Table Of Contents:
Preface xix

Introduction 1(10)

Introduction to Power Processing 1(6)

Several Applications of Power Electronics 7(2)

Elements of Power Electronics 9(2)

References
I Converters in Equilibrium 11(174)

Principles of Steady State Converter Analysis 13(26)

Introduction 13(2)

Inductor Volt-Second Balance, Capacitor Charge Balance, and the Small-Ripple Approximation 15(7)

Boost Converter Example 22(5)

Cuk Converter Example 27(4)

Estimating the Output Voltage Ripple in Converters Containing Two-Pole Low-Pass Filters 31(3)

Summary of Key Points 34(5)

References 34(1)

Problems 35(4)

Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency 39(24)

The DC Transformer Model 39(3)

Inclusion of Inductor Copper Loss 42(3)

Construction of Equivalent Circuit Model 45(5)

Inductor Voltage Equation 46(1)

Capacitor Current Equation 46(1)

Complete Circuit Model 47(1)

Efficiency 48(2)

How to Obtain the Input Port of the Model 50(2)

Example: Inclusion of Semiconductor Conduction Losses in the Boost Converter Model 52(4)

Summary of Key Points 56(7)

References 56(1)

Problems 57(6)

Switch Realization 63(44)

Switch Applications 65(9)

Single-Quadrant Switches 65(2)

Current-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches 67(4)

Voltage-Bidirectional Two-Quadrant Switches 71(1)

Four-Quadrant Switches 72(1)

Synchronous Rectifiers 73(1)

A Brief Survey of Power Semiconductor Devices 74(18)

Power Diodes 75(3)

Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) 78(3)

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) 81(5)

Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) 86(2)

Thyristors (SCR, GTO, MCT) 88(4)

Switching Loss 92(9)

Transistor Switching with Clamped Inductive Load 93(3)

Diode Recovered Charge 96(2)

Device Capacitances, and Leakage, Package, and Stray Inductances 98(2)

Efficiency vs. Switching Frequency 100(1)

Summary of Key Points 101(6)

References 102(1)

Problems 103(4)

The Discontinuous Conduction Mode 107(24)

Origin of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode, and Mode Boundary 108(4)

Analysis of the Conversion Ratio M(D.K) 112(5)

Boost Converter Example 117(7)

Summary of Results and Key Points 124(7)

Problems 126(5)

Converter Circuits 131(54)

Circuit Manipulations 132(11)

Inversion of Source and Load 132(2)

Cascade Connection of Converters 134(3)

Rotation of Three-Terminal Cell 137(1)

Differential Connection of the Load 138(5)

A Short List of Converters 143(3)

Transformer Isolation 146(25)

Full-Bridge and Half-Bridge Isolated Buck Converters 149(5)

Forward Converter 154(5)

Push-Pull Isolated Buck Converter 159(2)

Flyback Converter 161(4)

Boost-Derived Isolated Converters 165(3)

Isolated Versions of the SEPIC and the Cuk Converter 168(3)

Converter Evaluation and Design 171(6)

Switch Stress and Utilization 171(3)

Design Using Computer Spreadsheet 174(3)

Summary of Key Points 177(8)

References 177(2)

Problems 179(6)
II Converter Dynamics and Control 185(304)

AC Equivalent Circuit Modeling 187(78)

Introduction 187(5)

The Basic AC Modeling Approach 192(21)

Averaging the Inductor Waveforms 193(1)

Discussion of the Averaging Approximation 194(2)

Averaging the Capacitor Waveforms 196(1)

The Average Input Current 197(1)

Perturbation and Linearization 197(4)

Construction of the Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit Model 201(1)

Discussion of the Perturbation and Linearization Step 202(2)

Results for Several Basic Converters 204(1)

Example: A Nonideal Flyback Converter 204(9)

State-Space Averaging 213(13)

The State Equations of a Network 213(3)

The Basic State-Space Averaged Model 216(1)

Discussion of the State-Space Averaging Result 217(4)

Example: State-Space Averaging of a Nonideal Buck-Boost Converter 221(5)

Circuit Averaging and Averaged Switch Modeling 226(21)

Obtaining a Time-Invariant Circuit 228(1)

Circuit Averaging 229(3)

Perturbation and Linearization 232(3)

Switch Networks 235(7)

Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Conduction Losses 242(2)

Example: Averaged Switch Modeling of Switching Losses 244(3)

The Canonical Circuit Model 247(6)

Development of the Canonical Circuit Model 248(2)

Example: Manipulation of the Buck-Boost Converter Model into Canonical Form 250(2)

Canonical Circuit Parameter Values for Some Common Converters 252(1)

Modeling the Pulse-Width Modulator 253(3)

