简介
Nanotechnology is a technology on the verge of commercialization. In this important work, an unrivalled team of international experts provides an exploration of the emerging nanotechnologies that are poised to make the nano-revolution a reality in the manufacturing sector. From their different perspectives, the contributors explore how developments in nanotechnology are transforming areas as diverse as medicine, advanced materials, energy, electronics and agriculture. Key topics covered include: Characterization of nanostructures Bionanotechnology Nanoelectronics Micro- and nanomachining Self-assembly techniques New applications of carbon nanotubes Environmental and health impacts This book provides an important and in-depth guide to the applications and impact of nanotechnology to different manufacturing sectors. As such, it will find a broad readership, from R&D scientists and engineers to venture capitalists. About the Authors Waqar Ahmed is Chair of Nanotechnology & Advanced Manufacturing and the Director of the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing and Innovation at the University of Central Lancashire, UK. He has contributed to the wider industrial adoption of surface coating solutions through fundamental research and modeling of gas phase processes in CVD and studies of tribological behavior. Mark J. Jackson is a Professor at the Birck Nanotechnology Center and Center for Advanced Manufacturing, College of Technology at Purdue University. Dr Jackson is active in research work concerned with understanding the properties of materials in the field of microscale metal cutting, micro- and nanoabrasive machining, and laser micromachining. He is also involved in developing next generation manufacturing processes and biomedical engineering.
. Explains how to use biological pathways to produce nanoelectric devices
. Presents data on new, experimental designs
. Discusses the history of carbon nanotubes and how they are synthesized to fabricate novel nanostructures (incl. data on laser ablation)
. Extensive use of illustrations, tables, and figures throughout
目录
Series Editor's Preface p. ix
Foreword p. xi
Contributors p. xiii
Chapter 1 Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing p. 1
1.1 Introduction p. 2
1.2 Approaches to Nanotechnology p. 3
1.3 Transition from Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing p. 4
1.4 Conclusions p. 13
Chapter 2 Gas Phase Nanofication: A Strategy to Impart Fast Response in Sensors p. 17
2.1 Introduction p. 18
2.2 Proposed Rationale p. 20
2.3 Methods of Establishing the Desired Redox Po2 p. 22
2.4 Sample Preparation p. 25
2.5 Results and Discussion p. 28
2.6 Conclusions p. 54
Chapter 3 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Nanostructures p. 59
3.1 Measurement of the Topology of Nanostructures p. 60
3.2 Measurement of Internal Geometries of Nanostructures p. 72
3.3 Measurement of Composition of Nanostructures p. 79
3.4 Conclusion p. 86
Chapter 4 Non-lithographic Techniques for Nanostructuring of Thin Films and Bulk Surfaces p. 93
4.1 Introduction p. 94
4.2 Template-assisted Nanostructuring p. 95
4.3 Electric Field Induced Nanostructuring p. 108
4.4 Laser-induced Nanostructuring p. 112
4.5 Vapour-Liquid-Solid Technique p. 118
4.6 Summary and Outlook p. 121
Chapter 5 Engineering the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes to Fabricate Novel Nanostructures p. 131
5.1 Introduction p. 131
5.2 Synthesis Methods p. 135
5.3 Synthesis of CNTs by Arc Discharge p. 135
5.4 Synthesis of CNTs by Laser Ablation p. 136
5.5 Synthesis of CNTs by Chemical Vapour Deposition p. 137
5.6 Fluidized Bed CVD and Resultant Applications p. 140
5.7 Lowering the Temperature of CVD p. 141
5.8 Localized CNT Growth on Chips p. 143
5.9 Positional Control: Lithography p. 144
5.10 Growth on 3D Substrates p. 152
5.11 Conclusion p. 155
Chapter 6 Upconverting Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Biological Applications p. 159
6.1 Introduction p. 160
6.2 The Mechanism of Fluorescent UC p. 161
6.3 Upconverting Nanoparticles p. 162
6.4 Conjugation of Biomolecules to UCN p. 164
6.5 UCN for Biological Applications p. 164
