Table Of Contents:
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv

I SOFTWARE LAW 1(4)

Trade Secret Protection 3(2)

Uniform Trade Secrets Act Section 1 5(576)

The Secrecy Requirement 6(8)

Rivendell Forest Products v. Georgia-Pacific Corp. 6(5)

Rivendell Forest Products v. Georgia-Pacific Corp. 11(3)

Disclosure of Trade Secrets 14(6)

Data General Corp. v. Digital Computer Controls, Inc. 14(5)

Problem 19(1)

Misappropriation 20(7)

Comprehensive Technologies International, Inc. v. Software Artisans, Inc. 20(6)

Problem 26(1)

Reverse Engineering 27(6)

Note on Encryption 30(1)

Problem 31(2)

Copyright Law 33(116)

The Origins of Copyright Protection for Computer Software 33(2)

The Scope of Software Copyright 35(59)

Protection for Literal Elements of Program Code 35(3)

Problem 38(1)

Protection for Nonliteral Elements of Program Code 39(2)

Computer Associates International v. Altai, Inc. 41(15)

Problems 56(2)

Protection for Functional Elements and Protocols 58(1)

Lotus Development Corp. v. Borland International 59(15)

Note on the Protection of Computer Protocols After Lotus 74(2)

Protection for Program Outputs: Screen Displays 76(2)

Problem 78(1)

Note on the Copyrightability of Computer-Generated Works 79(2)

Problems 81(1)

Data East USA, Inc. v. Epyx, Inc. 82(4)

Protection for Program Outputs: User Interfaces 86(1)

Apple Computer, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. 87(7)

Problem 94(1)

Exclusive Rights in Computer Programs 94(15)

The Right to Make ``Copies'' 94(3)

Note on the ``Special'' Problem of Multimedia 97(2)

Copies and Section 117 99(4)

Derivative Works 103(1)

Midway Manufacturing Co. v. Artic International, Inc. 103(4)

Note on Derivative Works and Section 117 107(1)

Problem 108(1)

Fair Use 109(13)

Lewis Galoob Toys, Inc. v. Nintendo of America, Inc. 110(5)

Micro Star v. Formgen Inc. 115(7)

Reverse Engineering 122(17)

Sega Enterprises Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc. 123(15)

Note on Reverse Engineering and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 138(1)

Problem 139(1)

Copyright Misuse 139(10)

Lasercomb America, Inc. v. Reynolds 139(10)

Patent Protection 149(80)

Is Software Patentable Subject Matter? 149(39)

The Patentability of Mathematical Algorithms 150(1)

Gottschalk v. Benson 150(5)

Note on the ``Mental Steps'' Doctrine 155(4)

Diamond v. Diehr 159(4)

Note on ``Floppy Disk'' Claims 163(4)

Problems 167(1)

State Street Bank & Trust v. Signature Financial Services 168(4)

AT&T Corp. v. Excel Communications, Inc. 172(8)

Problem 180(1)

Software as a ``Method of Doing Business'' 181(1)

State Street Bank & Trust v. Signature Financial Services 181(3)

Note on Musgrave and the ``Technological Arts'' 184(4)

Examination and Validity of Software Patents 188(25)

Novelty and Nonobviousness 188(1)

Netscape Communications Corp. v. Konrad 188(7)

Lockwood v. American Airlines, Inc. 195(4)

Note on Obviousness and Computer-Implemented Inventions 199(2)

Section 102(g), the Software Industry, and Prior User Rights 201(2)

Note on Prior User Rights for Business Method Patents 203(2)

Enablement of Software Inventions 205(2)

Best Mode and Software 207(1)

Fonar Corp. v. General Electric Co. 207(6)

Infringement 213(11)

Alpex Computer Corporation v. Nintendo Company Ltd. 213(8)

Note on the Optimal Breadth of Software Patents 221(3)

Design Patents for Software 224(5)

