Table Of Contents:
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
CHAPTER 1 Formal Equality 1

A. The Historical Legacy of Women's Treatment in the Law 4

Reading Questions 4

Bradwell v. Illinois 4

Muller v. Oregon 7

Goesart v. Cleary 9

Putting Theory Into Practice 11

B. Formal Quality and the Constitutional Right to Equal Protection 11

1. The Right to Equal, Individualized Treatment 11

Reading Questions 13

Reed v. Reed 13

Frontiero v. Richardson 15

Orr v. Orr 19

Putting Theory Into Practice 21

2. The Right to Equal Group Treatment 22

Reading Questions 23

Stanton v. Stanton 23

Craig v. Boren 24

Notes 29

Putting Theory Into Practice 33

3. Indirect Discrimination: Discrimination Based on Impact, Not Intent 34

Reading Questions 34

Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney 34

Note on Nondiscriminatory and Discriminatory Intent 38

Putting Theory Into Practice 39

C. Formal Equality in Employment 39

1. The Equal Pay Act: Formal Equality Paradigm 40

Reading Questions 41

EEOC v. Madison Community Unit School District No. 12 41

Notes 44

Putting Theory Into Practice 48

2. Title VII: Finding the Limits of Formal Equality 49

a. What Is Discrimination "Based on Sex"? 50

Reading Questions 51

Ezold v. Wolf, Block, Schorr & Solis-Cohen 51

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins 58

Notes 62

Putting Theory Into Practice 69

b. The Special Case of Appearance Regulation 70

Reading Questions 70

Jespersen v. Harrah's Operating Company, Inc. 71

Notes 80

Putting Theory Into Practice 83

c. When Is Discrimination a "Bona Fide Occupational Qualification"? 84

Reading Questions 84

Dothard v. Rawlinson 84

Wilson v. Southwest Airlines Co. 90

Notes 96

Putting Theory Into Practice 99

D. State Public Accommodations Laws and Associational Freedoms 100

Reading Questions 101

Foster v. Back Bay Spas 101

Notes 105

Putting Theory Into Practice 107
CHAPTER 2 Substantive Equality 113

A. Remedying the Effects of Past Discrimination 114

1. Sex-Specific Public Benefits to Remedy Past Societal Discrimination 114

Reading Questions 114

Kahn v. Shevin 114

Note on "Benign" Classifications Favoring Women 117

Putting Theory Into Practice 118

2. "Affirmative Action" in Employment 118

Reading Questions 118

Johnson v. Transportation Agency 119

Notes 126

Putting Theory Into Practice 132

B. Eliminating the Disadvantages of Women's Differences 133

1. Pregnancy 133

Reading Questions 135

California Federal Savings & Loan Association v. Guerra 135

Richard A. Posner, Conservative Feminism 138

Troupe v. May Department Stores Co. 140

UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. 142

Notes 149

Putting Theory Into Practice 154

2. Work and Family 155

Joan Williams, Toward a Reconstructive Feminism: Reconstructing the Relationship of Market Work and Family Work 155

Notes 156

Putting Theory Into Practice 163

C. Recognizing Sex-Linked Average Differences 164

1. Education 164

a. Sex-Segregated Schools 164

Reading Questions 165

United States v. Virginia 166

Notes 179

Putting Theory Into Practice 184

b. School Athletics 185

Reading Questions 187

Cohen v. Brown University 187

Notes 193

Putting Theory Into Practice 197

D. Substantive Equality in the Family 197

1. The Traditional View 198

William Blackstone, 1 Commentaries on the Laws of England 198

2. Modern Divorce 199

3. Equality in the Context of Divorce 203

Reading Questions 203

Joan Williams, Do Wives Own Half? Winning for Wives After Wendt 204

Riehl v. Riehl 206

Putting Theory Into Practice 210

4. Child Custody 211

Reading Questions 213

Patricia Ann S. v. James Daniel S. 213

Ronald K. Henry, "Primary Caretaker": Is It a Ruse? 222

Notes 225

Putting Theory Into Practice 228

5. Unmarried Parents 230

Putting Theory Into Practice 232
CHAPTER 3 Nonsubordination 241

A. Women's Rights and Power in the Liberal State 242

Reading Questions 242

John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of Women 242

Catharine A. MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law 244

B. Sexual Harassment 246

1. Sexual Harassment in the Workplace 246

Reading Questions 247

Catharine A. MacKinnon, The Sexual Harassment of Working Women 247

Kathryn Abrams, Gender Discrimination and the Transformation of Workplace Norms 248

