Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis /
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ISBN：9780849302060
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简介
"Get easy access to background information and detailed descriptions for frequently used procedures. With the helpof this guide, you can use obtained test results to evaluate the fertility status of soils and the nutrient element status of plants for crop production purposes. It serves as an instructional manual on the techniques used to perform chemical and physical characteristic tests on soils. The guide includes commonly used methods, terms, and interpretive data. Laboratory Guide for Conducting Soil Tests and Plant Analysis describes the bases for the tests and their procedures in detail, including analyticalinstrumentation procedures and laboratory quality assurance requirements."--BOOK JACKET
目录
Introduction p. 1
Reference Methods p. 2
Reagents, Standards, and Water p. 3
Reagents p. 3
Standards p. 3
Water p. 4
Elemental and Compound Designation p. 5
Other Considerations p. 6
Interpretation of a Soil Test/Plant Analysis Result p. 6
Units p. 7
Disclaimer p. 7
References p. 7
Soil Analysis (Testing) p. 11
History and Purpose p. 11
Sequence of Procedures p. 15
Sampling p. 16
Transport to the Laboratory p. 19
Preparation of the Laboratory Sample p. 20
Drying p. 20
Crushing/Grinding/Sieving p. 21
Sample Aliquot Determination p. 22
Weighing vs. Scooping p. 22
Estimated Weight Scoops p. 23
NCR-13 Scoops p. 24
Procedure for Using a Soil Scoop p. 24
Laboratory Factors p. 25
Extraction Reagents p. 25
Extraction Procedure p. 26
Reagents and Standards p. 26
Long-Term Storage p. 27
Soil pH p. 27
Introduction p. 27
Using a pH Meter p. 28
Calibration of the pH Meter p. 28
Electrode Positioning p. 30
Preparation of pH Buffers p. 30
pH Determination in Water p. 31
pH Determination in 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (CaCl[subscript 2]) p. 33
pH Determination in 1 N Potassium Chloride (KCl) p. 34
pH Determination Using Indicators p. 35
Interpretation p. 36
Soil Storage p. 41
Soil Buffer pH (Lime Requirement) p. 41
Introduction p. 41
SMP Buffer p. 42
Adams-Evans Buffer p. 46
Mehlich Buffer p. 48
Titratable and Exchangeable Acidity p. 53
Determination of Exchangeable Acidity Using Barium Chloride-TEA Buffer p. 53
Determination of Exchangeable Acidity and Exchangeable Aluminum Using 1 N Potassium Chloride p. 54
Interpretation p. 56
Definition of Liming Materials p. 57
Acid-Neutralizing Values for AgLime Materials p. 60
Adjusting the AgLime Rate for Different Depths of Incorporation p. 61
Effect of Fineness on Availability of AgLime p. 62
Extractable Phosphorus p. 62
Introduction p. 62
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 66
Morgan p. 66
Bray P1 p. 67
Bray P2 p. 68
Mehlich No. 1 (North Carolina Double Acid) p. 70
Olsen's Sodium Bicarbonate p. 71
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA p. 72
Mehlich No. 3 p. 73
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 75
Methods of Phosphorus Determination p. 76
UV-VIS Spectrophotometry p. 76
Plasma Emission Spectrometry p. 77
Conversion Factors p. 77
Interpretation p. 78
Fertilizer Recommendations p. 78
Effect of Fertilizer Phosphorus on Phosphorus Soil Test Level p. 79
Major Cations (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 79
Introduction p. 79
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 81
Neutral Normal Ammonium Acetate (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 81
Mehlich No. 1 (North Carolina Double Acid) (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 82
Mehlich No. 3 (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 83
Morgan (K, Ca, and Mg) p. 84
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (K) p. 86
