简介
For undergraduate students just entering linguistics, says Hacken (linguistics and translation, U. of Wales-Swansea), the standard textbook works fine, perhaps surveying briefly the variety of generative linguistic theories, but focusing on the one that the instructor intends to teach. Scholars in neighboring disciplines, however, might like a broad comparison of the ideas proposed by legendary linguist Noam Chomsky over the past four decades, as well as those proposed by others either as refinements or as alternatives. He writes here for them. Distributed in North America by The David Brown Book Company. Annotation 漏2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
目录
Introduction p. 1
Research programmes p. 5
The empirical cycle p. 6
The role of research programmes p. 11
Problems with the empirical cycle p. 11
Approaches to the problems of the empirical cycle p. 14
Truth, progress, and revolutions p. 19
Truth p. 19
Progress p. 22
Revolutions p. 24
Research programmes in linguistics p. 29
From natural science to linguistics p. 29
From paradigms to research programmes p. 34
The research programme of Chomskyan linguistics p. 39
The nature of individual languages p. 41
Competence versus performance p. 42
Grammatical versus pragmatic competence p. 46
I-language versus E-language p. 49
Conclusion p. 52
The nature of data p. 53
Grammaticality judgements p. 54
Corpus data p. 57
Psycholinguistic experiments p. 60
Conclusion p. 63
The function of grammars p. 65
Grammar and competence p. 66
Idealisations p. 70
The problem of indeterminacy p. 73
The role of language acquisition p. 75
Language acquisition versus use of language p. 75
Linguistic universals p. 81
Extension of the model p. 83
Additional idealisations p. 90
The unity of the research programme of Chomskyan linguistics from its emergence to the 1980s p. 94
From Standard Theory to Principles and Parameters p. 95
The treatment of a passive sentence in ST and P&P p. 96
Implications of the differences p. 99
The early stages of Chomskyan linguistics p. 103
Conclusion p. 105
The position of the Minimalist Program in Chomskyan linguistics p. 106
Continuity and its problems p. 108
Two additional questions about language p. 109
Linguistics and brain science p. 111
The evolutionary origin of language p. 114
Extension of the model p. 118
Perfection p. 122
Conclusion p. 123
The Chomskyan revolution p. 129
The research programme of Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics p. 130
The nature and boundaries of a language p. 133
Bloomfield's conception of language p. 133
Post-Bloomfieldian conceptions of language p. 136
The nature of the data p. 139
The status of a grammar p. 142
Classification and prediction p. 144
Reality of structure p. 145
A comparison of the two research programmes p. 156
Continuities p. 156
Differences p. 160
Mentalism p. 160
Indeterminacy p. 164
Incommensurability p. 166
Expressions of puzzlement p. 167
Observational adequacy p. 169
Descriptive and explanatory adequacy p. 171
Has there been a Chomskyan revolution? p. 175
Some modern competitors p. 183
Lexical-Functional Grammar p. 184
The crisis: psychological reality p. 186
A new research programme p. 189
The 'Competence Hypothesis' in Chomskyan linguistics p. 196
Comparison of the models of LFG and Chomskyan linguistics p. 197
Interaction of LFG and Chomskyan linguistics p. 200
The interpretation of psycholinguistic data p. 200
Language acquisition p. 202
Some theoretical notions p. 205
Conclusion p. 208
Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar p. 209
The crisis: generative grammar p. 210
A new research programme p. 212
Comparison of the models of GPSG and Chomskyan linguistics p. 217
Theoretical discussions and incommensurability p. 218
Wanna-contraction p. 219
X-bar theory p. 223
Conclusion p. 229
Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar p. 231
The crisis: a 'meta-crisis'? p. 231
A new research programme? p. 234
Comparison of the model of HPSG with other models p. 241
Interaction of HPSG with other frameworks p. 242
Conclusion p. 243
Jackendoff's linguistics p. 245
The crisis: integrating semantics p. 246
Architecture and research programme p. 249
Syntactocentrism versus parallel architecture p. 249
Jackendoff's presentation of the research programme of Chomskyan linguistics p. 251
Theory versus research programme p. 253
The debate on the evolution of language p. 258
Recursion p. 259
Adaptation p. 262
Evolution and architecture p. 264
Conclusion p. 266
Conclusion p. 267
Aspects of language development and use p. 273
The nature of named languages p. 274
Why English cannot exist p. 274
Why English is a problematic notion p. 276
English as a phenomenon p. 279
Empirical aspects of language acquisition p. 281
Language acquisition as parameter setting p. 282
Learning strategies p. 285
The critical period hypothesis p. 290
Maturation versus continuity p. 293
Second language acquisition p. 300
The difference between first and second language acquisition p. 301
The logical problem of second language acquisition p. 304