Ex Parte Donaldson 224(5)

Trademarks and Trade Dress 229(32)

Protecting Programs Through Trademark 230(6)

Note on Protection of Product Configurations 230(1)

Trade Dress Protection for Computer User Interface ``Look and Feel'' 231(4)

Lauren Fisher Kellner

Problems 235(1)

Compatibility and Standardization 236(18)

Creative Labs, Inc. v. Cyrix Corporation 236(7)

Problem 243(1)

Sun Microsystems, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. 244(10)

Trademarks as Lockout Devices 254(7)

Sega Enterprises, Ltd. v. Accolade, Inc. 254(7)

Sui Generis Protection of Computer Technology 261(38)

The Semiconductor Chip Protection Act 263(12)

Brooktree Corp. v. Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. 264(11)

Problem 275(1)

Sui Generis Protection For Databases 275(11)

Warren Publishing, Inc. v. Microdos Data Corp. 276(10)

Proposals for Sui Generis Protection for Software 286(13)

Tailoring Legal Protection for Computer Software 287(3)

Peter S. Menell

A Manifesto Concerning the Legal Protection of Computer Programs 290(9)

Pamela Samuelson

Software Licensing 299(88)

License Versus Sale 300(17)

Microsoft Corp. v. Harmony Computers & Electronics, Inc. 301(3)

Softman Products Company v. Adobe Systems Inc. 304(11)

Note on the Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act 315(2)

What Is at Stake in the License Versus Sale Debate 317(7)

Bundling 317(1)

Price Discrimination 318(1)

Price Discrimination, Personal Use and Piracy: Copyright Protection of Digital Works 319(3)

Michael J. Meurer

Control After Resale 322(2)

Contract Formation, Enforcement, and Warranties 324(39)

Contract Formation 324(1)

Shrinkwrap Licenses 324(1)

Step-Saver Data Systems v. Wyse Technology 324(8)

ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg 332(9)

``Clickwrap'' Licenses, Browsewrap Licenses, and Electronic Commerce 341(1)

Specht v. Netscape Communications Corp. 342(8)

Hill v. Gateway 2000, Inc. 350(5)

Problems 355(1)

Extra-Legal Enforcement: Self-Help and the Like 355(1)

American Computer Trust Leasing v. Jack Farrell Implement Co. 356(3)

Warranties and Disclaimers 359(1)

Neilson Business Equipment Center, Inc. v. Monteleone 359(4)

The Contract-Intellectual Property Boundary 363(12)

Vault Corp. v. Quaid Software Ltd. 363(5)

ProCD, Inc. v. Zeidenberg 368(5)

Note on Supremacy Clause Preemption 373(2)

Open Source Licensing 375(7)

GNU General Public License 376(6)

Software Consulting Agreements 382(5)

Employee or Consultant? 382(3)

Rights to Re-Use Software 385(2)

Antitrust in the Computer Industry 387(80)

Principles of Antitrust Law 387(5)

The Scope of Antitrust Law 387(3)

Note on Antitrust Theory 390(1)

Intellectual Property and Antitrust Law 391(1)

Monopolization 392(41)

Defining the Market 392(5)

Allen-Myland, Inc. v. International Business Machines Corp. 397(7)

Telex Corp. v. IBM Corp. 404(1)

Problem 404(1)

Anticompetitive Conduct 405(1)

Enforcing Intellectual Property Rights 405(1)

Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp. 405(3)

Exclusionary Practices 408(1)

United States v. Microsoft Corporation 408(10)

Transamerica Computer Co. v. IBM Corp. 418(2)

Unilateral Refusals to Deal 420(1)

Data General Corp. v. Grumman Systems Support Corp. 420(9)

Note on a Monopolist's Duty to Disclose 429(4)

Agreements to Restrain Trade 433(34)

Vertical Restraints 433(1)

Tying Arrangements 433(1)

Virtual Maintenance, Inc. v. Prime Computer, Inc. 434(7)

