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简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
Focusing on the G1 phase, international molecular biologists and other specialists describe current research on the molecular networks that regulate cell cycle progression. Boonstra (molecular cell biology, U. Utrecht, The Netherlands) edits 13 chapters covering topics including description of individual molecules forming the network, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, and inhibitors of kinases and retinoblastoma; signaling cascades influencing the cell cycle network, including mitogens and oxygen radicals; the effects of external conditions such as serum starvation and stress; and the relationship between cell cycle progression and cell differentiation, and apoptosis. Annotation (c) Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
In this contribution, several specialists describe the current knowledge on the molecular networks that regulate cell cycle progression, with an emphasis on the G1 phase of the cell cycle. The first part of Regulation of G1 Phase Progression is concerned with the individual molecules that form the network, including cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases, inhibitors of these kinases and retinoblastoma and p53. The second section describes the signaling cascades by which external factors influence the cell cycle network, including mitogens, the extracellular matrix, nutrients and oxygen radicals. The last section describes the effects of specific external conditions on cell cycle progression and are presented such as serum starvation and subsequent re-addition and stress conditions (heat, osmolarity). The final two chapters describe the relation between cell cycle progression with cell differentiation and with apoptosis.
目录
Preface p. xi
1. Restriction Points in the G1 Phase of the Mammalian Cell Cycle Johannes Boonstra p. 1
Abstract p. 1
Introduction p. 1
The Restriction Point p. 2
Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases p. 4
Downstream of Cyclin D and Cyclin E p. 5
Arrest in the G1 Phase p. 7
2. Cell Cycle Regulation during G1 Phase in Yeast: Decisions, Decisions, Decisions Curt Wittenberg and Karin Flick p. 14
Abstract p. 14
Introduction p. 14
Coordination of the Events of Cell Cycle Initiation during G1 Phase p. 18
Initiation of a New Cell Cycle: When and Where p. 22
Coordinating Cell Proliferation with Cell Growth and Development p. 27
Conclusion and Perspectives p. 31
3. Role of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in G1 Phase Progression R. Curtis Bird p. 40
Abstract p. 40
Introduction p. 40
The Function of Cyclin/CDK Master Integration Complexes p. 42
G1 Cyclin and CDK Gene Families p. 44
Cyclin Functions p. 44
CDK Functions p. 44
Kinetics of Cyclin/CDK Function during G1 Phase p. 45
Ubiquitination and Proteolysis in Cyclin/CDK Regulation p. 46
Regulation of G1 Cyclin/CDK Complexes by Phosphorylation p. 47
Other Components of G1 Cyclin/CDK Complexes p. 48
Subcellular Location of Cyclin/CDK Regulatory Complexes p. 49
Targets of Cyclin/CDK Activity p. 49
Cancer and the Deregulation of G1 Cyclin/CDKs p. 50
Viral Homologues of Cyclin D p. 51
Conclusions p. 52
4. Roles of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors in G1 Phase Progression Angela L. Tyner and Andrei L. Gartel p. 58
Abstract p. 58
Introduction p. 58
The Cip/Kip Family of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors p. 59
p21(Cip1) p. 61
p27(Kip1) p. 62
p57(Kip2) p. 63
The INK4 Family of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors p. 64
p16(INK4A) p. 64
p15(INK4B) p. 67
p18(INK4C) p. 67
p19(INK4D) p. 68
Summary p. 68
5. Role of RB/E2F in G1 Phase Progression Amy S. Yee and Jean Y.J. Wang p. 77
Overview p. 77
The RB Family of Proteins p. 79
The E2F Family of Transcription Factors p. 84
Phenotypes of E2F Knockout Mice p. 86
pRB and E2F1 in the Regulation of Apoptosis p. 88
Concluding Remarks p. 89
6. Regulation of the G1 Phase Progression by Growth Factors Esther Hulleman and Gerda S.A.T. van Rossum p. 93
Abstract p. 93
Introduction p. 93
Ras Pathways to Cell Cycle Control and Cell Transformation p. 95
The MAP Kinase Pathway p. 96
The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway p. 101
Continuous Cell Cycle Progression vs. Growth Factor Stimulation of Quiescent Cells p. 103
Conclusions p. 104
