International human rights : problems of law, policy, and practice / 5th ed.

Table Of Contents:
Preface xxix
Acknowledgments xxxii

Chapter 1 The Concept of Human Rights 1(56)

From Morality to Law: The Abolition of Slavery

I The Concept of Human Rights 2(1)

II The Movement to Abolish Slavery and the Slave Trade 3(29)

A Introduction 3(2)

B The Moral and Philosophical Evolution 5(1)

The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 5(1)

David Brion Davis

The Atlantic Slave Trade and British Abolition, 1760-1810 6(2)

Roger Anstey

C Economic and Political Factors 8(1)

The Ideology of Antislavery 8(1)

Howard Temperley

The Public Campaign in England Against Slavery, 1787-1834 9(3)

James Walvin

D The Rhetoric of Abolition 12(1)

Message to the Congress of Bolivia (May 25, 1826) 12(1)

Simon Bolivar

American Slaves in Victorian England: Abolitionist Politics in Popular Literature and Culture 12(1)

Audrey A. Fisch

The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro, Rochester, NY (July 5, 1852) 13(1)

Frederick Douglass

E The Legal Evolution 14(1)

The Case of James Sommersett 14(9)

Slavery and the Slave Trade as International Issues, 1890-1939 23(5)

Suzanne Miers

Comments and Questions 28(4)

III The Philosophical Underpinnings of Human Rights 32(15)

A Natural Law 32(1)

Indigenous Peoples in International Law 32(3)

S. James Anaya

B Legal Positivism 35(1)

C Critical Legal Studies 36(1)

D Feminist Perspectives 37(1)

Feminist Methods in International Law 37(2)

Hilary Charlesworth

E Cultural Relativism 39(1)

Human Rights and Asian Values 40(4)

Amartya Sen

Comments and Questions 44(3)

IV A Brief History of Human Rights in International Law and Institutions 47(6)

The International Law of Human Rights in the Middle Twentieth Century 47(6)

John P. Humphrey

V Final Comments and Questions 53(4)

Chapter 2 Guaranteeing Human Rights By Treaty 57(84)

Is There a Right to a Safe and Healthy Environment?

I The State of the Global Environment and Human Well-Being 59(7)

United Nations Environment Program, Geo Yearbook: New Science and Developments in Our Changing Environment 2009 59(6)

Comments and Questions 65(1)

II The Protection of Human Rights Through Treaties 66(43)

A Why Rights and Why Treaties? 66(1)

Human Rights, Environmental Rights, and the Right to Environment 67(1)

Dinah Shelton

Adverse Effects of the Illicit Movement and Dumping of Toxic and Dangerous Products and Wastes on the Enjoyment of Human Rights 68(1)

Mobilizing for Human Rights: International Law in Domestic Politics 69(2)

Beth A. Simmons

B Human Rights Provisions in the UN Charter 71(1)

1 The Content of the Charter 72(1)

The United Nations and Human Rights 72(2)

2 The Legal Obligations of UN Member States 74(1)

Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) 75(1)

The International Court of Justice and the Human Rights Clauses of the Charter 75(3)

Egon Schwelb

The Charter and the Constitution: The Human Rights Provisions in American Law 78(3)

Oscar Schachter

Note: U.S. Recognition of the Legal Status of the Human Rights Clauses 81(2)

Comments and Questions 83(1)

C UN Human Rights Law-Making 84(5)

1 Completing the International Bill of Rights 89(1)

2 Issue-Specific Human Rights Treaties 90(3)

Note: Specialized Agencies 93(2)

3 Quality Control 95(1)

Emerging Human Rights: A New Generation for the 1980s? 95(1)

Stephen P. Marks

Human Rights in the World 96(2)

A.H. Robertson

Note: UN Action 98(1)

UN General Assembly Res. 41/120 98(1)

D The Evolution of a Claimed Right to Environmental Quality 99(1)

1 References in Treaties 99(2)

Comments by the Steering Committee for Human Rights 101(2)

2 Resolutions and Studies 103(1)

3 Jurisprudence 104(1)

4 Domestic Law 105(2)

Comments and Questions 107(2)

III Are Human Rights Treaties Different from Other International Legal Norms? 109(31)

A Interpretation 110(1)

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 110(1)

American Convention on Human Rights 110(1)

Demir and Baykara v. Turkey 111(8)

Comments and Questions 119(1)

B Reservations 120(1)

Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 121(2)

Note: U.S. Reservations, Understandings, and Declarations to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 123(1)

International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: The Administration's Proposed Reservations, Understandings, and Declarations in International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 123(3)

Human Rights Committee, Issues Relating to Reservations Made upon Ratification or Accession to the Covenant or the Optional Protocols Thereto, or in Relation to Declarations Under Article 41 of the Covenant 126(5)

Human Rights Committee, Consideration of Reports Submitted by States Parties Under Article 40 of the Covenant, Comments of the Committee on the Report of the United States of America 131(1)

International Law Commission, Annual Report 132(4)

C Termination of Treaties 136(1)

Human Rights Committee, Continuity of Obligations 137(1)

D Are Human Rights Treaties Superior to Other International Legal Regimes? 138(1)

Comments and Questions 139(1)

IV Final Comments and Questions 140(1)

Chapter 3 The Development of Human Rights Norms Through Non-Binding Instruments 141(72)

How and Why Do New International Human Rights Norms Emerge Other Than by Treaty?

