简介
From Richard K. Neumann, Jr., and Sheila J. Simon;both widely respected for their contributions to legal writing;comes the Second Editionof Legal Writing, a student-friendly text that provides concise yet complete coverage of office memos, motion memos, and appellate briefs. An informal writing style coaches students through the process of writing and the use of policy and storytelling to craft an argument. Each chapter provides exercises and checklists for practice and review.
The updated Second Editionintroduces three new chapters that expand coverage to include client advice letters, email memoranda, and standards of review. An expanded appendix includes new and updated reference material. A robust website now has more interactive exercises.
Legal Writing continues to offer:
succinct explanationsthat don't sacrifice coverage step-by-step guidancethrough the process of writing manageably short chaptersthat focus on essential skills focused treatments of office memos, motion memos, and appellate briefs strong coverage of the process of writing, the use of policy, and storytelling in fact statements clear instruction for how to use the CREAC formulaa dynamic websitethat provides interviews with lawyers, law students, and teachers about writing visual and entertaining lessons and illustrations
The revised Second Edition features:
three new chapters
1. Client Advice Letters
2. Email Memoranda
3. Handling Standards of Review
four new appendices:1. Sample Client Advice Letter
2. Punctuation Issues
3. Troublesome Words
4. Document Design
enhanced website features
LOOKING FOR ADDITIONAL RESOURCES TO HELP YOU IN LEGAL WRITING? TRY EXAMPLES & EXPLANATIONS: LEGAL WRITING 2011 EDITION (9780735597303) --ONE OF MANY GREAT STUDY GUIDES FROM WOLTERS KLUWER LAW & BUSINESS.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 Writing and Professional Work 1(8)
§1.1 Memos and Briefs 1(1)
§1.2 Predictive Writing and Persuasive Writing 1(1)
§1.3 Writing and a Lawyer's Career 2(1)
§1.4 Professional Writing and a Professional Audience 3(1)
§1.5 How to Use This Book and Its Website 4(5)
§1.5.1 What's in the Book 4(1)
§1.5.2 What's on the Website 4(5)
Part I Legal Rules and Their Sources
Chapter 2 Inside a Rule of Law 9(6)
§2.1 The Inner Structure of a Rule 9(1)
§2.2 Four Types of Rules 10(1)
§2.3 Digesting a Rule to Figure Out What It Means 11(3)
§2.3.1 Step 1: Break Down the Rule into Its Parts 11(1)
§2.3.2 Step 2: Look at Each Part Separately 12(1)
§2.3.3 Step 3: Put the Rule Back Together in a Way That Helps You Use It 12(2)
§2.3.4 The Three Steps Summarized 14(1)
Exercise I A Rule on Late Papers 14(1)
Exercise II A Rule on the Internet 14(1)
Chapter 3 More about Rules 15(8)
§3.1 Remedies, Causes of Action, and Affirmative Defenses 15(1)
§3.2 Where Rules Come From (Sources of Law) 16(1)
§3.2.1 Statutes 16(1)
§3.2.2 Case Law 16(1)
§3.3 Some Questions about Rules 17(3)
Exercise. Nansen and Byrd 20(3)
Chapter 4 Inside a Statute and Outlining One 23(4)
§4.1 Inside a Statute 23(1)
§4.2 Outlining a Statute 24(2)
§4.2.1 Step 1: Decide How Many Legal Rules Are in the Statute 24(1)