Summary of Key Points 256(9)

References 257(1)

Problems 258(7)

Converter Transfer Functions 265(66)

Review of Bode Plots 267(26)

Single Pole Response 269(6)

Single Zero Response 275(1)

Right Half-Plane Zero 276(1)

Frequency Inversion 277(1)

Combinations 278(4)

Quadratic Pole Response: Resonance 282(5)

The Low-Q Approximation 287(2)

Approximate Roots of an Arbitrary-Degree Polynomial 289(4)

Analysis of Converter Transfer Functions 293(9)

Example: Transfer Functions of the Buck-Boost Converter 294(6)

Transfer Functions of Some Basic CCM Converters 300(1)

Physical Origins of the RHP Zero in Converters 300(2)

Graphical Construction of Impedances and Transfer Functions 302(11)

Series Impedances: Addition of Asymptotes 303(2)

Series Resonant Circuit Example 305(3)

Parallel Impedances: Inverse Addition of Asymptotes 308(1)

Parallel Resonant Circuit Example 309(2)

Voltage Divider Transfer Functions: Division of Asymptotes 311(2)

Graphical Construction of Converter Transfer Functions 313(4)

Measurement of AC Transfer Functions and Impedances 317(4)

Summary of Key Points 321(10)

References 322(1)

Problems 322(9)

Controller Design 331(46)

Introduction 331(3)

Effect of Negative Feedback on the Network Transfer Functions 334(3)

Feedback Reduces the Transfer Functions from Disturbances to the Output 335(2)

Feedback Causes the Transfer Function from the Reference Input to the Output to be Insensitive to Variations in the Gains in the Forward Path of the Loop 337(1)

Construction of the Important Quantities 1/(1 + T) and T/(1 + T) and the Closed-Loop Transfer Functions 337(3)

Stability 340(7)

The Phase Margin Test 341(1)

The Relationship Between Phase Margin and Closed-Loop Damping Factor 342(4)

Transient Response vs. Damping Factor 346(1)

Regulator Design 347(15)

Lead (PD) Compensator 348(3)

Lag (PI) Compensator 351(2)

Combined (PID) Compensator 353(1)

Design Example 354(8)

Measurement of Loop Gains 362(7)

Voltage Injection 364(3)

Current Injection 367(1)

Measurement of Unstable Systems 368(1)

Summary of Key Points 369(8)

References 369(1)

Problems 369(8)

Input Filter Design 377(32)

Introduction 377(4)

Conducted EMI 377(2)

The Input Filter Design Problem 379(2)

Effect of an Input Filter on Converter Transfer Functions 381(4)

Discussion 382(2)

Impedance Inequalities 384(1)

Buck Converter Example 385(7)

Effect of Undamped Input Filter 385(6)

Damping the Input Filter 391(1)

Design of a Damped Input Filter 392(11)

Rf-Cb Parallel Damping 395(1)

Rf-Lb Parallel Damping 396(2)

Rf-Lb Series Damping 398(1)

Cascading Filter Sections 398(2)

Example: Two Stage Input Filter 400(3)

Summary of Key Points 403(6)

References 405(1)

Problems 406(3)

AC and DC Equivalent Circuit Modeling of the Discontinuous Conduction Mode 409(30)

DCM Averaged Switch Model 410(10)

Small-Signal AC Modeling of the DCM Switch Network 420(11)

Example: Control-to-Output Frequency Response of a DCM Boost Converter 428(1)

Example: Control-to-Output Frequency Responses of a CCM/DCM SEPIC 429(2)

High-Frequecy Dynamics of Converters in DCM 431(3)

Summary of Key Points 434(5)

References 434(1)

Problems 435(4)

Current Programmed Control 439(50)

Oscillation for D > 0.5 441(8)

A Simple First-Order Model 449(10)

Simple Model via Algebraic Approach: Buck-Boost Example 450(4)

Averaged Switch Modeling 454(5)

A More Accurate Model 459(14)

Current-Programmed Controller Model 459(3)

Solution of the CPM Transfer Functions 462(3)

Discussion 465(1)

Current-Programmed Transfer Functions of the CCM Buck Converter 466(3)

Results for Basic Converters 469(2)

Quantitative Effects of Current-Programmed Control on the Converter Transfer Functions 471(2)

Discontinuous Conduction Mode 473(7)

Summary of Key Points 480(9)

References 481(1)

Problems 482(7)
III Magnetics 489(98)

Basic Magnetics Theory 491(48)

Review of Basic Magnetics 491(10)

Basic Relationships 491(7)

Magnetic Circuits 498(3)

Transformer Modeling 501(5)

The Ideal Transformer 502(1)

The Magnetizing Inductance 502(2)

Leakage Inductances 504(2)