I Introduction: The Role of "Soft Law" in Human Rights Law-Making 142(6)

Commentary and Conclusions 143(5)

Dinah Shelton

II The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 148(20)

A The Making of the Universal Declaration 149(1)

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Its History, Impact, and Juridical Character 149(3)

John P. Humphrey

B The Legal Status of the Declaration 152(1)

1 The Historical Perspective 152(1)

The Influence of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on International and National Law 152(4)

Egon Schwelb

Note: Customary International Law 156(2)

2 Subsequent Developments in the Legal Status of the Declaration 158(2)

Restatement (Third) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States §702 160(1)

International Law Association, Committee on the Enforcement of Human Rights Law, Final Report on the Status of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in National and International Law 161(4)

Note: Other United Nations and Regional Human Rights Declarations 165(2)

Comments and Questions 167(1)

III The Emergence of New Human Rights Norms: The Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Maya Land Claims in Southern Belize 168(21)

A The Rights of Indigenous Peoples 168(5)

B The Adjudication of Maya Land Claims by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 173(1)

The Maya Petition to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights: Indigenous Land and Resource Rights, and the Conflict over Logging and Oil in Southern Belize 173(3)

S. James Anaya

Note: The Awas Tingni and Dann Cases 176(4)

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Report 40/04, Case 12.053 (Maya Indigenous Communities of the Toledo District of Belize) 180(6)

Comments and Questions 186(3)

IV Norm Building in Related Areas 189(19)

A Minorities 189(1)

The Rights of Persons Belonging to Minorities 189(7)

Hurst Hannum

Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 23 (Art. 27) 196(3)

B Self-Determination 199(2)

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Right to Self-Determination 201(2)

Note: Self-Determination and Kosovo 203(1)

Note: Indigenous Peoples, Minorities, and Self-Determination 204(3)

Comments and Questions 207(1)

V Final Comments and Questions 208(5)

Chapter 4 Human Rights in Extremis 213(138)

How Can Human Rights Be Protected in Times of Terrorism, Civil Strife, and Armed Conflict?

I Introduction 216(2)

Address to a Joint Session of Congress and to the American People 216(1)

George W. Bush

Criminals, Combatants, or What? An Examination of the Role of Law in Responding to the Threat of Terror 217(1)

Thomas M. Franck

II Human Rights in Civil Strife and States of Emergency 218(15)

Human Rights in Crisis: The International System for Protecting Rights During States of Emergency 219(6)

Joan Fitzpatrick

Note: Humanitarian Law as a Limitation on the Right of Derogation: Civil Strife and Internal Armed Conflict Contrasted 225(1)

Note: Monitoring States of Emergency 226(1)

Human Rights Committee, States of Emergency (Article 4) 227(3)

Habeas Corpus in Emergency Situations 230(1)

Note: Limitation Clauses 231(1)

Comments and Questions 232(1)

III The Traditional Law of War: International Armed Conflict 233(14)

Note: Historical Roots of the Concern for Human Rights in the Law of War 233(1)

Human Rights and the Law of War 234(1)

G.I.A.D. Draper

A Protecting Combatants: The First Three 1949 Geneva Conventions 235(1)

Third Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 235(2)

Law of Land Warfare 237(2)

U.S. Army

B Protecting Civilians: The Fourth Geneva Convention 239(1)

Fourth Geneva Convention on the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 240(2)

C Subsequent Developments: Protocol I 242(1)

Modernizing the Law of War 242(2)

Richard R. Baxter

Note: The Impact of Protocol I 244(1)

Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) 244(3)

IV Expanding Traditional Protections: Internal Armed Conflicts 247(7)

A Common Article 3: Its Status and Content 247(1)

New Protections for Victims of International Armed Conflicts: The Proposed Ratification of Protocol II by the United States 247(2)

Daniel Smith

Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States) 249(1)

B Protocol II: Its Scope and Content 250(1)

Modernizing the Law of War 250(2)

Richard R. Baxter

Note: The U.S. Position on Protocol II 252(1)

Note: UN Peacekeeping 252(1)

Comments and Questions 253(1)

V Where Does Responsibility Lie for Violations of the Law of War? 254(6)

In re Yamashita 255(2)

Interview with Guy Womack 257(2)

Chris Matthews

Comments and Questions 259(1)