L. Camille Hebert, The Economic Implications of Sexual Harassment for Women 249

Kathryn Abrams, The New Jurisprudence of Sexual Harassment 250

Vicki Schultz, Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment 251

Katherine M. Franke, What's Wrong with Sexual Harassment 251

Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc. 252

Rene v. MGM Grand Hotel, Inc. 255

Notes 259

Putting Theory Into Practice 270

2. Sexual Harassment in Educational Institutions 272

a. School Legal Liability for Sexual Harassment 272

b. Speech and Conduct Codes to Prevent Harassment 274

c. Faculty-Student Dating 275

Putting Theory Into Practice 277

C. Domestic Violence 278

1. Domestic Violence: Legal Strategies for Protecting Victims 278

Reading Questions 281

Stevenson v. Stevenson 281

Notes 287

Putting Theory Into Practice 296

2. Domestic Violence and Substantive Criminal Law 296

Reading Questions 297

People v. Berry 298

Donna K. Coker, Heat of Passion and Wife Killing: Men Who Batter/Men Who Kill 300

State v. Norman 302

Notes 308

Putting Theory Into Practice 314

D. Pornography 315

Reading Questions 316

1. The Feminist Critique of Pornography 316

Catharine A. MacKinnon, Feminism Unmodified: Discourses on Life and Law 316

Catharine A. MacKinnon, Pornography as Defamation and Discrimination 317

2. The Judicial, First Amendment Response 318

American Booksellers Association, Inc. v. Hudnut 318

Nan D. Hunter & Sylvia A. Law, Brief Amid Curiae of Feminist Anti-Censorship Taskforce et al., in American Booksellers Association v. Hudnut 321

Deborah L. Rhode, Speaking of Sex: The Denial of Gender Equality 323

Notes 324

Putting Theory Into Practice 329

E. Sexual Orientation Discrimination 329

1. Can Same-Sex Couples Marry? 330

Reading Questions 330

Jones v. Hallahan 330

In re Marriage Cases 331

Notes 337

Putting Theory Into Practice 343

2. Lesbian Parents 343

Reading Questions 343

In the Matter of Alison D. v. Virginia M. 344

Notes 347

Putting Theory Into Practice 349

3. Employment and Other Forms of Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation 349

Reading Questions 350

Witt v. Department of the Air Force 350

Notes 354

Putting Theory Into Practice 363

F. Women in the Military 363

Reading Questions 363

Kingsley R. Browne, Women at War: An Evolutionary Perspective 364

Notes 365

Putting Theory Into Practice 370
CHAPTER 4 Difference 383

A. The Connection Thesis 383

Reading Questions 384

Robin West, Jurisprudence and Gender 384

Leslie Bender, From Gender Difference to Feminist Solidarity: Using Carol Gilligan and an Ethic of Care in Law 386

Kathryn Abrams, The Second Coming of Care 388

Mary Becker, Care and Feminists 390

Note on Women and the Ethic of Care 390

Putting Theory Into Practice 391

B. The Legal and Policy Implications 391

Reading Questions 392

Leslie Bender, A Lawyer's Primer on Feminist Theory and Tort 392

Richard A. Posner, Conservative Feminism 394

Kingsley R. Browne, Sex and Temperament in Modern Society: A Darwinian View of the Glass Ceiling and the Gender Gap 395

Notes 396

Putting Theory Into Practice 400

C. Work and Family 401

Reading Questions 401

Martha Albertson Fineman, Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self- Sufficiency 402

Vicki Schultz, Life's Work 405

Dorothy Roberts, Spiritual and Menial Housework 408

Notes 410

Putting Theory Into Practice 414

D. Women in the Justice System 414

Reading Questions 414

1. Judges 414

Judith Resnik, On the Bias: Feminist Reconsiderations of the Aspirations for Our Judges 414