Loss Mechanisms in Magnetic Devices 506(2)

Core Loss 506(2)

Low-Frequency Copper Loss 508(1)

Eddy Currents in Winding Conductors 508(17)

Introduction to the Skin and Proximity Effects 508(4)

Leakage Flux in Windings 512(2)

Foil Windings and Layers 514(1)

Power Loss in a Layer 515(3)

Example: Power Loss in a Transformer Winding 518(2)

Interleaving the Windings 520(2)

PWM Waveform Harmonics 522(3)

Several Types of Magnetic Devices, Their B-H Loops, and Core vs. Copper Loss 525(6)

Filter Inductor 525(2)

AC Inductor 527(1)

Transformer 528(1)

Coupled Inductor 529(1)

Flyback Transformer 530(1)

Summary of Key Points 531(8)

References 532(1)

Problems 533(6)

Inductor Design 539(26)

Filter Inductor Design Constraints 539(5)

Maximum Flux Density 541(1)

Inductance 542(1)

Winding Area 542(1)

Winding Resistance 543(1)

The Core Geometrical Constant Kg 543(1)

A Step-by-Step Procedure 544(1)

Multiple-Winding Magnetics Design via the Kg Method 545(9)

Window Area Allocation 545(5)

Coupled Inductor Design Constraints 550(2)

Design Procedure 552(2)

Examples 554(8)

Coupled Inductor for a Two-Output Forward Converter 554(3)

CCM Flyback Transformer 557(5)

Summary of Key Points 562(3)

References 562(1)

Problems 563(2)

Transformer Design 565(22)

Transformer Design: Basic Constraints 565(5)

Core Loss 566(1)

Flux Density 566(1)

Copper Loss 567(1)

Total Power Loss vs. δB 568(1)

Optimum Flux Density 569(1)

A Step-by-Step Transformer Design Procedure 570(3)

Examples 573(7)

Example 1: Single-Output Isolated Cuk Converter 573(3)

Example 2: Multiple-Output Full-Bridge Buck Converter 576(4)

AC Inductor Design 580(3)

Outline of Derivation 580(2)

Step-by-Step AC Inductor Design Procedure 582(1)

Summary 583(4)

References 583(1)

Problems 584(3)
IV Modern Rectifiers and Power System Harmonics 587(116)

Power and Harmonics in Nonsinusoidal Systems 589(20)

Average Power 590(3)

Root-Mean-Square (RMS) Value of a Waveform 593(1)

Power Factor 594(4)

Linear Resistive Load, Nonsinusoidal Voltage 594(1)

Nonlinear Dynamic Load, Sinusoidal Voltage 595(3)

Power Phasors in Sinusoidal Systems 598(1)

Harmonic Currents in Three-Phase Systems 599(4)

Harmonic Currents in Three-Phase Four-Wire Networks 599(2)

Harmonic Currents in Three-Phase Three-Wire Networks 601(1)

Harmonic Current Flow in Power Factor Correction Capacitors 602(1)

AC Line Current Harmonic Standards 603(6)

International Electrotechnical Commission Standard 1000 603(1)

IEEE/ANSI Standard 519 604(1)

Bibliography 605(1)

Problems 605(4)

Line-Commutated Rectifiers 609(28)

The Single-Phase Full-Wave Rectifier 609(6)

Continuous Conduction Mode 610(1)

Discontinuous Conduction Mode 611(1)

Behavior when C is Large 612(1)

Minimizing THD when C is Small 613(2)

The Three-Phase Bridge Rectifier 615(2)

Continuous Conduction Mode 615(1)

Discontinuous Conduction Mode 616(1)

Phase Control 617(5)

Inverter Mode 619(1)

Harmonics and Power Factor 619(1)

Commutation 620(2)

Harmonic Trap Filters 622(6)

Transformer Connections 628(2)

Summary 630(7)

References 631(1)

Problems 632(5)

Pulse-Width Modulated Rectifiers 637(66)

Properties of the Ideal Rectifier 638(2)

Realization of a Near-Ideal Rectifier 640(8)

CCM Boost Converter 642(4)

DCM Flyback Converter 646(2)

Control of the Current Waveform 648(15)

Average Current Control 648(6)

Current Programmed Control 654(3)

Critical Conduction Mode and Hysteretic Control 657(2)

Nonlinear Carrier Control 659(4)

Single-Phase Converter Systems Incorporating Ideal Rectifiers 663(10)

Energy Storage 663(5)

Modeling the Outer Low-Bandwidth Control System 668(5)

RMS Values of Rectifier Waveforms 673(5)

Boost Rectifier Example 674(2)

Comparison of Single-Phase Rectifier Topologies 676(2)