VI Modern Warfare: Distinguishing Combatants from Civilians 260(6)

Lieutenant Duffy's Statement 261(2)

Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War 263(1)

Mark Bowden

Note: The First Gulf War 264(1)

Note: Afghanistan and the Second Gulf (Iraq) War 265(1)

VII The "War on Terror": Emergency, Armed Conflict, or Business as Usual? 266(58)

A Detention and Trial of Suspected Terrorists and "Illegal Combatants": Presidential Powers, Military Commissions, and Habeas Corpus 266(1)

Detention, Treatment, and Trial of Certain Noncitizens in the War Against Terrorism 266(5)

Third Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War 271(1)

Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War 272(1)

Memorandum from Assistant Attorney General Jay S. Bybee 273(8)

Memorandum from the President 281(2)

Casting Light on the Legal Black Hole: International Law and Detentions Abroad in the "War on Terror" 283(1)

Silvia Borelli

Practical Challenges of Implementing the Complementarity Between International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law---Demonstrated by the Procedural Regulation of Internment in Non-International Armed Conflict 284(4)

Laura M. Olson

Hamdan v. Rumsfeld 288(7)

Boumediene v. Bush 295(6)

The Obama Administration and International Law 301(1)

Harold Koh

Military Commissions Act of 2009 302(3)

Note: Guantanamo, the Prison That Would Not Die 305(1)

B Use of Force: Drones and Targeted Killings 306(3)

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary, or Arbitrary Executions: Study on Targeted Killings 309(6)

C Renditions 315(1)

Rendition and Transfer in the War Against Terrorism: Guantanamo and Beyond 315(3)

Joan Fitzpatrick

D Terrorism and Human Rights in the United Nations 318(1)

Joint Study on Global Practices in Relation to Secret Detention in the Context of Countering Terrorism 319(2)

Comments and Questions 321(3)

VIII Torture and Terror: What Are the Limits in Seeking Information to Stop the Next Terrorist Attack? 324(22)

U.S. Decries Abuse but Defends Interrogations; "Stress and Duress" Tactics Used on Terrorism Suspects Held in Secret Overseas Facilities 325(4)

Dana Priest

Barton Gellman

A Prosecuting Those Persons Responsible for Ill Treatment at Abu Ghraib 329(1)

1 The Dramatis Personae 329(2)

2 The Legal Arguments 331(1)

Memorandum from Assistant Attorney General Jay S. Bybee 331(8)

Note: Subsequent U.S. Interrogation Policies 339(2)

U.S. Army, Human Intelligence Collector Operations 341(3)

Note: Should Torture Always Be Prohibited? 344(1)

Comments and Questions 344(2)

IX Final Comments and Questions 346(5)

Chapter 5 Who Is Obligated to Promote and Protect Human Rights? 351(132)

Oil Exploration and Exploitation in the Niger River Delta

I Oil Exploration and Exploitation in Nigeria 352(10)

Note: The African Human Rights System 354(1)

The African Human Rights System: The African Charter 354(6)

Christof Heyns

Note: African Courts 360(2)

II The Obligations of States 362(47)

A Civil and Political Rights 363(1)

Human Rights Committee, The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 363(3)

Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras 366(7)

Oneryildiz v. Turkey 373(8)

B Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 381(1)

Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, The Nature of States Parties Obligations (Art. 2, para. 1) 381(3)

The Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v. Nigeria 384(9)

C Balancing State Obligations to Protect with Individual Freedom and Autonomy 393(1)

S.H. and Others v. Austria 393(9)

Pretty v. United Kingdom 402(3)

Comments and Questions 405(4)

III The Obligations of Business Enterprises 409(36)

Corporations and Human Rights: A Survey of the Scope and Patterns of Alleged Corporate-Related Human Rights Abuse 409(7)

A. Codes of Conduct 416(2)

The Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Related Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights 418(1)

B Formulating Legal Obligations? 419(1)

The Responsibilities of Transnational Corporations and Related Business Enterprises with Regard to Human Rights 420(2)

Business and Human Rights: Further Steps Toward the Operationalization of the `Protect, Respect, and Remedy' Framework 422(12)

C Potential Liability of Corporations for Human Rights Abuses 434(1)

Laying One Bankrupt Critique to Rest: Sosa v. Alvarez Machain and the Future of International Human Rights Litigation in U.S. Courts 434(2)

Ralph Steinhardt

Kiobel et al. v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co. et al. 436(7)

Comments and Questions 443(2)

IV Do International Organizations Have Human Rights Obligations? 445(32)

A International Financial Institutions 446(2)

A Roadmap for Integrating Human Rights into the World Bank Group 448(6)

Kirk Herbertson

Kim Thompson

Robert Goodland

B The World Trade Organization 454(1)

Protecting Human Rights in a Global Economy: Challenges for the World Trade Organization 455(2)