6.6 Conclusion p. 170
Chapter 7 Micro- and Nanomachining p. 177
7.1 Introduction p. 178
7.2 Machining Effects at the Microscale p. 179
7.3 Size Effects in Micromachining p. 189
7.4 Nanomachining p. 189
Chapter 8 Design of Experiments: A Key to Innovation in Nanotechnology p. 207
8.1 Introduction to DoE p. 208
8.2 OFAT: The Predominant Method Used in Practice p. 210
8.3 Traditional Methods Used in Research and Development p. 212
8.4 Modern DoE Methods Appropriate for Nanotechnology and Nanomanufacturing p. 219
8.5 Summary of Nanotechnology Articles that Use Statistical Experimentation p. 226
8.6 Final Remarks p. 226
Chapter 9 Environmental and Occupational Health Issues with Nanoparticles p. 235
9.1 Introduction p. 235
9.2 Potential Health Effects p. 236
9.3 Current State of the Literature p. 238
9.4 Characterization of Airborne Nanoparticles p. 245
9.5 Conclusions p. 249
Chapter 10 Commercialization of Nanotechnologies: Technology Transfer from University Research Laboratories p. 251
10.1 Introduction p. 252
10.2 Venture Capitalists p. 253
10.3 Start-Up Companies in Nanotechnology p. 253
10.4 Role of Government in Commercialization p. 254
10.5 Role of Academic Research in Commercializing Nanotechnology Products p. 255
10.6 Technology Transfer p. 257
10.7 Role of the Entrepreneur, Major Corporations and National Laboratories in Commercialization p. 259
10.8 Conclusions p. 260
Chapter 11 Fabrication of Hydrogel Micropatterns by Soft Photolithography p. 261
11.1 Introduction p. 262
11.2 Microfabrication p. 263
11.3 Lithography p. 265
11.4 Hydrogel as a Biomaterial p. 265
11.5 Soft-Photolithography of Hydrogel Micropatterns p. 266
11.6 Conclusion p. 274
Chapter 12 Nanocrystalline Diamond for RF-MEMS Applications p. 277
12.1 Introduction p. 278
12.2 Diamond Crystal Structure and Properties p. 279
12.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition of Diamond Films p. 280
12.4 Growth Mechanism of NCD Films p. 281
12.5 Techniques for the Characterization of NCD Films p. 283
12.6 Mechanical Resonators p. 287
12.7 Electrostatic and Thermal Switches p. 289
12.8 Design of the Thermally Actuated NCD Actuator p. 289
12.9 Fabrication and Integration p. 290
12.10 Measurement and Analysis p. 293
Chapter 13 Analysis of the Effects of Micromachining using Nanostructured Cutting Tools p. 301
13.1 Introduction p. 302
13.2 Computational Analyses p. 302
13.3 Computational Results p. 314
13.4 Discussion p. 319
13.5 Conclusions p. 323
Chapter 14 Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 325
14.1 Introduction p. 327
14.2 Use of Nanopowders Since the Year 2000 p. 332
14.3 The Chemistry of Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 335
14.4 Different Methods Used for the Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 342
14.5 Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 353
14.6 Application Based on Phase Transfer p. 358
14.7 Synthesis of Bimetallic Alkoxide for the Preparation of Bimetallic Oxide Nanopowder p. 366
14.8 Applications of Metal Oxide for Photoluminescence p. 375
14.9 Conclusions p. 380
14.10 Future Prospects p. 381
Index p. 387
Foreword p. xi
Contributors p. xiii
Chapter 1 Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing p. 1
1.1 Introduction p. 2
1.2 Approaches to Nanotechnology p. 3
1.3 Transition from Nanotechnology to Nanomanufacturing p. 4
1.4 Conclusions p. 13
Chapter 2 Gas Phase Nanofication: A Strategy to Impart Fast Response in Sensors p. 17
2.1 Introduction p. 18
2.2 Proposed Rationale p. 20
2.3 Methods of Establishing the Desired Redox Po2 p. 22
2.4 Sample Preparation p. 25
2.5 Results and Discussion p. 28
2.6 Conclusions p. 54
Chapter 3 Advanced Characterization Techniques for Nanostructures p. 59
3.1 Measurement of the Topology of Nanostructures p. 60
3.2 Measurement of Internal Geometries of Nanostructures p. 72
3.3 Measurement of Composition of Nanostructures p. 79
3.4 Conclusion p. 86
Chapter 4 Non-lithographic Techniques for Nanostructuring of Thin Films and Bulk Surfaces p. 93
4.1 Introduction p. 94
4.2 Template-assisted Nanostructuring p. 95
4.3 Electric Field Induced Nanostructuring p. 108
