating 319
Electro-Less Plating 322
Anodizing 323
Mechanical Polishing 324
Electro-Polishing 325
Chemical Polishing 326
Solvent-Based Painting 327
Water-Based Painting 328
Electro-Painting 329
Powder Coating 330
Enameling 332
Etching 333
Texturing 334
Index 335
Materials and Design: The Art and Science of Material Selection in Product Design 4
Copyright Page 5
Preface 6
Acknowledgements 8
Contents 9
Ten Chapters 12
Chapter 1: Function and Personality 13
Further Reading 17
Chapter 2: What Influences Product Design? 19
The Market 20
Science and Technology 22
Sustainability and the Environment 23
Economics and Investment Climate 24
Aesthetics and Industrial Design 26
Some Examples\u2026 29
Material Evolution 32
Materials and Society 34
Conclusions 36
Further Reading 37
Chapter 3: Design and Designing 39
Ways of Thinking 41
The Design Process 44
The Design of Pens \u2013 an Example 47
Sources of Inspiration 50
Case Studies from IDEO 56
Conclusions: a Creative Framework 61
Further Reading 62
Chapter 4: The Stuff\u2026 Multi-Dimensional Materials 65
The Engineering Dimension: Technical Attributes 67
Usability: Ergonomics and Interfaces 72
The Environment: \u201cGreen\u201d Design and Sustainability 78
Aesthetics: The Five Senses and More 87
Personality: Building Emotional Connections 92
Conclusions: Expression through Material 97
Further Reading 99
Appendix: Modeling Aesthetic Attributes and Features 102
Chapter 5: Other Stuff\u2026 Shaping, Joining and Surfaces 105
The Engineering Dimension: Technical Attributes 106
The Other Dimensions 109
Conclusions 112
Further Reading 113
Chapter 6: Form Follows Material 115
Materials and Architecture 116
Materials and Chairs 118
Identifying a Feature List 119
The Compressor: Design Language 126
Extreme Design 127
The Inverse Process: Product Archeology 129
Conclusions: What Influences Form? 130
Further Reading 132
Chapter 7: A Structure for Material Selection 133
Classification and Indexing 134
An Information Structure for Product Design 137
Material Selection for Product Design 140
Summary and Conclusions 144
Further Reading 146
Appendix: Selection by Analysis 147
Chapter 8: Case Studies in Materials and Design 153
The Structure 154
Office Furniture 155
CD Cases 159
Violin Bows 161
Ice Axes 163
Inline Skates 166
Conclusions 167
Chapter 9: New Materials \u2013 The Potential for Innovation 169
The Adoption of New Materials 172
Information about New Materials 174
Conclusions 180
Further Reading 181
Chapter 10: Conclusions 183
Appendices 187
Appendix: Exercises for the Eye and Mind 187
Appendix: Selected Material Maps 190
Chart 1 \u2013 Elastic Modulus, E, and Density, rho 191
Chart 2 \u2013 Strength, sigmaf, and Density, rho 193
Chart 3 \u2013 Fracture Toughness, KIC, and Elastic Modulus, E 195
Chart 4 \u2013 Elastic Modulus, E, and Strength, sigmaf 197
Chart 5 \u2013 Loss Coefficient, eta, and Elastic Modulus, E 199
Chart 6 \u2013 Thermal Expansion Coefficient, alpha, and Thermal Conductivity, lambda 201
A Practical Reference for Inspiration 204
Material Profiles 205
Material Evolution 207
Polymers 208
Polymer Composites 212
Metals 213
Ceramics 214
Glass 215
Further Reading 216
Polyethylene (PE) 217
Polypropylene (PP) 218
Polystyrene (PS) 219
Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) 220
Polyamide (PA), Nylon 221
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), Acrylic 222
Polycarbonate (PC) 223
Polyoxymethylene (POM), Acetal 224
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 225
Ionomers 226
Celluloses (CA) 227
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) 228
Polyurethane (PU) 229
Silicones 230
Polyesters (PET, PBT, PETg) 231
Phenolic 232
Other Elastomers 233
Polymer Foams 237
Polymer Composites 239
Carbon Steels 241
Stainless Steels 242
Low Alloy Steels 243
Aluminum Alloys 244
Magnesium Alloys 245
Titanium Alloys 246
Nickel Alloys 247
Zinc Alloys 248
Copper, Brass, Bronze 249
Ceramics 251
Glass 252
Fibers 253
Natural Materials 255
Metal Foams 256
Amorphous Metals 257
Shape-memory Alloys 258
Polylactide (PLA) 259
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA, PHB) 260
Shaping Profiles 261
Further Reading 264
Injection Molding 265
Rotational Molding 266
Blow Molding 267
Expanded Foam Molding 268
Compression Molding 269
Resin Transfer Molding 270
Die-Casting 271
Sand Casting 272
Investment Casting 273
Polymer Casting 274
Shape Rolling and Die Forging 275
Extrusion 276
Press Forming, Roll Forming and Spinning 277
Thermoforming 278
Lay-up Methods 279
Powder Methods 280
Laser Prototyping 281
Deposition Prototyping 282
Joining-profiles 283
Further Reading 286
Adhesives 287
Sewing 291
Rivets and Staples 292
Threaded Fasteners 293
Snap Fits 294
Hot Gas Welding 295
Hot Bar Welding 296
Hot Plate Welding 297
Ultrasonic Welding 298
Power-beam Welding 299
Brazing 301
Soldering 302
Torch Welding (MMA or SMA) 303
MIG Welding 304
TIG Welding 305
Resistance Welding 306
Friction Welding 307
Diffusion and Glaze Bonding 308
Surface-profiles 309
Further Reading 311
Screen Printing 313
Pad Printing 314
Cubic Printing 315
Hot Stamping 316
In-Mold Decoration 317
Vapor Metalizing 318
Electro-Plating 319
Electro-Less Plating 322
Anodizing 323
Mechanical Polishing 324
Electro-Polishing 325
Chemical Polishing 326
Solvent-Based Painting 327
Water-Based Painting 328
Electro-Painting 329
Powder Coating 330
Enameling 332
Etching 333
Texturing 334
Index 335
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