Robert Howse

Makau Mutua

World Trade Organization, Trade and Labour Standards 457(2)

Agreement Reached on WTO Waiver for "Conflict Diamonds" Under the Kimberly Process Certification Scheme for Rough Diamonds 459(1)

Comments and Questions 459(2)

C Peacekeeping 461(1)

U.N. Sexual Abuse Alleged in Congo, Peacekeepers Accused in Draft Report 461(2)

Colum Lynch

Report of the International Law Commission on Its 61st Session 463(2)

Agim Behrami and Bekir Behrami v. France; Ruzhdi Saramati v. France, Germany and Norway 465(11)

Comments and Questions 476(1)

V The Responsibility of Individuals for Human Rights Violations 477(3)

Freedom of the Individual under Law: An Analysis of Article 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 477(2)

Erica-Irene A. Daes

Feminist Methods in International Law 479(1)

Hilary Charlesworth

Comments and Questions 480(1)

VI Final Comments and Questions 480(3)

Chapter 6 Domestic Enforcement Mechanisms 483(98)

Are States' Courts Bound to Apply International Human Rights Norms?

I Introduction: The Relationship Between International and Domestic Legal Systems 484(2)

II U.S. Courts and the Right of Juvenile Offenders Not to Be Executed 486(61)

A Finding the Parameters of Domestic Legal Protections in Light of International Norms 486(1)

Roper v. Simmons 486(7)

Why Do Nations Obey International Law? 493(2)

Harold Hongju Koh

Comments and Questions 495(2)

B The Application of Treaty Provisions by Domestic Courts 497(1)

1 Judicial Treatment of Reservations to Multilateral Treaties 498(1)

Domingues v. State of Nevada 499(5)

The Juvenile Death Penalty and International Law 504(1)

Curtis A. Bradley

Comments and Questions 505(1)

2 The Doctrine of (Non) Self-Executing Treaties 506(1)

Note: The U.S. Declaration of Non-Self-Execution 506(3)

Note: The Sei Fujii Case 509(1)

Sei Fujii v. State 510(4)

Medellin v. Texas 514(7)

Comments and Questions 521(2)

C. The Judicial Application of Customary International Law 523(1)

The Role of Domestic Courts in Enforcing International Human Rights Law 524(2)

Joan Fitzpatrick

Filartiga v. Pena-Irala 526(6)

Sosa v. Alvarez-Machain 532(7)

Comments and Questions 539(4)

Note: The State Action and Act of State Doctrines 543(2)

Note: Foreign Sovereign Immunity 545(2)

III The Justiciability of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 547(26)

Committee on Economic, Cultural, and Social Rights: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health 548(9)

Minister of Health et al. v. Treatment Action Campaign et al. 557(14)

Comments and Questions 571(2)

IV The Use of International Human Rights Law in Foreign Jurisdictions 573(6)

Decision on the Applicability by Ordinary Courts of the Universally Recognized Principles and Norms of International Law and the International Treaties of the Russian Federation 577(2)

V Final Comments and Questions 579(2)

Chapter 7 UN Human Rights Mechanisms 581(94)

How Are Human Rights Implemented at the Global Level?

I Introduction 582(1)

II Monitoring Compliance with UN Human Rights Treaties 583(40)

A Review of Periodic Reports 584(1)

Report on the Working Methods of the Human Rights Treaty Bodies Relating to the State Party Reporting Process 584(13)

Human Rights Committee, Annual Report 597(1)

Report on Indicators for Promoting and Monitoring the Implementation of Human Rights 598(6)

Congressional Record, S 8400-8401 604(1)

Comments and Questions 605(1)

B Individual Communications 605(1)

Strakhov v. Uzbekistan and Fayzulaev v. Uzbekistan 606(7)

Comments and Questions 613(2)

C Interstate Complaints 615(1)

D General Comments 616(1)

E Strengthening the Treaty System 617(1)

General Assembly Resolution 57/202, Effective Implementation of International Instruments on Human Rights, Including Reporting Obligations Under International Instruments on Human Rights 617(3)

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Effective Functioning of Human Rights Mechanisms Treaty Bodies 620(3)

III UN Charter-Based Procedures 623(48)

A The Universal Periodic Review 624(1)

National Report [of] United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 625(2)

Compilation [of Information from UN Documents] Prepared by the Office of the High Commission of Human Rights --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 627(2)

Summary [of Stakeholder Comments] Prepared by the Office of the High Commission of Human Rights---United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 629(2)

Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review --- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 631(4)

Views on Conclusions and/or Recommendations, Voluntary Commitment and Replies Presented by the State Under Review [United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland] 635(3)

Comments and Questions 638(1)

B Country-Specific Debates and Resolutions 639(1)

C The Confidential Complaint Procedure 640(1)

The Commission on Human Rights 641(2)

