简介
George Clayton's Operational Amplifiers is a well established undergraduate text - offering full coverage ofthe subject for HNC/HND electronic engineering as well as first and second year degree modules. It has also proved popular in industry as a reference text. Having previouslybeen fully revised by Steve Winder, this classic textbook covers all the latest developments in the field, matched to current degree module syllabuses in both the UK and USA. The introductory sections assume only a basic grounding in electronics, followed by more in-depth material to further the reader's understanding of the subject. Each chapter is followed by a set of exercises, enabling the reader to put the theory learnt into practice,with full answers provided at the back of the book. Appendices feature reproductions of manufacturers' data sheets, placing the concepts introduced in the text into areal-world context, as well as a comprehensive bibliography. This approach, combined with the book's easily accessible page layout and style, results in a highly student centred and comprehensive text. New, updated and expanded topics in the new edition include: bipolar, JFET and MOSFET transistors; voltage regulators; dielectric absorption on integrator, differentiator and S&H circuits; as well as FDNR and Gyrator filters. * A classic textbook revised and updated throughout for current courses * New expanded content to provide fully comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the subject * Idealfor 1st / 2nd year undergraduate courses.
目录
Preface p. ix
Fundamentals
Introduction p. 1
The ideal op-amp p. 2
Feedback and the ideal op-amp p. 2
More examples of the ideal op-amp at work p. 4
Op-amp packages p. 8
Exercises p. 9
Real op-amp performance parameters
Op-amp input and output limitations p. 11
Limitations in gain, and input and output impedance p. 13
Real op-amp frequency response characteristics p. 19
Small-signal closed-loop frequency response p. 22
Closed-loop stability considerations p. 25
Frequency compensation (phase compensation) p. 28
Transient response characteristics p. 37
Full power response p. 44
Offsets, bias current and drift p. 45
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) p. 49
Noise in op-amp circuits p. 50
Exercises p. 59
Analogue integrated circuit technology
Voltage feedback op-amps p. 64
Comparison of voltage feedback op-amps p. 69
Current feedback op-amps p. 72
Exercises p. 81
Applications: linear circuits
Introduction p. 82
Voltage scaling and buffer circuits p. 83
Voltage summation p. 87
Differential input amplifier configurations (voltage subtractor) p. 88
Current scaling p. 93
Voltage-to-current conversion p. 99
AC amplifiers p. 104
Exercises p. 105
Logarithmic amplifiers and related circuits
Amplifiers with defined non-linearity p. 107
Synthesized non-linear response p. 108
Logarithmic conversion with an inherently logarithmic device p. 111
Logarithmic amplifiers: practical design considerations p. 119
Some practical log and antilog circuit configurations p. 129
Log and antilog circuits for computation p. 137
A variable transconductance four quadrant multiplier p. 139
Exercises p. 142
Integrators and differentiators
The basic integrator p. 144
Integrator run, set and hold modes p. 145
Integrator errors p. 146
Extensions to a basic integrator p. 153
Integrator reset p. 158
AC integrators p. 160
Differentiators p. 161
Practical considerations in differentiator design p. 163
Modifications to the basic differentiator p. 166
Exercises p. 166
Comparator, monostable and oscillator circuits
Comparators p. 169
Multivibrators p. 173
Sine wave oscillators p. 181
Waveform generators p. 185
The 555 timer p. 190
The 8038 waveform generator p. 192
Exercises p. 196
Sensor interface, analogue processing and digital conversion
Sensor interface circuits p. 197
Hot wire anemometer with constant temperature operation p. 203
Temperature measurement using a thermocouple p. 204
Light sensitive switching p. 205
Sensing analogue light levels p. 206
Interfacing linear Hall effect transducers (LHETS) p. 206
Precise diode circuits p. 207
Full-wave rectifier circuits p. 209
Peak detectors p. 211
Sample and hold circuits p. 213
Voltage-to-frequency conversion p. 215
Frequency-to-voltage conversion p. 217
Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) p. 218
Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) p. 221
Exercises p. 226
Active filters
Introduction p. 227
Passive filters p. 227
Active filters p. 237
Active filters using operational amplifiers (op-amps) p. 238
Choosing the frequency response of the low-pass filter p. 238
Choosing the frequency response of the high-pass filter p. 243
Band-pass filters using the state variable technique p. 245
Band reject (notch filter) p. 248
Phase shifting circuit (all-pass filter) p. 249
Filter design p. 250
Exercises p. 256
Practical considerations
Op-amp selection and design specification p. 257
Selection processes p. 258
Attention to external circuit details p. 260
Avoiding unwanted signals p. 261
Ensure closed-loop stability p. 265
Offset nulling techniques p. 267
Importance of external passive components p. 270
Avoiding fault conditions p. 272
Modifying an op-amp's output capability p. 273
Speeding up a low drift op-amp p. 279
Single power supply operation for op-amps p. 280