Water (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 87
0.01 M Calcium Chloride (K, Mg, and Na) p. 87
Methods of Cation Determination p. 88
Methods of Expression p. 89
Interpretation p. 89
Effect of Fertilizer Potassium on the Potassium Soil Test Level p. 91
Calculation of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) p. 92
Determination of Percent Base Saturation and Use p. 93
Micronutrients (B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 93
Introduction p. 93
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 95
Hot Water (B) p. 95
Mehlich No. 1 (Zn) p. 97
0.1 N Hydrochloric Acid (Zn) p. 98
Mehlich No. 3 (B, Cu, Mn, and Zn) p. 99
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 101
DTPA (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 103
0.01 M Calcium Chloride (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 104
Morgan (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 104
0.01 M Calcium Nitrate (Cl) p. 105
0.5 M Potassium Sulfate (Cl) p. 106
Saturated Calcium Hydroxide (Cl) p. 107
Methods of Micronutrient Determination in Soil Extracts p. 108
Methods of Expression p. 109
Cleaning Laboratory Ware p. 109
Interpretation p. 110
Trace Heavy Metals p. 115
Introduction p. 115
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 115
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (AB-DTPA) p. 115
DTPA p. 117
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 118
Method of Heavy Metal Determination p. 118
Interpretation p. 119
Extractable Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO[subscript 3]-N) p. 121
Introduction p. 121
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 122
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA p. 122
2 M Potassium Chloride p. 123
0.01 M Calcium Sulfate p. 123
0.04 M Ammonium Sulfate p. 124
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 124
Nitrate Standards p. 125
Methods of Nitrate Determination p. 126
UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Determination Procedure p. 126
Specific-Ion Electrode Determination p. 127
Kjeldhal Distillation p. 128
Ion Chromatography p. 129
Effects of Storage p. 129
Interpretation p. 129
Extractable Sulfate-Sulfur (SO[subscript 4]-S) p. 129
Introduction p. 129
Extraction Reagent and Procedures p. 130
Monocalcium Phosphate p. 130
0.5 M Ammonium Acetate-0.25 M Acetic Acid p. 130
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 131
Sulfate-Sulfur (SO[subscript 4]-S) Standards p. 132
Determination Procedures p. 132
Turbidity p. 132
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) p. 133
Determination by Ion Chromatography p. 135
Interpretation p. 135
Testing Organic Soils and Soilless Media p. 135
Introduction p. 136
Extraction with Water p. 137
Extraction with 0.005 M DTPA to Improve Extraction of Micronutrients p. 137
Nutrient Element Assay Procedures p. 138
Interpretation p. 138
Organic Matter and Humic Matter Content Determinations p. 139
Introduction p. 139
Methods of Organic Matter Determination p. 140
Wet Digestion p. 140
Loss-on-Ignition (LOI) p. 143
Humic Matter by 0.2 N Sodium Hydroxide Extraction p. 144
Determination of Soluble Organic Carbon p. 148
Soluble Salt Determination p. 150
Introduction p. 150
The Conductivity Meter p. 152
Standard Calibration Solution p. 152
Procedures p. 152
Interpretation p. 153
Electrical Conductivity Units and Conversions p. 154
Salinity (NaCl) and Alkalinity (NaHCO[subscript 3]) p. 155
Soil Texture (Mechanical Analysis) p. 155
Separate Characteristics p. 155
Textural Classifications p. 156
Method of Determination p. 156
Hydrometer Procedure p. 159
Soil Preparation p. 159
Hydrometer Readings p. 159
Blank Hydrometer Determination p. 160
Calculation for % Sand, Silt, and Clay p. 160