Philip Alston

Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1, Institution-Building of the United Nations Human Rights Council 643(4)

Report of the Independent Expert of the Commission on Human Rights [Charlotte Abaka] on the Situation of Human Rights in Liberia Submitted Under the 1503 Procedure 647(5)

Comments and Questions 652(1)

D The "Special Procedures" 653(1)

Manual of Operations of the Special Procedures of the Human Rights Council 654(5)

Report of the Special Rapporteur on Independence of Judges and Lawyers, Gabriela Carina Knaul de Albuquerque e Silva 659(2)

Canada: The TransCanada Oil Pipeline Operation Carried Out in the Traditional Lands of the Lubicon Lake Nation and the Lubicon Land Claim 661(4)

15 Years of the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, Its Causes and Consequences (1994-2009) --- A Critical Review 665(3)

Comments and Questions 668(2)

Note: Other Charter-Based Mechanisms 670(1)

IV Final Comments and Questions 671(4)

Chapter 8 The European System for the Protection of Human Rights 675(104)

Guaranteeing the Right to Freedom of Religion and Belief at the Regional Level

I Religious and Cultural Discord in Europe 676(2)

II The European Institutional and Normative Framework 678(26)

The Boundaries of Human Rights Jurisdiction in Europe 678(2)

Dinah Shelton

A Jurisdiction 680(1)

Issa and Others v. Turkey 681(2)

Al-Adsani v. United Kingdom 683(7)

Ben El Mahi and Others v. Denmark 690(4)

Comments and Questions 694(3)

B Interpreting Substantive Rights in the European Convention 697(1)

1 The General Approach 697(1)

Demir and Baykara v. Turkey 697(1)

2 Positive and Negative Obligations 698(1)

97 Members of the Gldani Congretation of Jehovah's Witnesses and 4 Others v. Georgia 699(4)

Comments and Questions 703(1)

III Article 9: Freedom of Religion and Belief 704(47)

A Defining Religion and the Scope of the Freedoms 704(1)

Leela Forderkreis E.V. and Others v. Germany 704(5)

Jehovah's Witnesses of Moscow v. Russia 709(9)

Comments and Questions 718(1)

B Religion and Speech 719(1)

Otto-Preminger-Institut v. Austria 719(6)

Kokkinakis v. Greece 725(8)

Comments and Questions 733(2)

C Religious Compulsion and Religious Exemptions from the Law 735(3)

Leyla Sahin v. Turkey 738(11)

Comments and Questions 749(2)

IV Remedies and Enforcement 751(11)

A Remedies 751(1)

Varnava and Others v. Turkey 751(4)

Comments and Questions 755(1)

Resolution (2004) 3, on Judgments Revealing an Underlying Systemic Problem 755(1)

B Monitoring Compliance: The Committee of Ministers 756(1)

Council of Europe Committee of Ministers: Third Annual Report 2009 756(5)

Burdov v. Russia (No. 2) 761(1)

Comments and Questions 762(1)

V The Caseload Crisis and Future of the System 762(5)

Explanatory Report to [Draft] Protocol No. 14 763(2)

Council of Europe Committee of Ministers: Third Annual Report 2009 765(1)

Comments and Questions 766(1)

VI Other Council of Europe Institutions and Instruments 767(3)

A Institutions 767(1)

B The European Social Charter 768(1)

C Other Human Rights Treaties 769(1)

VII Other European Institutions 770(9)

A The European Union 770(3)

B The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe 773(2)

Comments and Questions 775(1)

Final Comment 776(3)

Chapter 9 Human Rights in the Americas 779(76)

Responding to Disappearances in Argentina

I Human Rights in Argentina 780(1)

Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina 780(1)

II Evolution of the Human Rights System in the Americas 781(13)

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Annual Report 2008 782(2)

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Reflections on a Joint Venture 784(3)

Cecelia Medina

Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man Within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights 787(5)

Note: Advisory Opinions of the Court 792(1)

Comment and Question 793(1)

III The Inter-American System in Practice 794(43)

A Country Reports 794(1)

Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina 794(13)

Protecting Human Rights in the Americas: Selected Problems 807(2)

Thomas Buergenthal

Robert Norris

Dinah Shelton

Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Argentina 809(2)

Comments and Questions 811(1)

B Individual Petitions 812(1)

1 Precautionary and Provisional Measures 812(1)

Reggiardo Tolosa Case, Order of the President of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of November 19, 1933 812(3)

2 Admissibility and Merits 815(1)

Res. No. 31/78, Case 2553 (Argentina) 815(3)

Note: The Concept of Continuing Violations 818(1)

Blake v. Guatemala (Preliminary Objections) 819(2)

3 Friendly Settlement 821(1)

Report No. 21/00, Case 12.059, Carmen Aguiar De Lapaco (Argentina) 821(1)

The Inter-American Human Rights System 822(4)