In re Marriage of Iverson 416

Notes 418

Putting Theory Into Practice 423

2. Juries 425

Reading Questions 425

J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B. 426

Note on Equality and Impartiality in the Jury Context 433

Putting Theory Into Practice 434

3. Criminal Sentencing 435

Putting Theory Into Practice 439
CHAPTER 5 Autonomy 445

A. Sex and Consent 446

1. "Statutory" Rape: The (Ir)relevance of Consent 446

Reading Questions 446

Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County 446

Wendy W. Williams, The Equality Crisis: Some Reflections on Culture, Courts, and Feminism 454

Notes 454

Putting Theory Into Practice 458

2. Defining and Explaining Rape: Distinguishing Consent and Nonconsent 459

Reading Questions 460

Catharine A. MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State 461

Susan Estrich, Rape 461

State v. Alberts 463

Notes 467

Putting Theory Into Practice 474

3. Acquaintance Rape 475

Reading Questions 476

Karen M. Kramer, Note, Rule by Myth: The Social and Legal Dynamics Governing Alcohol-Related Acquaintance Rapes 476

Notes 477

Putting Theory Into Practice 480

4. Rape, War, and the Military: Violence Against Women as a Human Rights Issue 481

5. Marital Rape 483

6. Prostitution: Consent Under Conditions of Constraint 484

Dorchen Liedholdt, Prostitution: A Violation of Women's Human Rights 486

Margaret Jane Raclin, The Pragmatist and the Feminist 487

Notes 488

Putting Theory Into Practice 499

B. Pregnancy and Autonomy 500

1. Control of Conception and Other Aspects of Women's Health 500

Reading Questions 500

Griswold v. Connecticut 501

Notes 502

Putting Theory Into Practice 505

2. Abortion 506

Reading Questions 507

Roe v. Wade 507

Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey 510

Reva Siegel, Reasoning from the Body: A Historical Perspective on Abortion Regulation and Questions of Equal Protection 517

Robin West, The Supreme Court 1989 Term, Foreword: Taking Freedom Seriously 519

Gonzales v. Carhart 520

Reva B. Siegel, Dignity and the Politics of Protection: Abortion Restrictions Under Casey/Carhart 526

Notes 528

Putting Theory Into Practice 539

3. The Pregnant Woman and Fetus as Adversaries 540

Putting Theory Into Practice 543

C. Economic Autonomy and Women's Poverty 544

Reading Questions 545

Judith Koons, Motherhood, Marriage and Morality: The Pro-Marriage Moral Discourse of American Welfare Policy 545

Martha Albertson Fineman, Cracking the Foundational Myths: Independence, Autonomy, and Self-Sufficiency 548

Vicki Schultz, Life's Work 549

Notes 551

Putting Theory Into Practice 555
CHAPTER 6 Identity 567

A. Differences Among Women and the Problem of Intersectionality 568

Reading Questions 568

Devon W. Carbado & Mitu Gulati, The Fifth Black Woman 568

Notes 574

Putting Theory Into Practice 578

B. What Is a Woman? The Special Case of Transgender 579

Reading Questions 580

Kantaras v. Kantaras 580

Schroer v. Billington 583

Elvia R. Arriola, Law and the Gendered Politics of Identity: Who Owns the Label "Lesbian"? 587

Notes 589

Putting Theory Into Practice 594

C. Differences Among Men 595

Reading Questions 595

Michael Kimmel, Integrating Men into the Curriculum 595

Joan C. Williams, Femmes, Tomboys, and Real Men: Placing Masculinity at the Core of a Feminist Analysis 597

Notes 601

Putting Theory Into Practice 602

D. The Primacy of Gender 602

Reading Questions 603

Bah v. Mukasey 603

L. Amede Obiora, Bridges and Barricades: Rethinking Polemics and Intransigence in the Campaign Against Female Circumcision 606

Madhavi Sunder, Piercing the Veil 608

Notes 610

Putting Theory Into Practice 614

E. The Category "Feminist" 615

Reading Questions 616

Janet Halley et al., Gender, Sexuality, and Power: Is Feminist Theory Enough? 616

Catharine A. MacKinnon, Women's Lives, Men's Laws 622

Putting Theory Into Practice 624
Table of Cases 629
Table of Terms 637
Index 639