§4.2.2 Step 2: Digest Each Rule in the Statute to Figure Out What It Means 25(1)
§4.2.3 The Two Steps Summarized 25(1)
Exercise I What to Do When a Judge Can't Finish the Case 26(1)
Exercise II The Uniform Commercial Code and Unconscionability 26(1)
Chapter 5 Inside a Judicial Opinion ("a Case") 27(6)
§5.1 What's in a Judicial Opinion 27(1)
§5.2 Why Reading in Law School Is Different-and What to Do about It 28(1)
Exercise. Dissecting the Text of Conti v. ASPCA 29(4)
Chapter 6 Reading a Case for Issues, Rules, and Determinative Facts 33(4)
§6.1 How to Identify Issues, Rules, and Determinative Facts 33(2)
§6.2 Formulating a Narrow, Middling, or Broad Rule 35(2)
Chapter 7 Policy and Why Courts Care about It 37(6)
In the Bookstore 37(1)
§7.1 What Is Policy? 38(1)
§7.2 Why Courts Care about Policy 39(1)
§7.3 How to Recognize Policy in a Judicial Opinion 40(3)
Chapter 8 Selecting the Most Appropriate Cases, Statutes, and Other Authority 43(10)
§8.1 The Hierarchy of Authority 43(4)
§8.1.1 Primary Authority 44(2)
§8.1.2 Secondary Authority 46(1)
§8.2 How Courts Use Dicta 47(1)
§8.3 How Courts React to Precedent from Other Jurisdictions 48(1)
§8.4 How to Use Nonmandatory Authority to Fill a Gap in Local Law 49(2)
§8.4.1 Step 1: Laying the Foundation 49(1)
§8.4.2 Step 2: Filling the Gap 50(1)
§8.4.3 The Two Steps Summarized 51(1)
§8.5 How to Select Nonmandatory Precedent 51(1)
Exercise. The Hierarchy of Authority 52(1)
Chapter 9 Working with Cases 53(8)
§9.1 Eight Skills for Working with Cases 53(1)
§9.2 Analogizing and Distinguishing 54(2)
§9.3 Eliciting Policy from Cases 56(1)
§9.4 Synthesis 57(1)
§9.5 Reconciliation 58(1)
§9.6 Testing for Realism 58(1)
Exercise. To Surf or Not to Surf? 59(2)
Chapter 10 Working with Statutes 61(18)
§10.1 Eleven Tools of Statutory Interpretation 61(1)
§10.2 How to Discuss Statutes in Writing 62(1)
Exercise I The Tools in Action 63(5)
Exercise II Plagiarism and the Board of Bar Examiners 68(11)
Part II The Process of Writing
Chapter 11 Getting to Know Yourself as a Writer 79(6)
§11.1 Product and Process 79(1)
§11.2 What Do You Do When You Write? 80(1)
§11.3 Voice 80(1)
§11.4 Confidence 80(1)
§11.5 Learning Styles and Writing 81(4)
Chapter 12 Inside the Process of Writing 85(10)
§12.1 Five Phases of Writing 85(1)
§12.2 Managing Time 86(1)
§12.3 Researching and Analyzing 87(1)
§12.4 Organizing Your Raw Materials into an Outline 87(1)
§12.5 Producing a First Draft 88(1)
§12.6 Overcoming Writer's Block 88(1)
§12.7 Rewriting 89(3)
§12.8 Using Writing to Help You Think 92(1)
§12.9 Polishing 93(1)
§12.10 Plagiarism 93(2)
Chapter 13 How Professional Writers Plan Their Writing 95(8)
§13.1 Myths about Outlines 95(2)
§13.2 A Method Used by Many Professional Writers to Plan Their Writing 97(2)
§13.3 Some Other Methods Used by Professional Writers to Plan Their Writing 99(4)
Part III Office Memoranda
Chapter 14 Office Memorandum Format 103(4)
§14.1 Structure of an Office Memorandum 103(2)
§14.2 Which Part of the Memo to Write First 105(1)
§14.3 The Audience for an Office Memo 105(2)
Chapter 15 Predictive Writing in an Office Memorandum 107(10)
§15.1 Predicting in Writing 107(1)
