Preface p. xv
Introduction
Introduction: Definitions and History p. 1
What Is Industrial/Organizational Psychology? p. 2
The Science and Practice of Industrial/Organizational Psychology p. 3
The Roots and Early History of Industrial/Organizational Psychology p. 7
The Beginnings p. 7
World War I and the 1920s p. 9
The Great Depression Years and World War II p. 9
The Postwar Years and the Modern Era p. 11
Industrial/Organizational Psychology Today and in the Future p. 12
Summary p. 17
Research Methods in Industrial/Organizational Psychology p. 19
Social Scientific Research Methods p. 21
Goals of Social Scientific Research Methods p. 21
Steps in the Research Process p. 22
Major Research Designs p. 27
The Experimental Method p. 27
The Correlational Method p. 31
Meta-analysis p. 33
The Case Study Method p. 34
Measurement of Variables p. 35
Observational Techniques p. 35
Self-report Techniques p. 36
Measuring Work Outcomes: The Bottom Line p. 37
Interpreting and Using Research Results p. 39
Summary p. 43
Statistical Analyses of Research Data p. 45
Descriptive Statistics p. 46
Inferential Statistics p. 48
Statistical Analysis of Experimental Method Data p. 50
Statistical Analysis of Correlational Method Data p. 51
Appendix Summary p. 53
Personnel Issues
Job Analysis p. 55
Job Analysis p. 56
Job Analysis Methods p. 61
Specific Job Analysis Techniques p. 64
Job Elements Method p. 65
Functional Job Analysis (FJA) p. 65
Position Analysis Questionnaire (PAQ) p. 67
Critical Incidents Technique (CIT) p. 70
Comparing The Different Job Analysis Techniques p. 71
Job Analysis and the ADA p. 72
Job Evaluation and Comparable Worth p. 73
Summary p. 78
Employee Selection p. 80
A Model for Employee Selection p. 82
Steps in the Employee Selection Process p. 82
Employee Recruitment p. 82
Employee Screening p. 86
Evaluation of Written Materials p. 86
References and Letters of Recommendation p. 88
Employment Testing p. 89
Considerations in the Development and Use of Personnel Screening and Testing Methods p. 89
Types of Employee Screening Tests p. 91
Biodata Instruments p. 94
The Effectiveness of Employee Screening Tests p. 103
Assessment Centers p. 104
Hiring Interviews p. 107
Employee Selection and Placement p. 112
Making Employee Selection Decisions p. 112
Employee Placement p. 114
Equal Employment Opportunity in Employee Selection and Placement p. 116
Testing Disabled Job Applicants p. 117
Summary p. 117
Employee Training and Development p. 122
Areas of Employee Training p. 123
Fundamental Issues in Employee Training p. 126
Theories of Learning p. 126
Key Issues in the Success of Training Programs p. 129
Common Problems in Employee Training Programs p. 131
A Model for Successful Training Programs p. 132
Assessing Training Needs p. 133
Establishing Training Objectives p. 135
Development and Testing of Training Materials: Employee Training Methods p. 135
Implementation of the Training Program p. 145
Evaluation of the Training Program p. 146
Diversity and Equal Employment Opportunity Issues in Employee Training p. 149
Summary p. 151
Evaluating Employee Performance p. 155
Job Performance and Performance Appraisals p. 156
Purposes of Performance Appraisals p. 156
The Measurement of Job Performance p. 157
Objective versus Subjective Performance Criteria p. 159
Sources of Performance Ratings p. 161
Methods of Rating Performance p. 164
Comparative methods p. 165
Individual methods p. 166
Problems and Pitfalls in Performance Appraisal p. 172
The Performance Appraisal Process p. 176
Legal Concerns in Performance Appraisals p. 180
Summary p. 180
Worker Issues
Motivation p. 183
Defining Motivation p. 184
Need Theories of Motivation p. 185
Basic Need Theories p. 185
McClelland's Achievement Motivation Theory p. 186
Behavior-based Theories of Motivation p. 190
Reinforcement Theory p. 190
Goal-setting Theory p. 194
Job Design Theories of Motivation p. 195
Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory p. 195
Job Characteristics Model p. 197
Rational Theories of Motivation p. 202
Equity Theory of Motivation p. 202
Expectancy Theory of Motivation p. 204
Comparing, contrasting, and Combining the Different Motivation Theories p. 207
The Relationship Between Motivation and Performance p. 210
Systems and Technology Variables p. 211
Individual Difference Variables p. 211
Group Dynamics Variables p. 212
Organizational Variables p. 212
Summary p. 213
Job Satisfaction, Work Attendance, and Quality of Work Life p. 215
Job Satisfaction p. 216
Defining Job Satisfaction p. 216
The Measurement of Job Satisfaction p. 218
Job Satisfaction and Job Performance p. 225
Organizational Commitment p. 227
Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction p. 227
Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Employee Attendance p. 230
Employee Absenteeism p. 230
Employee Turnover p. 230
Increasing Job Satisfaction p. 233
Quality of Work Life p. 240
Summary p. 243
Worker Stress p. 245
Defining Worker Stress p. 246
Sources of Worker Stress p. 248
Stressful Occupations p. 248
Organizational Sources of Work Stress: Situational Stressors p. 250
Individual Sources of Work Stress: Dispositional Stressors p. 254
Measurement of Worker Stress p. 257
Effects of Worker Stress p. 260
Job Burnout p. 262
Coping with Worker Stress p. 264
Summary p. 271
Work Group and Organizational Issues
Communication in the Work Place p. 273
The Communication Process: A Definition and a Model p. 274
Research on the Communication Process p. 278
Nonverbal Communication in Work Settings p. 283
The Flow of Communication in Work Organizations p. 285
Downward, Upward, and Lateral Flow of Communication p. 286
Barriers to the Effective Flow of Communication p. 289
Communication Networks p. 293
Formal and Informal Lines of Communication: The Hierarchy Versus the Grapevine p. 296
Organizational Communication and Work Outcomes p. 299
Summary p. 301
Group Processes in Work Organizations p. 303
Defining Work Groups p. 304
Roles p. 305
Norms p. 308
Organizational Socialization: Learning Group Roles and Norms p. 309
Basic Group Processes p. 310
Conformity p. 310
Group Cohesiveness p. 311
Cooperation and Competition in Work Groups p. 313
Conflict in Work Groups and Organizations p. 318
Group Decision-making Processes p. 328
Effectiveness of Group Decision Making p. 329
Group Decision Making Gone Awry: Groupthink and Group Polarization p. 331
Summary p. 336
Leadership p. 339
What Is Leadership? p. 340
Defining Leadership p. 340
Universalist Theories of Leadership p. 341
Great Man/Woman Theory p. 341
Trait Theory p. 342
Behavioral Theories of Leadership p. 342
Ohio State Leadership Studies p. 343
University of Michigan Leadership Studies p. 344
Evaluation of the Behavioral Theories of Leadership p. 345
Contingency Theories of Leadership p. 347
Fielder's Contingency Model p. 347
The Path-Goal Theory p. 353
The Decision-making Model p. 354
The Leader-Member Exchange Model p. 359
Additional Leadership Theories p. 360
Charismatic Leadership Theory p. 361
Transactional Versus Transformational Leadership p. 362
Comparing and Contrasting Theories of Leadership p. 363
Applications of Leadership Theories p. 365
Leadership Training p. 367
Job Redesign and Substitutes for Leadership p. 369
Summary p. 370
Influence, Power, and Politics p. 372
Defining Influence, Power, and Politics p. 374
Influence: The Use of Social Control p. 375
Power: A Major Force in Work Organizations p. 377
Power Sources p. 379
Power Dynamics in Work Organizations p. 382
Organizational Politics p. 388
Defining Organizational Politics p. 389
Types of Political Behaviors p. 390
Causes of Organizational Politics p. 394
Consequences of Organizational Politics p. 397
Managing Organizational Politics p. 397
A Contingency Approach to Organizational Power and Politics p. 398
Summary p. 400
Organizational Structure, Culture, and Development p. 402
Organizational Structure p. 404
Dimensions of Organizational Structure p. 404
Traditional versus Nontraditional Organizational Structures p. 404
Chain of Command and Span of Control p. 405
Functional Versus Divisional Structure p. 407
Centralized Versus Decentralized Structure p. 409
Examples of Traditional and Nontraditional Organizational Structures p. 410
Traditional Organizational Structures p. 410
Nontraditional Organizational Structures p. 413
Contingency Models of Organizational Structure p. 416
Organizational Culture p. 422
Organizational Development p. 423
Organizational Development Techniques p. 426
The Effectiveness of Organizational Development p. 435
Summary p. 437
Work Environment Issues
Human Factors in Work Design p. 439
Human Factors p. 440
Operator-Machine Systems p. 444
Displays p. 444
Operator Information Processing and Decision Making p. 448
Machine Controls p. 449
Errors in Operator-Machine Systems p. 458
Automation and Operator-Machine Systems p. 460
The Work Environment: Workspace Design p. 463
Summary p. 466
Work Conditions and Work Safety p. 469
Work Conditions p. 470
Physical Conditions of the Work Environment p. 470
Psychological Conditions of the Work Environment p. 480
Temporal Conditions of the Work Environment: Work Schedules p. 482
Work Safety p. 484
Dangers in the Work Environment p. 485
Dangers in Machine Systems p. 487
Dangers in Worker Characteristics and Behavior p. 488
Programs to Increase Work Safety p. 491
Alcohol and Drug Use in the Workplace p. 494
Summary p. 496
Glossary p. 499
References p. 513
Credits p. 561
Name Index p. 565
Subject Index p. 578