References p. 160
Plant Analysis p. 191
Purpose p. 191
Sampling p. 192
Techniques p. 192
Number of Plants to Sample p. 197
Lack of Homogeneity p. 198
Petioles p. 199
Compound Leaves p. 199
Comparative Sampling p. 199
Inappropriate Plant Tissue p. 200
Sample Preparation p. 200
Introduction p. 200
Initial Handling p. 200
Decontamination (Washing) p. 201
Moisture Removal (Oven-Drying) p. 202
Particle Size Reduction (Grinding) p. 202
Organic Matter Destruction p. 203
High-Temperature Thermal Oxidation (Dry Ashing) p. 204
Wet-Acid Digestion (Wet Ashing) p. 205
Elemental Analysis for the Mineral Elements p. 207
Total Nitrogen (N) Determination p. 209
Introduction p. 209
Kjeldahl Methods p. 211
Determination of Ammonium in Kjeldahl Digest p. 212
Non-Kjeldahl Methods p. 212
Total Sulfur (S) Determination p. 213
Introduction p. 213
Interpretation p. 215
Methods for Expressing Elemental Content p. 215
Interpretation of Results p. 216
Extractable Elements p. 221
Introduction p. 221
Extraction Procedures for Nitrate (NO[subscript 3]) in Plant Tissue p. 222
Extraction of Phosphorus (PO[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue Using 2% Acetic Acid p. 223
Interpretation for Extractable Nitrogen (NO[subscript 3]) and Phosphorus (PO[subscript 4]) p. 223
Extractable Ammonium (NH[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue p. 226
Extractable Sulfate (SO[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue p. 226
Extractable Chloride (Cl) in Plant Tissue p. 227
Extraction of Chloride (Cl), Nitrate (NO[subscript 3]), Orthophosphate (PO[subscript 4]), Potassium (K), and Sulfate (SO[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue Using 2% Acetic Acid p. 228
Extractable Iron (Fe) in Plant Tissue p. 229
References p. 229
Tissue Testing p. 247
Introduction p. 247
Testing Kits p. 248
Preparation of Reagents for Conducting Tissue Tests Using Filter Paper p. 249
Sampling Techniques p. 250
Testing Procedures p. 251
General Test Procedures for Paper and Vial-Type Kits p. 251
Nitrate-Nitrogen Test p. 251
Phosphorus Test p. 251
Potassium Test p. 252
Nitrate-Nitrogen Stalk Test p. 252
Phosphorus Stalk Test p. 252
Other Tests p. 252
Methods of Interpretation p. 253
When and How to Use Tissue Tests p. 253
Use of a Specific-Ion Nitrate Meter p. 255
Sources for Kits and Instruments p. 256
References p. 256
Principles of Instrumental Analysis p. 259
Introduction p. 259
UV-VIS Spectrophotometry (Colorimetry) p. 262
Emission Spectrophotometry p. 264
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry p. 265
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry p. 266
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry p. 268
Introduction p. 268
Spectrometer Designs p. 268
Operating Characteristics of an ICP-AES p. 269
Advantageous Characteristics p. 269
Disadvantages p. 270
Standard Preparation p. 270
Calibration Techniques p. 271
Common Operating Problems p. 272
Important General Points p. 273
Spectrophotometry Terms p. 274
pH and Specific-Ion Electrodes p. 275
Ion Chromatography p. 277
References p. 278
Quality Assurance/Quality Control in the Laboratory p. 285
Introduction p. 285
Accuracy and Precision p. 287
Standards p. 287
Instrumentation p. 289
Laboratory Procedures p. 289
Participation in Proficiency Testing Programs p. 290
References p. 290
List of Reagents, Standards, pH Buffers, Acids, and Indicators, and Preparation of Standard Acids, Bases, and Buffers Required in the Instruction Guide p. 293
Reagents p. 293
Reagents for Preparation of Standards p. 296
Reagents for Preparation of pH Buffers p. 297
Concentrated Acids p. 297
Indicators p. 298
Standard Acids, Bases, and Buffers p. 298
Standards and Standard Preparation p. 301
Purpose p. 301
Primary Standards p. 301