§15.2 An Example of the Predictive Process: Taylor and Garrett 108(4)
§15.3 How to Test Your Writing for Predictiveness 112(5)
Part IV Organizing Analysis
Chapter 16 CREAC: A Formula for Structuring Proof of a Conclusion of Law 117(10)
§16.1 The Need to Organize with Care (Kendrick and Jordan) 117(1)
§16.2 A Formula for Organizing Analysis 118(2)
§16.3 Why Readers Prefer This Type of Organization 120(1)
§16.4 Ingredients of Rule Explanation 121(1)
§16.5 Ingredients of Rule Application 122(1)
§16.6 Separating Rule Explanation from Rule Application 123(1)
Exercise. Changing Planes in Little Rock 123(4)
Chapter 17 Varying the Sequence and Depth of Rule Explanation and Rule Application 127(10)
§17.1 Varying the CREAC Formula to Suit Your Needs 127(1)
§17.2 Varying the Sequence 127(1)
§17.3 When to Vary the Depth of Rule Explanation or Rule Application 128(1)
§17.4 Comprehensive Analysis 129(4)
§17.5 Substantiating Analysis 133(2)
§17.6 Conclusory Analysis 135(1)
§17.7 Cryptic Analysis 136(1)
Chapter 18 Advanced CREAC: Organizing More Than One Issue 137(6)
§18.1 Introduction 137(1)
§18.2 How to Organize When More Than One Element Is at Issue 138(1)
§18.3 How to Organize When More Than One Claim or Defense Is at Issue 139(1)
§18.4 How to Organize Other Types of Separate but Related Issues 140(1)
§18.5 How to Work with Multi-Issue Situations 141(2)
Chapter 19 Working with CREAC in First Drafts and in Later Drafts 143(8)
§19.1 Using CREAC to Outline and to Begin Your First Draft 143(2)
§19.2 How to Test Your Writing for Effective Organization 145(6)
Part V Working Effectively with Details
Chapter 20 Paragraphing 151(4)
§20.1 How Paragraphs Reveal the Details of Your Organization 151(1)
§20.2 Descriptive Paragraphs and Probative Paragraphs 152(1)
§20.3 Proposition Sentences, Topic Sentences, and Transition Sentences 153(1)
§20.4 How to Test Your Paragraphs for Effectiveness 153(1)
Exercise. The First Month or Two of Law School (Probative and Descriptive Paragraphs) 154(1)
Chapter 21 Writing an Effective Sentence 155(6)
§21.1 How to Test Your Sentences for Effectiveness 155(5)
Exercise 160(1)
Chapter 22 Effective Style: Clarity, Vividness, and Conciseness 161(12)
§22.1 Clarity and Vividness 161(1)
§22.2 Conciseness 162(2)
§22.3 Our Style and Yours 164(1)
§22.4 How to Test Your Writing for Effective Style 164(6)
Exercise. Style, Sentences, and Rewriting 170(3)
Chapter 23 Citing Authority 173(8)
§23.1 When and Why to Cite 173(1)
§23.2 Citations to Cases 174(1)
§23.3 Citation to Statutes 175(1)
§23.4 Citations to Restatements, Treatises, and Law Review Articles 176(1)
§23.5 Rules Governing All Citations 177(4)
Chapter 24 Quoting Effectively 181(8)
§24.1 When to Quote 181(1)
§24.2 Quote Sparingly or Not at All 181(1)
§24.3 The Mechanics of Quoting 182(2)
§24.4 How to Test Your Quotations for Effectiveness 184(1)
Exercise I The First Amendment 185(1)
Exercise II Quoting Cases 185(4)
Part VI Informal Analytical Writing
Chapter 25 Client Advice Letters 189(4)
§25.1 Why and How Lawyers Write Client Advice Letters 189(1)
§25.2 Client Advice Letter Format 190(3)
Chapter 26 Email Memoranda 193(6)
§26.1 Why and How Lawyers Write Email Memos 193(1)