Modeling Losses and Efficiency in CCM High-Quality Rectifiers 678(7)

Expression for Controller Duty Cycle d(t) 679(2)

Expression for the DC Load Current 681(2)

Solution for Converter Efficiency η 683(1)

Design Example 684(1)

Ideal Three-Phase Rectifiers 685(6)

Summary of Key Points 691(12)

References 692(4)

Problems 696(7)
V Resonant Converters 703(100)

Resonant Conversion 705(56)

Sinusoidal Analysis of Resonant Converters 709(6)

Controlled Switch Network Model 710(1)

Modeling the Rectifier and Capacitive Filter Networks 711(2)

Resonant Tank Network 713(1)

Solution of Converter Voltage Conversion Ratio M = V/Vg 714(1)

Examples 715(6)

Series Resonant DC-DC Converter Example 715(2)

Subharmonic Modes of the Series Resonant Converter 717(1)

Parallel Resonant DC-DC Converter Example 718(3)

Soft Switching 721(5)

Operation of the Full Bridge Below Resonance: Zero-Current Switching 722(1)

Operation of the Full Bridge Above Resonance: Zero-Voltage Switching 723(3)

Load-Dependent Properties of Resonant Converters 726(14)

Inverter Output Characteristics 727(2)

Dependence of Transistor Current on Load 729(5)

Dependence of the ZVS/ZCS Boundary on Load Resistance 734(3)

Another Example 737(3)

Exact Characteristics of the Series and Parallel Resonant Converters 740(12)

Series Resonant Converter 740(8)

Parallel Resonant Converter 748(4)

Summary of Key Points 752(9)

References 752(3)

Problems 755(6)

Soft Switching 761(42)

Soft-Switching Mechanisms of Semiconductor Devices 762(6)

Diode Switching 763(2)

MOSFET Switching 765(3)

IGBT Switching 768(1)

The Zero-Current-Switching Quasi-Resonant Switch Cell 768(13)

Waveforms of the Half-Wave ZCS Quasi-Resonant Switch Cell 770(4)

The Average Terminal Waveforms 774(5)

The Full-Wave ZCS Quasi-Resonant Switch Cell 779(2)

Resonant Switch Topologies 781(9)

The Zero-Voltage-Switching Quasi-Resonant Switch 783(1)

The Zero-Voltage-Switching Multi-Resonant Switch 784(3)

Quasi-Square-Wave Resonant Switches 787(3)

Soft Switching in PWM Converters 790(7)

The Zero-Voltage Transition Full-Bridge Converter 791(3)

The Auxiliary Switch Approach 794(2)

Auxiliary Resonant Commutated Pole 796(1)

Summary of Key Points 797(6)

References 798(2)

Problems 800(3)
Appendices 803(68)

Appendix A RMS Values of Commonly-Observed Converter Waveforms 805(8)

A.1 Some Common Waveforms 805(4)

A.2 General Piecewise Waveform 809(4)

Appendix B Simulation of Converters 813(30)

B.1 Averaged Switch Models for Continuous Conduction Mode 815(1)

B.1.1 Basic CCM Averaged Switch Model 815(1)

B.1.2 CCM Subcircuit Model that Includes Switch Conduction Losses 816(2)

B.1.3 Example: SEPIC DC Conversion Ratio and Efficiency 818(1)

B.1.4 Example: Transient Response of a Buck-Boost Converter 819(3)

B.2 Combined CCM/DCM Averaged Switch Model 822(3)

B.2.1 Example: SEPIC Frequency Responses 825(2)

B.2.2 Example: Loop Gain and Closed-Loop Responses of a Buck Voltage Regulator 827(5)

B.2.3 Example: DCM Boost Rectifier 832(2)

B.3 Current Programmed Control 834(1)

B.3.1 Current Programmed Mode Model for Simulation 834(3)

B.3.2 Example: Frequency Responses of a Buck Converter with Current Programmed Control 837(3)

References 840(3)

Appendix C Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem 843(20)

C.1 Basic Result 843(3)

C.2 Derivation 846(3)

C.3 Discussion 849(1)

C.4 Examples 850(1)

C.4.1 A Simple Transfer Function 850(5)

C.4.2 An Unmodeled Element 855(2)

C.4.3 Addition of an Input Filter to a Converter 857(2)

C.4.4 Dependence of Transistor Current on Load in a Resonant Inverter 859(2)

References 861(2)

Appendix D Magnetics Design Tables 863(8)

D.1 Pot Core Data 864(1)

D.2 EE Core Data 865(1)

D.3 EC Core Data 866(1)

D.4 ETD Core Data 866(1)

D.5 PQ Core Data 867(1)

D.6 American Wire Gauge Data 868(1)

References 869(2)
Index 871