Working Standards p. 306
Matrix Effects p. 307
Matrix Modifiers p. 307
Blanks p. 308
Commercial Sources for Primary and Working Standards p. 308
Soil and Plant Tissue Standards p. 309
References p. 309
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 311
The North American Proficiency Testing Program for Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis Laboratories (NAPT) p. 323
ASI Extraction Reagent Method for Soil Analysis p. 327
Reference Texts p. 333
Definitions p. 339
Conversion Factors p. 351
Index p. 357
Reference Methods p. 2
Reagents, Standards, and Water p. 3
Reagents p. 3
Standards p. 3
Water p. 4
Elemental and Compound Designation p. 5
Other Considerations p. 6
Interpretation of a Soil Test/Plant Analysis Result p. 6
Units p. 7
Disclaimer p. 7
References p. 7
Soil Analysis (Testing) p. 11
History and Purpose p. 11
Sequence of Procedures p. 15
Sampling p. 16
Transport to the Laboratory p. 19
Preparation of the Laboratory Sample p. 20
Drying p. 20
Crushing/Grinding/Sieving p. 21
Sample Aliquot Determination p. 22
Weighing vs. Scooping p. 22
Estimated Weight Scoops p. 23
NCR-13 Scoops p. 24
Procedure for Using a Soil Scoop p. 24
Laboratory Factors p. 25
Extraction Reagents p. 25
Extraction Procedure p. 26
Reagents and Standards p. 26
Long-Term Storage p. 27
Soil pH p. 27
Introduction p. 27
Using a pH Meter p. 28
Calibration of the pH Meter p. 28
Electrode Positioning p. 30
Preparation of pH Buffers p. 30
pH Determination in Water p. 31
pH Determination in 0.01 M Calcium Chloride (CaCl[subscript 2]) p. 33
pH Determination in 1 N Potassium Chloride (KCl) p. 34
pH Determination Using Indicators p. 35
Interpretation p. 36
Soil Storage p. 41
Soil Buffer pH (Lime Requirement) p. 41
Introduction p. 41
SMP Buffer p. 42
Adams-Evans Buffer p. 46
Mehlich Buffer p. 48
Titratable and Exchangeable Acidity p. 53
Determination of Exchangeable Acidity Using Barium Chloride-TEA Buffer p. 53
Determination of Exchangeable Acidity and Exchangeable Aluminum Using 1 N Potassium Chloride p. 54
Interpretation p. 56
Definition of Liming Materials p. 57
Acid-Neutralizing Values for AgLime Materials p. 60
Adjusting the AgLime Rate for Different Depths of Incorporation p. 61
Effect of Fineness on Availability of AgLime p. 62
Extractable Phosphorus p. 62
Introduction p. 62
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 66
Morgan p. 66
Bray P1 p. 67
Bray P2 p. 68
Mehlich No. 1 (North Carolina Double Acid) p. 70
Olsen's Sodium Bicarbonate p. 71
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA p. 72
Mehlich No. 3 p. 73
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 75
Methods of Phosphorus Determination p. 76
UV-VIS Spectrophotometry p. 76
Plasma Emission Spectrometry p. 77
Conversion Factors p. 77
Interpretation p. 78
Fertilizer Recommendations p. 78
Effect of Fertilizer Phosphorus on Phosphorus Soil Test Level p. 79
Major Cations (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 79
Introduction p. 79
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 81
Neutral Normal Ammonium Acetate (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 81
Mehlich No. 1 (North Carolina Double Acid) (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 82
Mehlich No. 3 (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 83
Morgan (K, Ca, and Mg) p. 84
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (K) p. 86
Water (K, Ca, Mg, and Na) p. 87
0.01 M Calcium Chloride (K, Mg, and Na) p. 87
Methods of Cation Determination p. 88
Methods of Expression p. 89
Interpretation p. 89
Effect of Fertilizer Potassium on the Potassium Soil Test Level p. 91
Calculation of Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) p. 92
Determination of Percent Base Saturation and Use p. 93