§26.2 Email Memo Format 194(1)
§26.3 Typography, Professionalism, and the Dangerous Send Button 195(4)
Part VII The Shift to Persuasion
Chapter 27 What Persuades a Court? 199(8)
§27.1 A Compelling Theory and Theme Persuade 199(1)
§27.2 A Compelling Story Persuades 200(2)
§27.3 Compelling Arguments Persuade 202(1)
§27.4 How Arguments and Stories Work Together 202(2)
§27.5 Overcoming Your Weaknesses Persuades 204(1)
§27.6 Solving Judges' Problems Persuades 204(1)
§27.7 Professionalism Persuades 205(2)
Chapter 28 Writing a Motion Memorandum 207(10)
§28.1 Persuasive Writing in Trial Courts 207(1)
§28.2 Motion Memo Format 208(1)
§28.3 Writing the Memorandum 209(1)
§28.4 Handling the Procedural Posture 210(7)
§28.4.1 Types of Procedural Postures 210(2)
§28.4.2 Researching to Find the Law Governing the Procedural Posture 212(1)
§28.4.3 Writing within the Procedural Posture 213(4)
Part VIII Telling the Client's Story
Chapter 29 The Statement of the Case in a Motion Memo or Appellate Brief 217(4)
§29.1 How a Statement of the Case Persuades 217(2)
§29.2 The Record 219(1)
§29.3 Fact Ethics 220(1)
Chapter 30 Developing a Persuasive Story 221(6)
§30.1 The Power of Stories 221(1)
§30.2 How Stories Persuade 222(1)
§30.3 Building the Story---Generally 223(1)
§30.4 Characters 224(1)
§30.5 Imagery 224(1)
§30.6 Finding the Story 225(1)
§30.7 Two Last Questions 226(1)
Chapter 31 Telling the Story Persuasively 227(10)
§31.1 Selecting Facts to Tell the Story 227(3)
§31.2 How to Test a Statement of the Case for Persuasiveness 230(2)
Exercise I Storytelling 232(1)
Exercise II Factual Inferences 232(5)
Part IX Making the Client's Arguments
Chapter 32 The Argument in a Motion Memo or Appellate Brief 237(10)
§32.1 Arguments 237(1)
§32.2 Understanding the Judicial Audience 238(3)
§32.3 How to Test Your Arguments for Effectiveness 241(5)
§32.4 Argumentation Ethics 246(1)
Chapter 33 Point Headings and Subheadings 247(8)
§33.1 What Point Headings Do 247(1)
§33.2 What Each Point Heading Should Contain 248(1)
§33.3 Subheadings 249(1)
§33.4 How to Test Your Point Headings for Effectiveness 249(2)
Exercise I Hamdan v. Rumsfeld and Bush v. Gore 251(1)
Exercise II Creating a Point Heading 252(3)
Part X Appellate Briefs and Oral Argument
Chapter 34 Appellate Practice 255(4)
§34.1 Introduction to Appeals 255(1)
§34.2 The Roles of the Brief and the Oral Argument 255(1)
§34.3 How Judges Read Appellate Briefs 256(3)
Chapter 35 Writing the Appellate Brief 259(6)
§35.1 Appellate Brief Format 259(2)
§35.2 Three Brief-Writing Suggestions 261(1)
§35.3 What Part of the Brief to Write First 262(1)
§35.4 The Last Step: Creating the Table of Contents and the Table of Authorities 263(2)
Chapter 36 Handling Standards of Review 265(6)
§36.1 The Three Main Standards of Review 265(3)
§36.2 How to Determine Which Standards of Review Govern Your Issues 268(1)
§36.3 How to Use Standards of Review in a Brief 269(2)
Chapter 37 Making Policy Arguments 271(6)
§37.1 Why Policy Is Especially Important in an Appeal 271(1)
§37.2 Types of Policy Arguments 272(2)
§37.3 How to Make a Policy Argument 274(3)
Chapter 38 Questions Presented 277(8)