Problems 441(1)

Note on Tying and Product Integration 442(4)

Note on ``Open Access'' to the Internet 446(3)

Licensing Restrictions 449(2)

Note on Intellectual Property and Exclusive Dealing 451(1)

Problem 452(1)

Note on Other Common Licensing Restrictions 453(2)

Horizontal Restraints 455(2)

Industry Standardization 457(1)

Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Columbia Broadcasting System, Inc. 457(5)

Note on Standards, Interoperability, and Standard-Setting Organizations 462(4)

Problem 466(1)

International Protection of Computer Technology 467(114)

Trade Secrecy 469(9)

Northern Office Micro Computers (Pty) Ltd. v. Rosenstein 469(4)

Computer Workshops Ltd. v. Banner Capital Market Brokers Ltd. 473(3)

Note on TRIPs and Trade Secret Protection 476(2)

Copyright 478(42)

Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Japan 480(1)

Dennis S. Karjala, Programs and Data Files Under Japanese Law 481(3)

The European Union and Its Member States 484(1)

IBCOS Computers Ltd. v. Barclay's Mercantile Highland Finance Ltd. 485(7)

EC Council Directive on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs 492(6)

Copyright in Computer Programs in Australia 498(1)

Data Access Corporation v. Powerflex Services Pty Ltd. 498(21)

Copyright in Computer Programs in Canada 519(1)

Patents 520(21)

IBM/Text Processing 523(5)

Petterson/Queuing System 528(4)

Computer Program Product Claims Allowed by the European Patent Office---Impact on Software Patent Claiming 532(4)

Thomas C. Vinje

Note on the Japanese Patent Office Guidelines 536(2)

Note on International Patent Treaties and Substantive Harmonization 538(3)

Semiconductor Chip Design Protection 541(2)

Database Protection 543(9)

Xuqiong (Joanna) Wu, E.C. Database Directive 545(7)

Trademark Protection 552(9)

United States Trademarks Abroad: The 552(1)

Failure (So Far) of Internationalization 552(1)

Foreign Trademarks in the United States: 553(1)

Limited Internationalization 553(2)

``Gray-Market'' Goods 555(1)

Microsoft Corp. v. Computer Future Distribution Ltd. 556(5)

Contracts and Licensing 561(4)

Shrinkwrap Licenses Abroad 561(3)

Andrea Migdal

Imprimatur, Report on Formation and Validity of On-Line Contracts in the European Union 564(1)

Antitrust and Competition Policy 565(11)

Radio Telefis Eireann (RTE) and Independent Television Publications Ltd. (ITP) v. Commission of the European Communities 566(10)

Extraterritoriality 576(5)

Expediters International of Washington, Inc. v. Direct Line Cargo Management Services, Inc. 576(5)

II INTERNET LAW 581(454)

Jurisdiction and Choice of Law 583(46)

Personal Jurisdiction for Online Activities 584(25)

Cybersell, Inc. v. Cybersell, Inc. 584(8)

Zippo Manufacturing Co. v. Zippo Dot Com, Inc. 592(8)

ALS Scan, Inc. v. Digital Service Consultants, Inc. 600(5)

GTE New Media Services Inc. v. Bellsouth Corp. 605(4)

Jurisdiction in International Tort Cases 609(7)

Bochan v. LaFontaine 609(7)

International Jurisdiction 616(11)

Yahoo!, Inc. v. la Ligue Contre le Racisme et l' Antisemitisme 617(10)

Choice of Law 627(2)

Intellectual Property in Cyberspace 629(170)

Trademark Law 629(74)

Domain Names and Cybersquatting 629(1)

Trademark Infringement and Dilution 630(1)

Panavision International, L.P. v. Toeppen 631(7)

Avery Dennison Corporation v. Sumpton 638(9)

Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc. v. Bucci 647(12)

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Doughney 659(5)

Anticybersquatting Consumer Protection Act 664(1)

