简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
Life-cycle assessment of new energy solutions plays an important role in discussions about global warming mitigation options and the evaluation of concrete energy production and conversion installations. This book starts by describing the methodology of life-cycle analysis and life-cycle assessment of new energy solutions. It then goes on to cover, in detail, a range of applications to individual energy installations, national supply systems, and to the global energy system in a climate impact context. Coverage is not limited to issues related to commercial uses by consultants according to ISO norms. It also emphasizes life-cycle studies as an open-ended scientific discipline embracing economic issues of cost, employment, equity, foreign trade balances, ecological sustainability, and a range of geo-political and social issues. A wealth of applications are described and a discussion on the results obtained in each study is included. Example areas are fossil and nuclear power plants, renewable energy systems, and systems based on hydrogen or batteries as energy carriers. The analysis is continued to the end-users of energy, where energy use in transportation, industry and home are scrutinized for their life-cycle impacts. Biofuel production and the combustion of firewood in home fireplaces and stoves are amongst the issues discussed. A central theme of the book is global warming. The impacts of greenhouse gas emissions are meticulously mapped at a depth far beyond that of the IPCC reports. A novel and surprising finding is that more lives will be saved than lost as a direct consequence of a warmer climate. After a 2 C increase in temperature, the reduction in death rates in areas with cold winters would outweigh the increase in the death rates in hot climates. However, this is only one of several impacts from greenhouse gases, and the remaining ones are still overwhelmingly negative. The fact that some population groups may benefit from higher temperatures (notably the ones most responsible for greenhouse gas emissions) whilst others (who did not contribute much to the problem) suffer is one of the main points of the book. The book is suitable as a university textbook and as a reference source for engineers, managers and public bodies responsible for planning and licensing.
Publisher Summary 2
This book describes the methodology of life-cycle analysis of new energy solutions and their applications in a climate impact context.
目录
Introduction p. 1
History p. 1
ISO-Based Implementations p. 9
The Present Approach p. 16
References p. 19
Methodology
Life-Cycle Analysis p. 25
LCA Basics p. 26
Defining the Purpose and Scope of LCA p. 27
Treatment of Import and Export p. 3
What to Include in a LCA? p. 34
Qualitative or Quantitative Estimates of Impact p. 40
Treatment of Risk-related Impacts and Accidents in LCA p. 40
Choosing the Context p. 41
Social Context p. 42
Aggregation Issues p. 44
Chain Calculations p. 47
Matrix Calculations p. 51
Marginal versus Systemic Change p. 53
Inventory Building p. 54
References p. 63
Energy System Definition p. 79
Energy Demand and Supply p. 82
Basic and Derived Energy Demands p. 82
Energy Production, Conversion and End Use p. 90
Scenario Techniques p. 98
Why Use Scenario Techniques? p. 98
Methodology and Short History of Scenario Construction p. 100
Sociological and Geopolitical Basis for Scenarios p. 101
References p. 104
Applications
Life-Cycle Analysis of Particular Substances and Common Issues p. 109
LCA of Greenhouse Gases p. 109
Food Production and Silviculture p. 125
Extreme Events p. 127
Direct Health Impacts of Climate Change p. 136
Vector-borne Diseases p. 148
Ecosystem Impacts p. 155
Choice of Impact Valuation Methodology p. 156
Overall Valuation of Greenhouse Warming Impacts p. 159
LCA of Combustion Pollutants p. 165
LCA of Radioactive Substances and Accidents p. 173
References p. 181
Life-Cycle Analysis of Primary and Intermediate Energy Conversion p. 191
Power Production from Fossil Fuels p. 192
