Broadband wireless access and local networks : mobile WiMax and WiFi /
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作 者：Byeong Gi Lee, Sunghyun Choi.
分类号：
ISBN：9781596932937
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简介
Lee and Choi (Seoul National U., Korea) introduce the basic technologies used by Mobile WiMAX for IP-based wireless LAN systems in this textbook, which is aimed at engineering students. Using the experiences of field engineers, the authors provide a guide to the development and application of these mobile systems, covering such topics as network initialization and maintenance, OFDMA PHY framework and multiple antenna technologies. The development of WiBro, the first WiMAX system, is also discussed in depth. Annotation 漏2008 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
目录
Contents 7
Preface 17
Acknowledgments 23
Chapter 1 Preliminaries 25
1.1 Wireless Communication Channel Characteristics 26
1.1.1 Channel Gain 26
1.1.2 Fading 27
1.1.3 Channel Reinforcing Techniques 32
1.2 Frequency Spectrum for Wireless Communications 35
1.2.1 Frequency Spectrum for WiMAX 36
1.2.2 Frequency Spectrum for WiFi 40
1.3 Standardization History 44
1.3.1 IEEE 802.16/WiMAX Standardization 44
1.3.2 IEEE 802.11/WiFi Standardization 47
1.4 Mobile WiMAX Versus WiFi 54
1.4.1 Mobile WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access Networks 54
1.4.2 WiFi: Wireless Local Area Networks 58
1.4.3 Similarities and Differences 63
References 64
Selected Bibliography 66
Part I: Mobile WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access Network 67
Chapter 2 Introduction to Mobile WiMAX Networks 71
2.1 Key Network Technologies 73
2.1.1 Duplexing: TDD 74
2.1.2 Multiple Access: OFDMA 75
2.1.3 Coding and Modulation 77
2.1.4 Multiple Antennas 80
2.1.5 Bandwidth Management 82
2.1.6 Retransmission: HARQ 83
2.1.7 Mobility Management 84
2.1.8 Security Management 86
2.2 Protocol Layering 87
2.2.1 Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer 88
2.2.2 MAC Common Part Sublayer 89
2.2.3 Security Sublayer 90
2.2.4 Physical Layer 90
2.3 Network Architecture 92
2.3.1 Network Reference Model 92
2.3.2 Functional Entities 93
2.3.3 Reference Points 95
2.4 Mobile WiMAX Versus Cellular Mobile Networks 96
2.4.1 Evolution of Cellular Mobile Networks 96
2.4.2 Comparison of Mobile WiMAX and Cellular Mobile Networks 99
2.4.3 Mobile WiMAX to Cellular Mobile Network Interworking 102
References 106
Selected Bibliography 107
Chapter 3 Network Initialization and Maintenance 109
3.1 Network Discovery 111
3.1.1 Scanning 112
3.1.2 Synchronization 112
3.1.3 Parameter Acquisition 112
3.2 Network Initialization 113
3.2.1 Initial Ranging 115
3.2.2 Basic Capabilities Negotiation 118
3.2.3 Authorization and Key Exchange 118
3.2.4 Registration 119
3.2.5 Establishing Connections 120
3.3 Connection Setup 120
3.3.1 Basic Connection Setup 120
3.3.2 QoS and Bandwidth Allocation 121
3.4 Nonconnected State 123
3.4.1 Sleep Mode 123
3.4.2 Idle Mode 124
3.5 Paging 124
3.6 Mobility 125
3.6.1 Nonconnected-State Mobility 126
3.6.2 Connected-State Mobility\u2014Handover 126
3.7 Maintenance 127
3.7.1 Synchronization 128
3.7.2 Periodic Ranging 128
3.7.3 Power Control 129
References 130
Selected Bibliography 130
Chapter 4 OFDMA PHY Framework 131
4.1 OFDMA Communication Signal Processing 131
4.1.1 Encoding and Modulation 132
4.1.2 Subcarrier Mapping and Transform 135
4.1.3 Transmit Processing 142
4.1.4 OFDMA System Parameters 146
4.2 Channel Coding and HARQ 148
4.2.1 Convolutional Code 148
4.2.1 Convolutional Code 148
4.2.2 Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC) 152
4.2.3 Hybrid ARQ 160
4.3 OFDMA Frame Structuring 163
4.3.1 OFDMA Slots and Bursts 163
4.3.2 OFDMA Frame 165
4.3.3 FCH and DL/UL MAPs 168
4.3.4 Burst Profiles 176
4.4 Subchannelization 180
4.4.1 DL PUSC 182
4.4.2 DL FUSC 184
4.4.3 UL PUSC 187
4.4.4 DL/UL AMC 189
References 193
Selected Bibliography 193
Chatper 5 MAC Framework 195
5.1 MAC Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer 195
5.1.1 Classification Functions 196
5.1.2 MAC SDU and CS PDU Formats 197
5.1.3 PHS Functions 199
5.2 MAC Common Part Sublayer 200
5.2.1 MAC CPS Functions 201