7. Regulation of Signaling and the Cell Cycle by Cell Interactions with the Extracellular Matrix R.L. Juliano p. 110
Abstract p. 110
Introduction p. 110
Basic Aspects of Integrin-ECM Interactions p. 110
Integrin Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Ras-Erk Pathway p. 113
ECM Regulation of G1: The Key Role of Erk Activation p. 115
Cell Cycle Effects Specific for Individual Integrins and ECM p. 116
8. Impact of Nutrients on the Cell Cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae C. Theo Verrips p. 120
Abstract p. 120
Introduction p. 120
Nutrient Conditions and Utilization p. 121
Key Proteins p. 128
Cyclin 3 p. 128
SWI4 p. 131
Cyclin 1,2 p. 132
CLB 5,6 p. 135
CDC6 p. 135
PKC1 p. 136
Model p. 137
Conclusions p. 138
9. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in G1 Phase Progression Cristina Martinez Munoz and Jan Andries Post p. 143
Abstract p. 143
Introduction p. 143
Reactive Oxygen Species p. 143
Redox-Dependent Signal Transduction p. 144
ROS Generation by NADPH Oxidase p. 146
ROS and Signal Transduction p. 146
ROS and Cell Cycle Progression p. 148
Models of Cell Cycle Regulation by H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] p. 150
10. Regulation of G1 Phase of Yeast Cells by Stress Enrique Herrero and Maria Angeles de la Torre and Jordi Torres and Gemma Belli p. 159
Abstract p. 159
Introduction p. 159
Effect of Heat Shock on the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle p. 161
Effect of Osmotic Stress on the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle p. 164
Effect of Oxidative Stress on the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle p. 167
Checkpoints and G1 Phase p. 170
The Ras Pathway and G1 Phase p. 172
Is There a Common Down-Regulator of G1 Cyclins after an External Stress? p. 172
11. Progression from G0 through G1 and into S on Two Waves of Growth Factor-Driven Signaling Steven M. Jones and Andrius Kazlauskas p. 181
Abstract p. 181
Three Steps in Growth Factor-Dependent Signaling p. 181
Growth Factors Are Not the Only Extracellular Cue Needed for Cell Proliferation p. 186
The Cell Cycle p. 187
Most of the Well-Studied Growth Factor-Initiated Signaling Events Occur Many Hours Before the Cell Cycle Program p. 189
Growth Factor-Stimulated Signaling Beyond the First 60 Minutes p. 190
The "Two Wave" Hypothesis for How Signaling and Cell Cycle Progression Are Linked p. 191
Summary p. 194
12. G1 Phase Progression and Apoptosis Caterina Cinti and Carmela Trimarchi and Antonio Giordano p. 199
Abstract p. 199
Introduction p. 199
Apoptosis: An Overview p. 200
Genes in Cell-Cycle Control and Apoptosis p. 209
Cancer: Deregulated Cell Cycle and Evasion of Apoptosis p. 220
13. G1 Phase Control and Cell Differentiation Maria J. Munoz-Alonso and Javier Leon p. 236
Abstract p. 236
Introduction: The Switch Differentiation-Proliferation p. 236
CKIs in Differentiation p. 237
pRB and E2F in Differentiation p. 238
Keratinocytic Differentiation p. 239
Enterocytic Differentiation p. 241
Neuronal Differentiation p. 242
Muscular Differentiation p. 244
Muscular Differentiation in Vivo p. 246
Hematopoietic Differentiation p. 248
Other Differentiation Lineages p. 253
Index p. 265
1. Restriction Points in the G1 Phase of the Mammalian Cell Cycle Johannes Boonstra p. 1
Abstract p. 1
Introduction p. 1
The Restriction Point p. 2
Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases p. 4
Downstream of Cyclin D and Cyclin E p. 5
Arrest in the G1 Phase p. 7
2. Cell Cycle Regulation during G1 Phase in Yeast: Decisions, Decisions, Decisions Curt Wittenberg and Karin Flick p. 14
Abstract p. 14
Introduction p. 14
Coordination of the Events of Cell Cycle Initiation during G1 Phase p. 18
Initiation of a New Cell Cycle: When and Where p. 22
Coordinating Cell Proliferation with Cell Growth and Development p. 27
Conclusion and Perspectives p. 31
3. Role of Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in G1 Phase Progression R. Curtis Bird p. 40
Abstract p. 40
Introduction p. 40
The Function of Cyclin/CDK Master Integration Complexes p. 42
G1 Cyclin and CDK Gene Families p. 44
Cyclin Functions p. 44
CDK Functions p. 44
Kinetics of Cyclin/CDK Function during G1 Phase p. 45
Ubiquitination and Proteolysis in Cyclin/CDK Regulation p. 46
Regulation of G1 Cyclin/CDK Complexes by Phosphorylation p. 47
Other Components of G1 Cyclin/CDK Complexes p. 48
Subcellular Location of Cyclin/CDK Regulatory Complexes p. 49
Targets of Cyclin/CDK Activity p. 49