Dinah Shelton

Comments and Questions 826(1)

C Compliance with the Recommendations of the IACHR 827(1)

Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Annual Report 2008 828(1)

D Resolutions of OAS Political Bodies 829(1)

Resolution of the XVII Meeting of Consultation 830(1)

E Proceedings Before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights 831(1)

Garrido and Baigorria Case (Reparations) (Art. 63(1) of the American Convention on Human Rights) 832(4)

Comments and Questions 836(1)

IV Democratic Governance and the Inter-American System 837(13)

OAS Suspends Membership of Honduras 839(2)

Report 98/03, Case 11.204, Statehood Solidarity Committee (United States) 841(6)

Comments and Questions 847(3)

V The Emergence of Other Regional Human Rights Systems 850(5)

A Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) 850(2)

B The Arab Charter on Human Rights 852(3)

Chapter 10 Coercing Compliance with Human Rights Norms: Sanctions and Armed Intervention 855(96)

Can the International Community Prevent Human Rights Violations by Threatening or Using Force?

I Disaster in Darfur 856(5)

Mission to the Sudan: The Darfur Crisis 858(3)

II Economic Sanctions 861(28)

A The League of Nations 861(1)

B The UN Charter and Southern Rhodesia 862(2)

Rhodesia and the United Nations: The Lawfulness of International Concern 864(3)

Myers S. McDougal

W. Michael Reisman

The Arrogance of International Lawyers 867(2)

Dean Acheson

C Modern UN Sanctions 869(1)

Security Council Resolution 661 870(2)

Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, The Relationship Between Economic Sanctions and Respect for Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 872(1)

UN Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, The Adverse Consequences of Economic Sanctions on the Enjoyment of Human Rights 873(7)

D Smart Sanctions 880(1)

Kadi and Al Barakaat International Foundation v. Council of the European Union 880(5)

Developing Human Rights and Humanitarian Law Accountability of the Security Council for the Imposition of Economic Sanctions 885(1)

August Reinisch

Note: Regional or Unilateral Sanctions 886(2)

Comments and Questions 888(1)

III U.S. Implementation of International Sanctions 889(10)

Note: The Legal Framework 890(1)

Legislative Reference Service, Library of Congress, The United Nations Participation Act Sections Relating to Economic and Military Action 890(1)

Diggs v. Shultz 891(2)

Kenneth Roth, Executive Director of Human Rights Watch, The Role of U.S. Sanctions Policies in Promoting Human Rights 893(2)

Note: Think Globally, Act Locally---Local and State-Sponsored Sanctions 895(1)

Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council 895(4)

Comments and Questions 899(1)

IV Armed Intervention 899(36)

A Intervention by the United Nations 899(1)

1 Somalia 900(1)

Humanitarian Intervention: The United Nations in an Evolving World Order 900(4)

Sean D. Murphy

2 Haiti 904(1)

Security Council Resolution 940 904(2)

Security Council Resolution 1542 906(2)

In Haiti, Rhetoric Trumps Human Rights 908(1)

Todd Howland

3 The Consequences of Nonintervention: Rwanda 909(1)

Report of the Independent Inquiry into the Actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda 909(7)

B Unilateral or Regional Intervention 916(1)

1 The Consequences of Intervention: Kosovo 917(1)

Independent International Commission on Kosovo, Kosovo Report 918(6)

Note: The Second Gulf War 924(1)

C Proposed Criteria for Armed Intervention 924(1)

The Responsibility to Protect 925(8)

General Assembly Resolution 63/308 933(1)

Comments and Questions 933(2)

V The International Response to Darfur 935(11)

Acting High Commissioner for Human Rights Bertrand Ramcharan, Statement to the UN Security Council 936(3)

The Crisis in Darfur, Statement of Secretary of State Colin Powell Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee 939(2)

Transcript of the Candidates First Debate in the 2004 Presidential Campaign 941(4)

Comments and Questions 945(1)

VI Afghanistan 946(1)

VII Final Comments and Questions 947(4)

Chapter 11 International Criminal Law 951(92)

Can We Deter Human Rights Violations by Using the Criminal Justice Process?

I Introduction 952(1)

II The 1973 Coup in Chile and Its Aftermath 953(4)

A Pinochet in Power 953(2)

B Pinochet Indicted 955(2)

III Efforts to Bring the International Criminal Justice Process to Bear upon Human Rights Violators 957(18)

International Criminal Law 957(2)

Antonio Cassese

Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law 959(2)

Steven R. Ratner

Jason S. Abrams

A The Yugoslav War Crimes Tribunal 961(1)

Yugoslavia War Crimes Tribunal 961(3)

Diane Orentlicher

B The International Tribunal for Rwanda 964(1)

The Evolving Architecture of International Law: Image and Reality of War Crimes Justice---External Perceptions of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 964(2)