Micronutrients (B, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 93
Introduction p. 93
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 95
Hot Water (B) p. 95
Mehlich No. 1 (Zn) p. 97
0.1 N Hydrochloric Acid (Zn) p. 98
Mehlich No. 3 (B, Cu, Mn, and Zn) p. 99
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 101
DTPA (Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 103
0.01 M Calcium Chloride (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 104
Morgan (B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) p. 104
0.01 M Calcium Nitrate (Cl) p. 105
0.5 M Potassium Sulfate (Cl) p. 106
Saturated Calcium Hydroxide (Cl) p. 107
Methods of Micronutrient Determination in Soil Extracts p. 108
Methods of Expression p. 109
Cleaning Laboratory Ware p. 109
Interpretation p. 110
Trace Heavy Metals p. 115
Introduction p. 115
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 115
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA (AB-DTPA) p. 115
DTPA p. 117
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 118
Method of Heavy Metal Determination p. 118
Interpretation p. 119
Extractable Nitrate-Nitrogen (NO[subscript 3]-N) p. 121
Introduction p. 121
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 122
Ammonium Bicarbonate-DTPA p. 122
2 M Potassium Chloride p. 123
0.01 M Calcium Sulfate p. 123
0.04 M Ammonium Sulfate p. 124
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 124
Nitrate Standards p. 125
Methods of Nitrate Determination p. 126
UV-VIS Spectrophotometric Determination Procedure p. 126
Specific-Ion Electrode Determination p. 127
Kjeldhal Distillation p. 128
Ion Chromatography p. 129
Effects of Storage p. 129
Interpretation p. 129
Extractable Sulfate-Sulfur (SO[subscript 4]-S) p. 129
Introduction p. 129
Extraction Reagent and Procedures p. 130
Monocalcium Phosphate p. 130
0.5 M Ammonium Acetate-0.25 M Acetic Acid p. 130
0.01 M Calcium Chloride p. 131
Sulfate-Sulfur (SO[subscript 4]-S) Standards p. 132
Determination Procedures p. 132
Turbidity p. 132
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) p. 133
Determination by Ion Chromatography p. 135
Interpretation p. 135
Testing Organic Soils and Soilless Media p. 135
Introduction p. 136
Extraction with Water p. 137
Extraction with 0.005 M DTPA to Improve Extraction of Micronutrients p. 137
Nutrient Element Assay Procedures p. 138
Interpretation p. 138
Organic Matter and Humic Matter Content Determinations p. 139
Introduction p. 139
Methods of Organic Matter Determination p. 140
Wet Digestion p. 140
Loss-on-Ignition (LOI) p. 143
Humic Matter by 0.2 N Sodium Hydroxide Extraction p. 144
Determination of Soluble Organic Carbon p. 148
Soluble Salt Determination p. 150
Introduction p. 150
The Conductivity Meter p. 152
Standard Calibration Solution p. 152
Procedures p. 152
Interpretation p. 153
Electrical Conductivity Units and Conversions p. 154
Salinity (NaCl) and Alkalinity (NaHCO[subscript 3]) p. 155
Soil Texture (Mechanical Analysis) p. 155
Separate Characteristics p. 155
Textural Classifications p. 156
Method of Determination p. 156
Hydrometer Procedure p. 159
Soil Preparation p. 159
Hydrometer Readings p. 159
Blank Hydrometer Determination p. 160
Calculation for % Sand, Silt, and Clay p. 160
References p. 160
Plant Analysis p. 191
Purpose p. 191
Sampling p. 192
Techniques p. 192
Number of Plants to Sample p. 197
Lack of Homogeneity p. 198
Petioles p. 199
Compound Leaves p. 199
Comparative Sampling p. 199
Inappropriate Plant Tissue p. 200
Sample Preparation p. 200
Introduction p. 200
Initial Handling p. 200
Decontamination (Washing) p. 201
Moisture Removal (Oven-Drying) p. 202
Particle Size Reduction (Grinding) p. 202
Organic Matter Destruction p. 203
High-Temperature Thermal Oxidation (Dry Ashing) p. 204