LCA of Coal-fired Power Stations p. 194
LCA of Power Stations Using Natural Gas or Fuel Oil p. 204
Power from Nuclear Schemes p. 206
Renewable Energy Chains p. 211
LCA of Wind Power Plants p. 211
LCA of Photovoltaic and other Solar Energy Systems p. 220
LCA of Hydropower and Geothermal Energy p. 227
LCA of Hydrogen Production and Large-scale Fuel Cell Plants p. 229
LCA of Food Provision p. 234
LCA of Gaseous and Liquid Biofuels p. 238
References p. 247
Life-Cycle Analysis of End-Use Energy Conversion p. 255
LCA of Road Traffic p. 255
Conventional Gasoline Otto-engine Passenger Car p. 255
Fuel Cell Passenger Car Compared with Conventional Car p. 259
Other Transport Modes p. 270
LCA of Buildings and Space Conditioning p. 272
Heat Transfer through the Building Shell p. 272
Building Heating and Hybrid Energy Systems p. 278
LCA of Home and Work Activities p. 284
References p. 289
Life-Cycle Analysis on a System-Wide Levelp295
LCA in National Energy-System Planning p. 295
LCA of Selected Scenarios for Future Danish Energy Systems p. 296
Assessing Future Directions in a Global Context p. 301
Wrapping Up p. 309
References p. 311
Glossary of Words and Concepts p. 313
Units and Conversion Factors p. 317
Subject Index p. 321
History p. 1
ISO-Based Implementations p. 9
The Present Approach p. 16
References p. 19
Methodology
Life-Cycle Analysis p. 25
LCA Basics p. 26
Defining the Purpose and Scope of LCA p. 27
Treatment of Import and Export p. 3
What to Include in a LCA? p. 34
Qualitative or Quantitative Estimates of Impact p. 40
Treatment of Risk-related Impacts and Accidents in LCA p. 40
Choosing the Context p. 41
Social Context p. 42
Aggregation Issues p. 44
Chain Calculations p. 47
Matrix Calculations p. 51
Marginal versus Systemic Change p. 53
Inventory Building p. 54
References p. 63
Energy System Definition p. 79
Energy Demand and Supply p. 82
Basic and Derived Energy Demands p. 82
Energy Production, Conversion and End Use p. 90
Scenario Techniques p. 98
Why Use Scenario Techniques? p. 98
Methodology and Short History of Scenario Construction p. 100
Sociological and Geopolitical Basis for Scenarios p. 101
References p. 104
Applications
Life-Cycle Analysis of Particular Substances and Common Issues p. 109
LCA of Greenhouse Gases p. 109
Food Production and Silviculture p. 125
Extreme Events p. 127
Direct Health Impacts of Climate Change p. 136
Vector-borne Diseases p. 148
Ecosystem Impacts p. 155
Choice of Impact Valuation Methodology p. 156
Overall Valuation of Greenhouse Warming Impacts p. 159
LCA of Combustion Pollutants p. 165
LCA of Radioactive Substances and Accidents p. 173
References p. 181
Life-Cycle Analysis of Primary and Intermediate Energy Conversion p. 191
Power Production from Fossil Fuels p. 192
LCA of Coal-fired Power Stations p. 194
LCA of Power Stations Using Natural Gas or Fuel Oil p. 204
Power from Nuclear Schemes p. 206
Renewable Energy Chains p. 211
LCA of Wind Power Plants p. 211
LCA of Photovoltaic and other Solar Energy Systems p. 220
LCA of Hydropower and Geothermal Energy p. 227
LCA of Hydrogen Production and Large-scale Fuel Cell Plants p. 229
LCA of Food Provision p. 234
LCA of Gaseous and Liquid Biofuels p. 238
References p. 247
Life-Cycle Analysis of End-Use Energy Conversion p. 255
LCA of Road Traffic p. 255
Conventional Gasoline Otto-engine Passenger Car p. 255
Fuel Cell Passenger Car Compared with Conventional Car p. 259
Other Transport Modes p. 270
LCA of Buildings and Space Conditioning p. 272
Heat Transfer through the Building Shell p. 272
Building Heating and Hybrid Energy Systems p. 278
LCA of Home and Work Activities p. 284
References p. 289
Life-Cycle Analysis on a System-Wide Levelp295
LCA in National Energy-System Planning p. 295
LCA of Selected Scenarios for Future Danish Energy Systems p. 296
Assessing Future Directions in a Global Context p. 301
Wrapping Up p. 309
References p. 311
Glossary of Words and Concepts p. 313
Units and Conversion Factors p. 317
Subject Index p. 321
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