Kingsley Chiedu Moghalu

Closing the U.N. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Completion Strategy and Residual Issues 966(2)

Cecile Aptel

C Other Country-Specific Tribunals 968(1)

1 The Special Court for Sierra Leone 969(1)

2 "Extraordinary Chambers" in Cambodia 970(2)

3 Special Tribunal for Lebanon 972(1)

Comments and Questions 972(3)

IV The International Criminal Court 975(28)

Negotiating an Institution for the Twenty-First Century: Multilateral Diplomacy and the International Criminal Court 975(6)

Philippe Kirsch

Valerie Oosterveld

Global Rights? 981(6)

A.C. Grayling

David Rieff

A U.S. Attitudes Toward an International Criminal Court 987(2)

B The United States Signs and "Unsigns" the ICC Statute 989(1)

President Clinton, Statement on Signature of the International Criminal Court Treaty 989(1)

Letter from Under-Secretary of State John R. Bolton to the Secretary-General of the United Nations 990(1)

Under-Secretary of State of Political Affairs Marc Grossman, American Foreign Policy and the International Criminal Court 991(3)

The Self-Defeating International Criminal Court 994(5)

Jack Goldsmith

C Exempting the United States from ICC Jurisdiction 999(1)

Statute of the International Criminal Court 999(1)

Original Intent at the Global Criminal Court 999(2)

David J. Scheffer

Note: The First Years of the ICC 1001(1)

Comments and Questions 1002(1)

V Universal Jurisdiction 1003(20)

Lessons Learned from the Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction in Respect of Gross Human Rights Offenses 1004(6)

Menno Kamminga

The Pitfalls of Universal Jurisdiction 1010(2)

Henry A. Kissinger

Whose Justice? Reconciling Universal Jurisdiction with Democratic Principles 1012(1)

Diane Orentlicher

Note: The Belgian Experience 1013(1)

Belgium's War Crimes Statute: A Postmortem 1014(2)

Steven R. Ratner

Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) 1016(2)

Case Concerning the Arrest Warrant of 11 April 2000 (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Belgium) (joint separate opinion of Judges Higgins, Kooijmans, and Buergenthal) 1018(3)

Comments and Questions 1021(2)

VI The "Piecemeal" Convention Approach Coupled with Domestic Enforcement 1023(7)

A Slavery and Apartheid 1023(1)

B Genocide 1024(1)

C Torture 1025(2)

D Terrorism 1027(2)

E Other Transnational Crimes 1029(1)

Comments and Questions 1030(1)

VII The Exercise of National Jurisdiction Under Domestic Law: Amnesties and Prosecutions 1030(11)

Note: Human Rights Prosecutions in Argentina 1031(1)

Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime 1032(4)

Diane Orentlichcr

Note: Nonjudicial Alternatives 1036(1)

Rwanda Estimates One Million Face Genocide Charges 1037(1)

Arthur Asiimwe

Comments and Questions 1038(3)

VIII Final Comments and Questions 1041(2)

Chapter 12 The Problem of Fact-Finding and Evidence 1043(74)

How Are Human Rights Violations Investigated?

I The Challenge: To Find Out What Is Really Happening 1044(1)

II Fact-Finding by Nongovernmental Organizations 1045(19)

A Allegations of Judicial Persecution of Mapuche Leaders in Chile 1045(1)

International Federation for Human Rights, Chile---The Mapuche People: Between Oblivion and Exclusion 1045(7)

B Issues of Methodology and Credibility 1052(1)

Bearing Witness: The Art and Science of Human Rights Fact-Finding 1052(4)

Diane Orentlicher

Fact-Finding by Non-Governmental Human Rights Organizations 1056(1)

Hurst Hannum

International Conflict and the Media, A Curriculum Guide: Incubator Baby Incident 1057(4)

Andrew F. Smith

Guidelines on International Fact-Finding Visits and Reports (The Lund-London Guidelines) 1061(2)

Comments and Questions 1063(1)

III Fact-Finding by the UN and Other Intergovernmental Organizations 1064(25)

A The Mapuche Revisited 1064(1)

Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous People, Mr. Rodolfo Stavenhagen --- Addendum: Mission to Chile 1064(5)

Government of Chile, Report I---Recommendations of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of Indigenous Chileans 1069(4)

B Multiple Mechanisms of Fact-Finding and Some of the Challenges 1073(1)

Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Training Manual on Human Rights Monitoring 1073(2)

Belgrade Minimal Rules of Procedure for International Human Rights Fact-Finding Missions 1075(2)

Report of the United Nations Fact-Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict 1077(4)

Initial Response to Report of the Fact-Finding Mission on Gaza Established Pursuant to Resolution S-9/1 of the Human Rights Council 1081(2)

Why the Goldstone Report Matters 1083(3)

