Part I Introduction 1

1 The Growth of Meta-Analysis and Implications for Methodological
Controversies 3

2 Basic Steps of Meta-Analysis and the Emergence of Approaches 9
2.1 Basic Steps of Meta-Analysis 9
2.2 On the Emergence of Approaches 14


Part II Statistical Methods of Meta-Analysis 17

3 Effect Sizes 19
3.1 Correlation Coefficients as Effect Sizes 20
3.2 Standardized Mean Differences as Effect Sizes 28
3.3 Conversion of Effect Sizes 30

4 General Frameworks of Meta-Analysis 33
4.1 Fixed Effects Model 35
4.2 Random Effects Model 39
4.3 Mixture Models 42
4.4 Hierarchical Linear Models 45
4.5 Classes of Situations for the Application of Meta-Analysis 48

5 Statistical Approaches to Meta-Analysis 55
5.1 Hedges and Olkin 56
5.1.1 Procedures for r as Effect Size 57
5.1.2 Procedures for d as Effect Size 59
5.2 Rosenthal and Rubin 61
5.3 Hunter and Schmidt 62
5.4 Refined Approaches 70
5.4.1 DerSimonian-Laird 71




5.4.2 Olkin and Pratt 72
5.5 Consequences of Choosing an Approach: Different Estimated
Parameters 75
5.6 Comparisons of Approaches: Statistical Procedures 82

6 Summary of Statistical Part 87


Part III Evaluation of Statistical Approaches: A Monte-Carlo Study 91

7 Aims, Design, and Implementation 93
7.1 General Aims and Procedure 94
7.2 General Expectations and Predictions for the Results 95
7.3 Distributions in the Universe of Studies 100
7.4 Parameters 102
7.5 Drawing Random Correlation Coefficients 105
7.5.1 Approximations to the Sampling Distribution of r 106
7.5.2 Evaluation of the Approximations 109
7.6 Details of Programming 114
7.7 Summary 114

8 Results 115
8.1 Preliminaries 115
8.2 Estimation of the Mean Effect Size in the Universe of Studies 117
8.2.1 Bias 118
8.2.1.1 Homogeneous Situation 61 118
8.2.1.2 Heterogeneous Situation 62 123
8.2.1.3 Heterogeneous Situation 63 130
8.2.2 Relative Efficiency 134
8.3 Significance Tests for the Mean Effect Size: Type I Errors and
Power 137
8.4 Confidence Intervals 148
8.5 Homogeneity Tests 158
8.5.1 Homogeneity Tests Based on the Q-Statistic 159
8.5.1.1 Homogeneous Situation 61: Type I Errors 159
8.5.1.2 Heterogeneous Situations 62 and 63: Power 161
8.5.2 The Hunter-Schmidt Approach to the Test of Homogene-
ity: The 75%- and 90%-rule 164
8.6 Estimation of Heterogeneity Variance 170
8.6.1 Homogeneous Situation 61 171
8.6.2 Heterogeneous Situations 62 and 63 175




Part IV Putting It All Together 181

9 Synopsis of Statistical Methods and Monte Carlo Study Results 183

10 Discussion and Conclusions 191

Nomenclature 197

References 201

Appendices 215

Appendix A Beta Distributions in the Universe of Effect Sizes 217

Appendix B Annotated Mathematica Notebook 223

Appendix C Tables of Results 229

Author Index 235

Subject Index 239