4.4 Laser-induced Nanostructuring p. 112
4.5 Vapour-Liquid-Solid Technique p. 118
4.6 Summary and Outlook p. 121
Chapter 5 Engineering the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes to Fabricate Novel Nanostructures p. 131
5.1 Introduction p. 131
5.2 Synthesis Methods p. 135
5.3 Synthesis of CNTs by Arc Discharge p. 135
5.4 Synthesis of CNTs by Laser Ablation p. 136
5.5 Synthesis of CNTs by Chemical Vapour Deposition p. 137
5.6 Fluidized Bed CVD and Resultant Applications p. 140
5.7 Lowering the Temperature of CVD p. 141
5.8 Localized CNT Growth on Chips p. 143
5.9 Positional Control: Lithography p. 144
5.10 Growth on 3D Substrates p. 152
5.11 Conclusion p. 155
Chapter 6 Upconverting Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Biological Applications p. 159
6.1 Introduction p. 160
6.2 The Mechanism of Fluorescent UC p. 161
6.3 Upconverting Nanoparticles p. 162
6.4 Conjugation of Biomolecules to UCN p. 164
6.5 UCN for Biological Applications p. 164
6.6 Conclusion p. 170
Chapter 7 Micro- and Nanomachining p. 177
7.1 Introduction p. 178
7.2 Machining Effects at the Microscale p. 179
7.3 Size Effects in Micromachining p. 189
7.4 Nanomachining p. 189
Chapter 8 Design of Experiments: A Key to Innovation in Nanotechnology p. 207
8.1 Introduction to DoE p. 208
8.2 OFAT: The Predominant Method Used in Practice p. 210
8.3 Traditional Methods Used in Research and Development p. 212
8.4 Modern DoE Methods Appropriate for Nanotechnology and Nanomanufacturing p. 219
8.5 Summary of Nanotechnology Articles that Use Statistical Experimentation p. 226
8.6 Final Remarks p. 226
Chapter 9 Environmental and Occupational Health Issues with Nanoparticles p. 235
9.1 Introduction p. 235
9.2 Potential Health Effects p. 236
9.3 Current State of the Literature p. 238
9.4 Characterization of Airborne Nanoparticles p. 245
9.5 Conclusions p. 249
Chapter 10 Commercialization of Nanotechnologies: Technology Transfer from University Research Laboratories p. 251
10.1 Introduction p. 252
10.2 Venture Capitalists p. 253
10.3 Start-Up Companies in Nanotechnology p. 253
10.4 Role of Government in Commercialization p. 254
10.5 Role of Academic Research in Commercializing Nanotechnology Products p. 255
10.6 Technology Transfer p. 257
10.7 Role of the Entrepreneur, Major Corporations and National Laboratories in Commercialization p. 259
10.8 Conclusions p. 260
Chapter 11 Fabrication of Hydrogel Micropatterns by Soft Photolithography p. 261
11.1 Introduction p. 262
11.2 Microfabrication p. 263
11.3 Lithography p. 265
11.4 Hydrogel as a Biomaterial p. 265
11.5 Soft-Photolithography of Hydrogel Micropatterns p. 266
11.6 Conclusion p. 274
Chapter 12 Nanocrystalline Diamond for RF-MEMS Applications p. 277
12.1 Introduction p. 278
12.2 Diamond Crystal Structure and Properties p. 279
12.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition of Diamond Films p. 280
12.4 Growth Mechanism of NCD Films p. 281
12.5 Techniques for the Characterization of NCD Films p. 283
12.6 Mechanical Resonators p. 287
12.7 Electrostatic and Thermal Switches p. 289
12.8 Design of the Thermally Actuated NCD Actuator p. 289
12.9 Fabrication and Integration p. 290
12.10 Measurement and Analysis p. 293
Chapter 13 Analysis of the Effects of Micromachining using Nanostructured Cutting Tools p. 301
13.1 Introduction p. 302
13.2 Computational Analyses p. 302
13.3 Computational Results p. 314
13.4 Discussion p. 319
13.5 Conclusions p. 323
Chapter 14 Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 325
14.1 Introduction p. 327
14.2 Use of Nanopowders Since the Year 2000 p. 332
14.3 The Chemistry of Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 335
14.4 Different Methods Used for the Synthesis of Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 342
14.5 Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanopowder p. 353
14.6 Application Based on Phase Transfer p. 358
14.7 Synthesis of Bimetallic Alkoxide for the Preparation of Bimetallic Oxide Nanopowder p. 366
14.8 Applications of Metal Oxide for Photoluminescence p. 375
14.9 Conclusions p. 380
14.10 Future Prospects p. 381
Index p. 387
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