Cancer and the Deregulation of G1 Cyclin/CDKs p. 50
Viral Homologues of Cyclin D p. 51
Conclusions p. 52
4. Roles of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors in G1 Phase Progression Angela L. Tyner and Andrei L. Gartel p. 58
Abstract p. 58
Introduction p. 58
The Cip/Kip Family of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors p. 59
p21(Cip1) p. 61
p27(Kip1) p. 62
p57(Kip2) p. 63
The INK4 Family of Cyclin Kinase Inhibitors p. 64
p16(INK4A) p. 64
p15(INK4B) p. 67
p18(INK4C) p. 67
p19(INK4D) p. 68
Summary p. 68
5. Role of RB/E2F in G1 Phase Progression Amy S. Yee and Jean Y.J. Wang p. 77
Overview p. 77
The RB Family of Proteins p. 79
The E2F Family of Transcription Factors p. 84
Phenotypes of E2F Knockout Mice p. 86
pRB and E2F1 in the Regulation of Apoptosis p. 88
Concluding Remarks p. 89
6. Regulation of the G1 Phase Progression by Growth Factors Esther Hulleman and Gerda S.A.T. van Rossum p. 93
Abstract p. 93
Introduction p. 93
Ras Pathways to Cell Cycle Control and Cell Transformation p. 95
The MAP Kinase Pathway p. 96
The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway p. 101
Continuous Cell Cycle Progression vs. Growth Factor Stimulation of Quiescent Cells p. 103
Conclusions p. 104
7. Regulation of Signaling and the Cell Cycle by Cell Interactions with the Extracellular Matrix R.L. Juliano p. 110
Abstract p. 110
Introduction p. 110
Basic Aspects of Integrin-ECM Interactions p. 110
Integrin Regulation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase-Ras-Erk Pathway p. 113
ECM Regulation of G1: The Key Role of Erk Activation p. 115
Cell Cycle Effects Specific for Individual Integrins and ECM p. 116
8. Impact of Nutrients on the Cell Cycle of Saccharomyces cerevisiae C. Theo Verrips p. 120
Abstract p. 120
Introduction p. 120
Nutrient Conditions and Utilization p. 121
Key Proteins p. 128
Cyclin 3 p. 128
SWI4 p. 131
Cyclin 1,2 p. 132
CLB 5,6 p. 135
CDC6 p. 135
PKC1 p. 136
Model p. 137
Conclusions p. 138
9. The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in G1 Phase Progression Cristina Martinez Munoz and Jan Andries Post p. 143
Abstract p. 143
Introduction p. 143
Reactive Oxygen Species p. 143
Redox-Dependent Signal Transduction p. 144
ROS Generation by NADPH Oxidase p. 146
ROS and Signal Transduction p. 146
ROS and Cell Cycle Progression p. 148
Models of Cell Cycle Regulation by H[subscript 2]O[subscript 2] p. 150
10. Regulation of G1 Phase of Yeast Cells by Stress Enrique Herrero and Maria Angeles de la Torre and Jordi Torres and Gemma Belli p. 159
Abstract p. 159
Introduction p. 159
Effect of Heat Shock on the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle p. 161
Effect of Osmotic Stress on the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle p. 164
Effect of Oxidative Stress on the G1 Phase of the Cell Cycle p. 167
Checkpoints and G1 Phase p. 170
The Ras Pathway and G1 Phase p. 172
Is There a Common Down-Regulator of G1 Cyclins after an External Stress? p. 172
11. Progression from G0 through G1 and into S on Two Waves of Growth Factor-Driven Signaling Steven M. Jones and Andrius Kazlauskas p. 181
Abstract p. 181
Three Steps in Growth Factor-Dependent Signaling p. 181
Growth Factors Are Not the Only Extracellular Cue Needed for Cell Proliferation p. 186
The Cell Cycle p. 187
Most of the Well-Studied Growth Factor-Initiated Signaling Events Occur Many Hours Before the Cell Cycle Program p. 189
Growth Factor-Stimulated Signaling Beyond the First 60 Minutes p. 190
The "Two Wave" Hypothesis for How Signaling and Cell Cycle Progression Are Linked p. 191
Summary p. 194
12. G1 Phase Progression and Apoptosis Caterina Cinti and Carmela Trimarchi and Antonio Giordano p. 199
Abstract p. 199
Introduction p. 199
Apoptosis: An Overview p. 200
Genes in Cell-Cycle Control and Apoptosis p. 209
Cancer: Deregulated Cell Cycle and Evasion of Apoptosis p. 220
13. G1 Phase Control and Cell Differentiation Maria J. Munoz-Alonso and Javier Leon p. 236
Abstract p. 236
Introduction: The Switch Differentiation-Proliferation p. 236
CKIs in Differentiation p. 237
pRB and E2F in Differentiation p. 238
Keratinocytic Differentiation p. 239
Enterocytic Differentiation p. 241
Neuronal Differentiation p. 242
Muscular Differentiation p. 244
Muscular Differentiation in Vivo p. 246
Hematopoietic Differentiation p. 248
Other Differentiation Lineages p. 253
Index p. 265
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