§38.1 The Purpose of a Question Presented 277(1)
§38.2 Traditional Format 278(1)
§38.3 Alternative Format 279(1)
§38.4 How to Write a Question Presented 280(1)
§38.5 How to Test Your Questions Presented for Effectiveness 280(5)
Chapter 39 Oral Argument 285(12)
§39.1 Three Goals at Oral Argument 285(1)
§39.2 Structure of an Oral Argument 285(2)
§39.3 Questions from the Bench 287(3)
§39.4 Affect, Delivery, and Style 290(1)
§39.5 Formalities and Customs of the Courtroom 291(1)
§39.6 Preparation for Oral Argument 292(5)
Appendices
Appendix A Sample Office Memorandum 297(6)
Appendix B Sample Client Advice Letter 303(6)
Appendix C Sample Motion Memorandum 309(6)
Appendix D Sample Appellant's Brief 315(14)
Appendix E Sample Appellee's Brief 329(16)
Appendix F Troublesome Punctuation 345(8)
Appendix G Troublesome Words 353(4)
Appendix H Document Design 357(8)
Index 365
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Chapter 1 Writing and Professional Work 1(8)
§1.1 Memos and Briefs 1(1)
§1.2 Predictive Writing and Persuasive Writing 1(1)
§1.3 Writing and a Lawyer's Career 2(1)
§1.4 Professional Writing and a Professional Audience 3(1)
§1.5 How to Use This Book and Its Website 4(5)
§1.5.1 What's in the Book 4(1)
§1.5.2 What's on the Website 4(5)
Part I Legal Rules and Their Sources
Chapter 2 Inside a Rule of Law 9(6)
§2.1 The Inner Structure of a Rule 9(1)
§2.2 Four Types of Rules 10(1)
§2.3 Digesting a Rule to Figure Out What It Means 11(3)
§2.3.1 Step 1: Break Down the Rule into Its Parts 11(1)
§2.3.2 Step 2: Look at Each Part Separately 12(1)
§2.3.3 Step 3: Put the Rule Back Together in a Way That Helps You Use It 12(2)
§2.3.4 The Three Steps Summarized 14(1)
Exercise I A Rule on Late Papers 14(1)
Exercise II A Rule on the Internet 14(1)
Chapter 3 More about Rules 15(8)
§3.1 Remedies, Causes of Action, and Affirmative Defenses 15(1)
§3.2 Where Rules Come From (Sources of Law) 16(1)
§3.2.1 Statutes 16(1)
§3.2.2 Case Law 16(1)
§3.3 Some Questions about Rules 17(3)
Exercise. Nansen and Byrd 20(3)
Chapter 4 Inside a Statute and Outlining One 23(4)
§4.1 Inside a Statute 23(1)
§4.2 Outlining a Statute 24(2)
§4.2.1 Step 1: Decide How Many Legal Rules Are in the Statute 24(1)
§4.2.2 Step 2: Digest Each Rule in the Statute to Figure Out What It Means 25(1)
§4.2.3 The Two Steps Summarized 25(1)
Exercise I What to Do When a Judge Can't Finish the Case 26(1)
Exercise II The Uniform Commercial Code and Unconscionability 26(1)
Chapter 5 Inside a Judicial Opinion ("a Case") 27(6)
§5.1 What's in a Judicial Opinion 27(1)
§5.2 Why Reading in Law School Is Different-and What to Do about It 28(1)
Exercise. Dissecting the Text of Conti v. ASPCA 29(4)
Chapter 6 Reading a Case for Issues, Rules, and Determinative Facts 33(4)
§6.1 How to Identify Issues, Rules, and Determinative Facts 33(2)
§6.2 Formulating a Narrow, Middling, or Broad Rule 35(2)
Chapter 7 Policy and Why Courts Care about It 37(6)
In the Bookstore 37(1)
§7.1 What Is Policy? 38(1)
§7.2 Why Courts Care about Policy 39(1)
§7.3 How to Recognize Policy in a Judicial Opinion 40(3)
Chapter 8 Selecting the Most Appropriate Cases, Statutes, and Other Authority 43(10)