Shields v. Zuccarini 665(6)

People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals v. Doughney 671(5)

The Uniform Dispute Resolution Process 676(6)

Other Uses of Trademarks 682(1)

Metatagging 683(1)

Brookfield Communications, Inc. v. West Coast Entertainment Corporation 683(9)

Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Welles 692(7)

Keyword Buys 699(1)

Playboy Enterprises, Inc. v. Excite, Inc. 699(4)

Copyright Law 703(70)

Direct Infringement 703(1)

Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp. 703(14)

Liability of Internet Service and Access Providers 717(1)

Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc. 717(11)

Contributory and Vicarious Liability for Copyright Infringement 728(1)

A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc. 728(17)

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act's Anticircumvention Rules 745(1)

Intellectual Property and the Digital Economy: Why the Anti-Circumvention Regulations Need to Be Revised 746(5)

Pamela Samuelson

Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes 751(20)

Problems 771(2)

Patent Law 773(26)

Patentability 773(1)

Amazon.com, Inc. v. Barnesandnoble.com, Inc. 774(7)

Infringement 781(1)

Interactive Gift Express, Inc. v. Compuserve, Inc. 781(10)

British Telecommunications Plc. v. Prodigy Communications Corp. 791(6)

Note on Contributory Infringement and Inducing Infringement 797(2)

Content Regulation 799(60)

Defamation 799(10)

Zeran v. America Online 799(6)

Blumenthal v. Drudge 805(4)

Indecent or Obscene Communications 809(50)

Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union 809(17)

Ashcroft v. American Civil Liberties Union 826(16)

American Library Ass'n v. United States 842(17)

Privacy, Anonymity and Encryption 859(62)

Statutory and Common Law Claims to Protect Online Privacy 859(22)

In re Pharmatrak, Inc. Privacy Litigation 859(10)

Smyth v. Pillsbury Co. 869(3)

Konop v. Hawaiian Airlines, Inc. 872(9)

Online Anonymous Speech and the First Amendment 881(13)

In re Subpoena Duces Tecum to America Online, Inc. 881(3)

Doe v. 2TheMart.com Inc. 884(6)

McVeigh v. Cohen 890(4)

Third Party Liability for Disclosure of Illegally Obtained Private Information 894(10)

Bartnicki v. Vopper 894(10)

Fourth Amendment As Applied to Online Privacy 904(8)

United States v. Slanina 904(8)

Encryption Policy 912(9)

Bernstein v. United States Department of Justice 912(9)

Unauthorized Access 921(62)

Spam 921(19)

CompuServe Incorporated v. Cyber Promotions, Inc. 921(8)

Ferguson v. Friendfinders, Inc. 929(11)

Trespass to Chattels 940(12)

eBay, Inc. v. Bidder's Edge, Inc. 940(11)

Problems 951(1)

Computer Crimes 952(31)

United States v. Morris 952(7)

United States v. Riggs 959(10)

Note on Civil Uses of the CFAA 969(5)

United States v. Ivanov 974(9)

Electronic Commerce 983(36)

Background on Electronic Commerce 983(12)

The Next Economy? 984(11)

J. Bradford De Long

A. Michael Froomkin

Online Contracts and Payments 995(17)

In re Realnetworks, Inc., Privacy Litigation 995(4)

Note on Electronic Signature Legislation 999(6)

Problem 1005(1)

Jane Kaufman Winn, The Emerging Law of Electronic Commerce 1005(6)

Note on International Harmonization and Electronic Commerce 1011(1)

Internet Taxation 1012(7)

Internet Tax Freedom Act 1012(7)

Internet Governance 1019(16)

David R. Johnson & David G. Post, And How Shall the Net Be Governed? A Meditation on the Relative Virtues of Decentralized, Emergent Law 1019(16)
Glossary 1035(12)
Table of Cases 1047(8)
Table of Statutes 1055(4)
Index 1059