Voltage regulator circuits p. 282
Exercises p. 287
Bibliography p. 289
Answers to exercises p. 290
Operational amplifier applications and circuit ideas p. 294
Gain peaking/damping factor/phase margin p. 306
Effect of resistor tolerance on CMRR of one amplifier differential circuit p. 310
Instrumentation transducers p. 313
Introduction p. 313
Resistance strain gauges p. 313
Platinum resistance temperature detectors p. 315
Thermistors p. 317
Pressure transducers p. 317
Thermocouples p. 318
Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) p. 319
Capacitive transducers p. 319
Tachometers p. 319
Electromagnetic flowmeters p. 320
Hall effect transducers p. 320
Opto transducers p. 321
Semiconductor data sheets p. 323
Index p. 385
Fundamentals
Introduction p. 1
The ideal op-amp p. 2
Feedback and the ideal op-amp p. 2
More examples of the ideal op-amp at work p. 4
Op-amp packages p. 8
Exercises p. 9
Real op-amp performance parameters
Op-amp input and output limitations p. 11
Limitations in gain, and input and output impedance p. 13
Real op-amp frequency response characteristics p. 19
Small-signal closed-loop frequency response p. 22
Closed-loop stability considerations p. 25
Frequency compensation (phase compensation) p. 28
Transient response characteristics p. 37
Full power response p. 44
Offsets, bias current and drift p. 45
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) p. 49
Noise in op-amp circuits p. 50
Exercises p. 59
Analogue integrated circuit technology
Voltage feedback op-amps p. 64
Comparison of voltage feedback op-amps p. 69
Current feedback op-amps p. 72
Exercises p. 81
Applications: linear circuits
Introduction p. 82
Voltage scaling and buffer circuits p. 83
Voltage summation p. 87
Differential input amplifier configurations (voltage subtractor) p. 88
Current scaling p. 93
Voltage-to-current conversion p. 99
AC amplifiers p. 104
Exercises p. 105
Logarithmic amplifiers and related circuits
Amplifiers with defined non-linearity p. 107
Synthesized non-linear response p. 108
Logarithmic conversion with an inherently logarithmic device p. 111
Logarithmic amplifiers: practical design considerations p. 119
Some practical log and antilog circuit configurations p. 129
Log and antilog circuits for computation p. 137
A variable transconductance four quadrant multiplier p. 139
Exercises p. 142
Integrators and differentiators
The basic integrator p. 144
Integrator run, set and hold modes p. 145
Integrator errors p. 146
Extensions to a basic integrator p. 153
Integrator reset p. 158
AC integrators p. 160
Differentiators p. 161
Practical considerations in differentiator design p. 163
Modifications to the basic differentiator p. 166
Exercises p. 166
Comparator, monostable and oscillator circuits
Comparators p. 169
Multivibrators p. 173
Sine wave oscillators p. 181
Waveform generators p. 185
The 555 timer p. 190
The 8038 waveform generator p. 192
Exercises p. 196
Sensor interface, analogue processing and digital conversion
Sensor interface circuits p. 197
Hot wire anemometer with constant temperature operation p. 203
Temperature measurement using a thermocouple p. 204
Light sensitive switching p. 205
Sensing analogue light levels p. 206
Interfacing linear Hall effect transducers (LHETS) p. 206
Precise diode circuits p. 207
Full-wave rectifier circuits p. 209
Peak detectors p. 211
Sample and hold circuits p. 213
Voltage-to-frequency conversion p. 215
Frequency-to-voltage conversion p. 217
Analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) p. 218
Digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) p. 221
Exercises p. 226
Active filters
Introduction p. 227
Passive filters p. 227
Active filters p. 237
Active filters using operational amplifiers (op-amps) p. 238
Choosing the frequency response of the low-pass filter p. 238
Choosing the frequency response of the high-pass filter p. 243
Band-pass filters using the state variable technique p. 245
Band reject (notch filter) p. 248
Phase shifting circuit (all-pass filter) p. 249
Filter design p. 250
Exercises p. 256
Practical considerations
Op-amp selection and design specification p. 257
Selection processes p. 258
Attention to external circuit details p. 260
Avoiding unwanted signals p. 261
Ensure closed-loop stability p. 265
Offset nulling techniques p. 267
Importance of external passive components p. 270
Avoiding fault conditions p. 272
Modifying an op-amp's output capability p. 273
Speeding up a low drift op-amp p. 279
Single power supply operation for op-amps p. 280
Voltage regulator circuits p. 282
Exercises p. 287
Bibliography p. 289
Answers to exercises p. 290
Operational amplifier applications and circuit ideas p. 294
Gain peaking/damping factor/phase margin p. 306
Effect of resistor tolerance on CMRR of one amplifier differential circuit p. 310
Instrumentation transducers p. 313
Introduction p. 313
Resistance strain gauges p. 313
Platinum resistance temperature detectors p. 315
Thermistors p. 317
Pressure transducers p. 317
Thermocouples p. 318
Linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) p. 319
Capacitive transducers p. 319
Tachometers p. 319
Electromagnetic flowmeters p. 320
Hall effect transducers p. 320
Opto transducers p. 321
Semiconductor data sheets p. 323
Index p. 385
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