Wet-Acid Digestion (Wet Ashing) p. 205
Elemental Analysis for the Mineral Elements p. 207
Total Nitrogen (N) Determination p. 209
Introduction p. 209
Kjeldahl Methods p. 211
Determination of Ammonium in Kjeldahl Digest p. 212
Non-Kjeldahl Methods p. 212
Total Sulfur (S) Determination p. 213
Introduction p. 213
Interpretation p. 215
Methods for Expressing Elemental Content p. 215
Interpretation of Results p. 216
Extractable Elements p. 221
Introduction p. 221
Extraction Procedures for Nitrate (NO[subscript 3]) in Plant Tissue p. 222
Extraction of Phosphorus (PO[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue Using 2% Acetic Acid p. 223
Interpretation for Extractable Nitrogen (NO[subscript 3]) and Phosphorus (PO[subscript 4]) p. 223
Extractable Ammonium (NH[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue p. 226
Extractable Sulfate (SO[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue p. 226
Extractable Chloride (Cl) in Plant Tissue p. 227
Extraction of Chloride (Cl), Nitrate (NO[subscript 3]), Orthophosphate (PO[subscript 4]), Potassium (K), and Sulfate (SO[subscript 4]) in Plant Tissue Using 2% Acetic Acid p. 228
Extractable Iron (Fe) in Plant Tissue p. 229
References p. 229
Tissue Testing p. 247
Introduction p. 247
Testing Kits p. 248
Preparation of Reagents for Conducting Tissue Tests Using Filter Paper p. 249
Sampling Techniques p. 250
Testing Procedures p. 251
General Test Procedures for Paper and Vial-Type Kits p. 251
Nitrate-Nitrogen Test p. 251
Phosphorus Test p. 251
Potassium Test p. 252
Nitrate-Nitrogen Stalk Test p. 252
Phosphorus Stalk Test p. 252
Other Tests p. 252
Methods of Interpretation p. 253
When and How to Use Tissue Tests p. 253
Use of a Specific-Ion Nitrate Meter p. 255
Sources for Kits and Instruments p. 256
References p. 256
Principles of Instrumental Analysis p. 259
Introduction p. 259
UV-VIS Spectrophotometry (Colorimetry) p. 262
Emission Spectrophotometry p. 264
Flame Emission Spectrophotometry p. 265
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry p. 266
Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry p. 268
Introduction p. 268
Spectrometer Designs p. 268
Operating Characteristics of an ICP-AES p. 269
Advantageous Characteristics p. 269
Disadvantages p. 270
Standard Preparation p. 270
Calibration Techniques p. 271
Common Operating Problems p. 272
Important General Points p. 273
Spectrophotometry Terms p. 274
pH and Specific-Ion Electrodes p. 275
Ion Chromatography p. 277
References p. 278
Quality Assurance/Quality Control in the Laboratory p. 285
Introduction p. 285
Accuracy and Precision p. 287
Standards p. 287
Instrumentation p. 289
Laboratory Procedures p. 289
Participation in Proficiency Testing Programs p. 290
References p. 290
List of Reagents, Standards, pH Buffers, Acids, and Indicators, and Preparation of Standard Acids, Bases, and Buffers Required in the Instruction Guide p. 293
Reagents p. 293
Reagents for Preparation of Standards p. 296
Reagents for Preparation of pH Buffers p. 297
Concentrated Acids p. 297
Indicators p. 298
Standard Acids, Bases, and Buffers p. 298
Standards and Standard Preparation p. 301
Purpose p. 301
Primary Standards p. 301
Working Standards p. 306
Matrix Effects p. 307
Matrix Modifiers p. 307
Blanks p. 308
Commercial Sources for Primary and Working Standards p. 308
Soil and Plant Tissue Standards p. 309
References p. 309
Extraction Reagents and Procedures p. 311
The North American Proficiency Testing Program for Soil, Plant, and Water Analysis Laboratories (NAPT) p. 323
ASI Extraction Reagent Method for Soil Analysis p. 327
Reference Texts p. 333
Definitions p. 339
Conversion Factors p. 351
Index p. 357
Laboratory guide for conducting soil tests and plant analysis /
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