Richard Falk

The Economist, Goldstone on Gaza: A UN Report on the Fighting in Gaza Is Deeply Flawed. But That Should Not Stop Israel Holding Itself and Its Soldiers to the Highest Standards 1086(1)

Comments and Questions 1087(2)

IV Fact-Finding by Judicial and Quasi-Judicial Bodies 1089(27)

A Gathering the Facts 1089(2)

B Evaluating the Facts 1091(1)

1 Admissibility and Evaluation of Evidence 1091(1)

Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community v. Nicaragua 1092(2)

2 The Burden and Standard of Proof 1094(1)

Bertrand G. Ramcharan, Evidence 1095(2)

Velasquez Rodriguez v. Honduras 1097(6)

Kawas-Fernandez v. Honduras 1103(3)

Bleier v. Uruguay 1106(3)

Sevtap Veznedaroglu v. Turkey 1109(6)

Comments and Questions 1115(1)

V Final Comments and Questions 1116(1)

Chapter 13 Human Rights and Foreign Policy 1117(96)

The United States---China Relationship

I Human Rights in Foreign Policy 1119(3)

Global Good Samaritans: Human Rights as Foreign Policy 1119(3)

Alison Brysk

II Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy 1122(67)

The Emergence of Human Rights Politics in the United States 1123(4)

Kenneth Cmiel

A Congressional Action: Laying the Foundation 1127(1)

U.S. Foreign Policy, Human Rights, and Foreign Trade and Investment in Private Investors Abroad---Problems and Solutions 1127(1)

Richard B. Lillich

B Presidential Human Rights Policies and Their Critics, 1975-2005 1128(1)

1 Almost at the Beginning: President Carter 1128(1)

Human Rights and Foreign Policy 1129(3)

Cyrus R. Vance

Continuity and Change in American Foreign Policy 1132(3)

Henry A. Kissinger

United States Institute for Peace, U.S. Human Rights Policy: A 20-Year Assessment 1135(2)

2 Selective Rights, Selective Application: The Reagan Administration 1137(1)

International Commission of Jurists, Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy 1138(2)

Moderate Repression 1140(1)

Art Buchwald

International Commission of Jurists, Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy 1141(1)

United States Institute of Peace, Human Rights in the Pursuit of Peace: A 20-Year Assessment 1142(2)

Note: Key Differences in Human Rights Policy Under Carter and Reagan 1144(1)

3 Turning Down the Volume: The First President Bush 1145(2)

4 Searching for a Policy: The Clinton Administration 1147(1)

Counselor, U.S. Department of State, Human Rights Policy Under the New Administration 1148(1)

Timothy E. Wirth

Human Rights and Democracy in Asia 1149(3)

John Shattuck

Human Rights Retreat 1152(2)

Mary McGrory

5 National Security, Regime Change, and Human Rights 1154(1)

George W. Bush

Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor Lorne W. Craner, Supporting Human Rights and Democracy: The U.S. Record, 2003-2004 1154(2)

Human Rights Not a Foreign Policy Concern 1156(1)

Don Feder

Is the Human Rights Era Ending? 1157(2)

Michael Ignatieff

6 The Obama Administration 1159(1)

U.S. Human Rights Commitments and Pledges 1159(4)

Does Obama Believe in Human Rights? 1163(1)

Bret Stephens

The Human Rights Agenda for the 21st Century 1164(5)

Hillary Rodham Clinton

Comments and Questions 1169(1)

C U.S. Foreign Policy, Human Rights, and Relations with China 1170(1)

1 The United States Evaluates the World: The State Department's Annual Reports on Human Rights 1170(1)

2009 Human Rights Report: China 1171(2)

China Reports on U.S. Human Rights Record 1173(3)

2 Multilateral Diplomacy at the United Nations 1176(1)

3 Linkages and Conditionality: Using U.S. Economic and Political Power 1177(1)

President's News Conference, May 26, 1994 1178(2)

Director of the State Department's Policy Planning Staff, Richard N. Haass, China and the Future of U.S.-China Relations 1180(2)

Be Tougher on Burma Than China 1182(2)

William H. Overholt

Joint Press Statement by President Obama and President Hu of China 1184(2)

Is Talking to Beijing About Human Rights a Waste of Time? Why Obama's New Meetings with China Should Only Be the Beginning 1186(2)

Sophie Richardson

Comments and Questions 1188(1)

III Human Rights Policies of Other States 1189(19)

A The European Union 1189(1)

European Union, Guidelines on Human Rights Dialogues 1190(6)

B Japan 1196(1)

Japan's Foreign Policy Towards Human Rights: Uncertain Changes 1196(9)

Yozo Yokota

Chiyuki Aoi

Japan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Human Rights Pamphlet 1205(1)

Statement by H.E. Ambassador Shigeru Endo, Delegation of Japan, on Agenda Item 9 1206(1)

Comments and Questions 1207(1)

IV Final Comments and Questions 1208(5)
Index 1213