The critical period in second language acquisition p. 307
The initial state of second language acquisition p. 309
Language change p. 317
A history of I-languages p. 318
An example: change of word order p. 320
Language and communication p. 324
Conclusion p. 327
References p. 332
Author index p. 352
Subject index p. 358
Research programmes p. 5
The empirical cycle p. 6
The role of research programmes p. 11
Problems with the empirical cycle p. 11
Approaches to the problems of the empirical cycle p. 14
Truth, progress, and revolutions p. 19
Truth p. 19
Progress p. 22
Revolutions p. 24
Research programmes in linguistics p. 29
From natural science to linguistics p. 29
From paradigms to research programmes p. 34
The research programme of Chomskyan linguistics p. 39
The nature of individual languages p. 41
Competence versus performance p. 42
Grammatical versus pragmatic competence p. 46
I-language versus E-language p. 49
Conclusion p. 52
The nature of data p. 53
Grammaticality judgements p. 54
Corpus data p. 57
Psycholinguistic experiments p. 60
Conclusion p. 63
The function of grammars p. 65
Grammar and competence p. 66
Idealisations p. 70
The problem of indeterminacy p. 73
The role of language acquisition p. 75
Language acquisition versus use of language p. 75
Linguistic universals p. 81
Extension of the model p. 83
Additional idealisations p. 90
The unity of the research programme of Chomskyan linguistics from its emergence to the 1980s p. 94
From Standard Theory to Principles and Parameters p. 95
The treatment of a passive sentence in ST and P&P p. 96
Implications of the differences p. 99
The early stages of Chomskyan linguistics p. 103
Conclusion p. 105
The position of the Minimalist Program in Chomskyan linguistics p. 106
Continuity and its problems p. 108
Two additional questions about language p. 109
Linguistics and brain science p. 111
The evolutionary origin of language p. 114
Extension of the model p. 118
Perfection p. 122
Conclusion p. 123
The Chomskyan revolution p. 129
The research programme of Post-Bloomfieldian linguistics p. 130
The nature and boundaries of a language p. 133
Bloomfield's conception of language p. 133
Post-Bloomfieldian conceptions of language p. 136
The nature of the data p. 139
The status of a grammar p. 142
Classification and prediction p. 144
Reality of structure p. 145
A comparison of the two research programmes p. 156
Continuities p. 156
Differences p. 160
Mentalism p. 160
Indeterminacy p. 164
Incommensurability p. 166
Expressions of puzzlement p. 167
Observational adequacy p. 169
Descriptive and explanatory adequacy p. 171
Has there been a Chomskyan revolution? p. 175
Some modern competitors p. 183
Lexical-Functional Grammar p. 184
The crisis: psychological reality p. 186
A new research programme p. 189
The 'Competence Hypothesis' in Chomskyan linguistics p. 196
Comparison of the models of LFG and Chomskyan linguistics p. 197
Interaction of LFG and Chomskyan linguistics p. 200
The interpretation of psycholinguistic data p. 200
Language acquisition p. 202
Some theoretical notions p. 205
Conclusion p. 208
Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar p. 209
The crisis: generative grammar p. 210
A new research programme p. 212
Comparison of the models of GPSG and Chomskyan linguistics p. 217
Theoretical discussions and incommensurability p. 218
Wanna-contraction p. 219
X-bar theory p. 223
Conclusion p. 229
Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar p. 231
The crisis: a 'meta-crisis'? p. 231
A new research programme? p. 234
Comparison of the model of HPSG with other models p. 241
Interaction of HPSG with other frameworks p. 242
Conclusion p. 243
Jackendoff's linguistics p. 245
The crisis: integrating semantics p. 246
Architecture and research programme p. 249
Syntactocentrism versus parallel architecture p. 249
Jackendoff's presentation of the research programme of Chomskyan linguistics p. 251
Theory versus research programme p. 253
The debate on the evolution of language p. 258
Recursion p. 259
Adaptation p. 262
Evolution and architecture p. 264
Conclusion p. 266
Conclusion p. 267
Aspects of language development and use p. 273
The nature of named languages p. 274
Why English cannot exist p. 274
Why English is a problematic notion p. 276
English as a phenomenon p. 279
Empirical aspects of language acquisition p. 281
Language acquisition as parameter setting p. 282
Learning strategies p. 285
The critical period hypothesis p. 290
Maturation versus continuity p. 293
Second language acquisition p. 300
The difference between first and second language acquisition p. 301
The logical problem of second language acquisition p. 304
The critical period in second language acquisition p. 307
The initial state of second language acquisition p. 309
Language change p. 317
A history of I-languages p. 318
An example: change of word order p. 320
Language and communication p. 324
Conclusion p. 327
References p. 332
Author index p. 352
Subject index p. 358
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