§8.1 The Hierarchy of Authority 43(4)
§8.1.1 Primary Authority 44(2)
§8.1.2 Secondary Authority 46(1)
§8.2 How Courts Use Dicta 47(1)
§8.3 How Courts React to Precedent from Other Jurisdictions 48(1)
§8.4 How to Use Nonmandatory Authority to Fill a Gap in Local Law 49(2)
§8.4.1 Step 1: Laying the Foundation 49(1)
§8.4.2 Step 2: Filling the Gap 50(1)
§8.4.3 The Two Steps Summarized 51(1)
§8.5 How to Select Nonmandatory Precedent 51(1)
Exercise. The Hierarchy of Authority 52(1)
Chapter 9 Working with Cases 53(8)
§9.1 Eight Skills for Working with Cases 53(1)
§9.2 Analogizing and Distinguishing 54(2)
§9.3 Eliciting Policy from Cases 56(1)
§9.4 Synthesis 57(1)
§9.5 Reconciliation 58(1)
§9.6 Testing for Realism 58(1)
Exercise. To Surf or Not to Surf? 59(2)
Chapter 10 Working with Statutes 61(18)
§10.1 Eleven Tools of Statutory Interpretation 61(1)
§10.2 How to Discuss Statutes in Writing 62(1)
Exercise I The Tools in Action 63(5)
Exercise II Plagiarism and the Board of Bar Examiners 68(11)
Part II The Process of Writing
Chapter 11 Getting to Know Yourself as a Writer 79(6)
§11.1 Product and Process 79(1)
§11.2 What Do You Do When You Write? 80(1)
§11.3 Voice 80(1)
§11.4 Confidence 80(1)
§11.5 Learning Styles and Writing 81(4)
Chapter 12 Inside the Process of Writing 85(10)
§12.1 Five Phases of Writing 85(1)
§12.2 Managing Time 86(1)
§12.3 Researching and Analyzing 87(1)
§12.4 Organizing Your Raw Materials into an Outline 87(1)
§12.5 Producing a First Draft 88(1)
§12.6 Overcoming Writer's Block 88(1)
§12.7 Rewriting 89(3)
§12.8 Using Writing to Help You Think 92(1)
§12.9 Polishing 93(1)
§12.10 Plagiarism 93(2)
Chapter 13 How Professional Writers Plan Their Writing 95(8)
§13.1 Myths about Outlines 95(2)
§13.2 A Method Used by Many Professional Writers to Plan Their Writing 97(2)
§13.3 Some Other Methods Used by Professional Writers to Plan Their Writing 99(4)
Part III Office Memoranda
Chapter 14 Office Memorandum Format 103(4)
§14.1 Structure of an Office Memorandum 103(2)
§14.2 Which Part of the Memo to Write First 105(1)
§14.3 The Audience for an Office Memo 105(2)
Chapter 15 Predictive Writing in an Office Memorandum 107(10)
§15.1 Predicting in Writing 107(1)
§15.2 An Example of the Predictive Process: Taylor and Garrett 108(4)
§15.3 How to Test Your Writing for Predictiveness 112(5)
Part IV Organizing Analysis
Chapter 16 CREAC: A Formula for Structuring Proof of a Conclusion of Law 117(10)
§16.1 The Need to Organize with Care (Kendrick and Jordan) 117(1)
§16.2 A Formula for Organizing Analysis 118(2)
§16.3 Why Readers Prefer This Type of Organization 120(1)
§16.4 Ingredients of Rule Explanation 121(1)
§16.5 Ingredients of Rule Application 122(1)
§16.6 Separating Rule Explanation from Rule Application 123(1)
Exercise. Changing Planes in Little Rock 123(4)
Chapter 17 Varying the Sequence and Depth of Rule Explanation and Rule Application 127(10)
§17.1 Varying the CREAC Formula to Suit Your Needs 127(1)
§17.2 Varying the Sequence 127(1)
§17.3 When to Vary the Depth of Rule Explanation or Rule Application 128(1)
§17.4 Comprehensive Analysis 129(4)
§17.5 Substantiating Analysis 133(2)
§17.6 Conclusory Analysis 135(1)
§17.7 Cryptic Analysis 136(1)
Chapter 18 Advanced CREAC: Organizing More Than One Issue 137(6)
§18.1 Introduction 137(1)
§18.2 How to Organize When More Than One Element Is at Issue 138(1)
§18.3 How to Organize When More Than One Claim or Defense Is at Issue 139(1)
§18.4 How to Organize Other Types of Separate but Related Issues 140(1)
§18.5 How to Work with Multi-Issue Situations 141(2)
Chapter 19 Working with CREAC in First Drafts and in Later Drafts 143(8)
§19.1 Using CREAC to Outline and to Begin Your First Draft 143(2)
§19.2 How to Test Your Writing for Effective Organization 145(6)
Part V Working Effectively with Details
Chapter 20 Paragraphing 151(4)
§20.1 How Paragraphs Reveal the Details of Your Organization 151(1)
§20.2 Descriptive Paragraphs and Probative Paragraphs 152(1)
§20.3 Proposition Sentences, Topic Sentences, and Transition Sentences 153(1)
§20.4 How to Test Your Paragraphs for Effectiveness 153(1)
Exercise. The First Month or Two of Law School (Probative and Descriptive Paragraphs) 154(1)
Chapter 21 Writing an Effective Sentence 155(6)
§21.1 How to Test Your Sentences for Effectiveness 155(5)
Exercise 160(1)
Chapter 22 Effective Style: Clarity, Vividness, and Conciseness 161(12)
§22.1 Clarity and Vividness 161(1)
§22.2 Conciseness 162(2)
§22.3 Our Style and Yours 164(1)
§22.4 How to Test Your Writing for Effective Style 164(6)
Exercise. Style, Sentences, and Rewriting 170(3)
Chapter 23 Citing Authority 173(8)
§23.1 When and Why to Cite 173(1)
§23.2 Citations to Cases 174(1)
§23.3 Citation to Statutes 175(1)
§23.4 Citations to Restatements, Treatises, and Law Review Articles 176(1)
§23.5 Rules Governing All Citations 177(4)
Chapter 24 Quoting Effectively 181(8)
§24.1 When to Quote 181(1)
§24.2 Quote Sparingly or Not at All 181(1)
§24.3 The Mechanics of Quoting 182(2)
§24.4 How to Test Your Quotations for Effectiveness 184(1)
Exercise I The First Amendment 185(1)
Exercise II Quoting Cases 185(4)
Part VI Informal Analytical Writing
Chapter 25 Client Advice Letters 189(4)
§25.1 Why and How Lawyers Write Client Advice Letters 189(1)
§25.2 Client Advice Letter Format 190(3)
Chapter 26 Email Memoranda 193(6)
§26.1 Why and How Lawyers Write Email Memos 193(1)
§26.2 Email Memo Format 194(1)
§26.3 Typography, Professionalism, and the Dangerous Send Button 195(4)
Part VII The Shift to Persuasion
Chapter 27 What Persuades a Court? 199(8)
§27.1 A Compelling Theory and Theme Persuade 199(1)
§27.2 A Compelling Story Persuades 200(2)
§27.3 Compelling Arguments Persuade 202(1)
§27.4 How Arguments and Stories Work Together 202(2)
§27.5 Overcoming Your Weaknesses Persuades 204(1)
§27.6 Solving Judges' Problems Persuades 204(1)
§27.7 Professionalism Persuades 205(2)
Chapter 28 Writing a Motion Memorandum 207(10)
§28.1 Persuasive Writing in Trial Courts 207(1)
§28.2 Motion Memo Format 208(1)
§28.3 Writing the Memorandum 209(1)
§28.4 Handling the Procedural Posture 210(7)
§28.4.1 Types of Procedural Postures 210(2)
§28.4.2 Researching to Find the Law Governing the Procedural Posture 212(1)
§28.4.3 Writing within the Procedural Posture 213(4)
Part VIII Telling the Client's Story
Chapter 29 The Statement of the Case in a Motion Memo or Appellate Brief 217(4)
§29.1 How a Statement of the Case Persuades 217(2)
§29.2 The Record 219(1)
§29.3 Fact Ethics 220(1)
Chapter 30 Developing a Persuasive Story 221(6)
§30.1 The Power of Stories 221(1)
§30.2 How Stories Persuade 222(1)
§30.3 Building the Story---Generally 223(1)
§30.4 Characters 224(1)
§30.5 Imagery 224(1)
§30.6 Finding the Story 225(1)
§30.7 Two Last Questions 226(1)
Chapter 31 Telling the Story Persuasively 227(10)
§31.1 Selecting Facts to Tell the Story 227(3)
§31.2 How to Test a Statement of the Case for Persuasiveness 230(2)
Exercise I Storytelling 232(1)
Exercise II Factual Inferences 232(5)
Part IX Making the Client's Arguments
Chapter 32 The Argument in a Motion Memo or Appellate Brief 237(10)
§32.1 Arguments 237(1)
§32.2 Understanding the Judicial Audience 238(3)
§32.3 How to Test Your Arguments for Effectiveness 241(5)
§32.4 Argumentation Ethics 246(1)
Chapter 33 Point Headings and Subheadings 247(8)
§33.1 What Point Headings Do 247(1)
§33.2 What Each Point Heading Should Contain 248(1)
§33.3 Subheadings 249(1)
§33.4 How to Test Your Point Headings for Effectiveness 249(2)
Exercise I Hamdan v. Rumsfeld and Bush v. Gore 251(1)
Exercise II Creating a Point Heading 252(3)
Part X Appellate Briefs and Oral Argument
Chapter 34 Appellate Practice 255(4)
§34.1 Introduction to Appeals 255(1)
§34.2 The Roles of the Brief and the Oral Argument 255(1)
§34.3 How Judges Read Appellate Briefs 256(3)
Chapter 35 Writing the Appellate Brief 259(6)
§35.1 Appellate Brief Format 259(2)
§35.2 Three Brief-Writing Suggestions 261(1)
§35.3 What Part of the Brief to Write First 262(1)
§35.4 The Last Step: Creating the Table of Contents and the Table of Authorities 263(2)
Chapter 36 Handling Standards of Review 265(6)
§36.1 The Three Main Standards of Review 265(3)
§36.2 How to Determine Which Standards of Review Govern Your Issues 268(1)
§36.3 How to Use Standards of Review in a Brief 269(2)
Chapter 37 Making Policy Arguments 271(6)
§37.1 Why Policy Is Especially Important in an Appeal 271(1)
§37.2 Types of Policy Arguments 272(2)
§37.3 How to Make a Policy Argument 274(3)
Chapter 38 Questions Presented 277(8)
§38.1 The Purpose of a Question Presented 277(1)
§38.2 Traditional Format 278(1)
§38.3 Alternative Format 279(1)
§38.4 How to Write a Question Presented 280(1)
§38.5 How to Test Your Questions Presented for Effectiveness 280(5)
Chapter 39 Oral Argument 285(12)
§39.1 Three Goals at Oral Argument 285(1)
§39.2 Structure of an Oral Argument 285(2)
§39.3 Questions from the Bench 287(3)
§39.4 Affect, Delivery, and Style 290(1)
§39.5 Formalities and Customs of the Courtroom 291(1)
§39.6 Preparation for Oral Argument 292(5)
Appendices
Appendix A Sample Office Memorandum 297(6)
Appendix B Sample Client Advice Letter 303(6)
Appendix C Sample Motion Memorandum 309(6)
Appendix D Sample Appellant's Brief 315(14)
Appendix E Sample Appellee's Brief 329(16)
Appendix F Troublesome Punctuation 345(8)
Appendix G Troublesome Words 353(4)
Appendix H Document Design 357(8)
Index 365
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