5.2.2 Addressing and Connections 203
5.2.3 MAC Management Messages 204
5.2.4 MAC PDU Formats 207
5.2.5 Construction and Transmission of MAC PDU 211
5.3 ARQ 212
5.3.1 ARQ Block Processing 212
5.3.2 ARQ Feedback 215
5.3.3 ARQ Operation 217
Reference 219
Selected Bibliography 219
Chapter 6 Bandwidth Management and QoS 221
6.1 Scheduling and Data Delivery Services 221
6.1.1 Scheduling Services 222
6.1.2 Data Delivery Services 226
6.2 Bandwidth Request and Allocation 227
6.2.1 Requests 227
6.2.2 Grants 228
6.2.3 Polling 228
6.3 QoS 229
6.3.1 Service Flows and Classes 231
6.3.2 QoS Messages and Parameters 232
6.3.3 QoS-Related Network Elements 234
6.3.4 Service Flow Setup/Release Procedures 237
6.3.5 Scheduling, CAC, and Policing 241
References 243
Selected Bibliography 243
Chapter 7 Mobility Support 245
7.1 Cellular Concept 245
7.1.1 Intercell Interference Management 246
7.1.2 Handover Management 251
7.2 Handover Procedure 253
7.2.1 Network Topology Acquisition 254
7.2.2 Handover Execution 254
7.2.3 Soft Handover 258
7.3 Power Saving 260
7.3.1 Sleep Mode 260
7.3.2 Idle Mode 265
References 271
Selected Bibliography 272
Chapter 8 Security Control 273
8.1 Fundamentals of Cryptography and Information Security 273
8.1.1 Cryptography 274
8.1.2 Encrypted Communication 275
8.1.3 Ciphers and Hash Functions 275
8.1.4 Practical Cryptographic Systems 279
8.1.5 Additional Security Components 282
8.1.6 Mobile WiMAX Security Overview 283
8.2 Security System Architecture 284
8.2.1 Security Association 285
8.2.2 Encapsulation 285
8.2.3 Authentication 286
8.2.4 Key Management 287
8.3 Key Management 288
8.3.1 PKMv1 289
8.3.2 PKMv2 291
8.3.3 State Machines for Key Exchange 296
References 302
Selected Bibliography 302
Chapter 9 Multiple Antenna Technology 305
9.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Technology 305
9.1.1 Multiple Antenna Techniques 306
9.1.2 Capacity of MIMO Channels 307
9.1.3 System Models 309
9.2 Open-Loop Technology 312
9.2.1 Transmit Diversity 313
9.2.2 Spatial Multiplexing 316
9.2.3 Mobile WiMAX Examples 319
9.3 Closed-Loop Technology 323
9.3.1 Precording 324
9.3.2 Multiuser MIMO 327
9.4 MIMO Receiver Algorithms 329
9.4.1 Maximum Likelihood Detection 329
9.4.2 Linear Detection 330
9.4.3 Near-Optimal Algorithms 332
References 335
Selected Bibliography 337
Chapter 10 WiBro: The First Mobile WiMAX System 339
10.1 WiBro Network Configuration 340
10.1.1 WiBro Network Architecture 340
10.1.2 ASN-GW 341
10.1.3 RAS (or BS) 342
10.1.4 CSN Servers 343
10.2 WiBro System Requirements 343
10.2.1 Requirements on Radio Access 343
10.2.2 Requirements on Networks and Services 344
10.2.3 Requirements on ACR and CSN 345
10.2.4 Requirements on RAS 346
10.3 RAS System Design 346
10.3.1 RAS Architecture 347
10.3.2 RAS Functions 349
10.4 ACR System Design 351
10.4.1 ACR Architecture 351
10.4.2 ACR Functions 352
10.5 Access Network Deployment 357
10.5.1 Access Network Planning 358
10.5.2 RNP Case Studies 360
10.5.3 Access Network Implementation and Optimization 361
10.6 Other Network Elements Deployment 362
10.6.1 Core Network Planning 363
10.6.2 Servers and Other Elements 364
10.7 WiBro Services 365
10.7.1 Service Platform 365
10.7.2 Core Application Services 366
10.7.3 Other Major Services 369
References 370
Selected Bibliography 370
Part II: WiFi: Wireless Local Area Networks 373
Chapter 11 Introduction to WiFi Networks 377
11.1 Network Architecture 380
11.1.1 Ad Hoc Network 381
11.1.2 Infrastructure Network 382
11.1.3 Distribution System (DS) and Extended Service Set (ESS) 383
11.2 Reference Model 384
11.3 Layer Interactions 385
11.3.1 MAC Message Types 386
11.3.2 Interaction Between MAC and PHY 386
11.3.3 Interaction Between MAC and IEEE 802.2 LLC 387
11.3.4 Interaction Between MAC and IEEE 802.1D MAC Bridge 389
11.4 Key Technologies 390
11.4.1 Multiple Access, Duplexing, and MAC 392
11.4.2 Multiple Transmission Rate Support 392
11.4.3 Power-Saving Schemes 393
11.4.4 Mobility Support 393
11.4.5 Access Control and Confidentiality Support 394
11.4.6 Spectrum and Transmit Power Management 394
11.4.7 Traffic Differentiation and QoS Support 394
References 395
Selected Bibliography 396
Chapter 12 PHY Protocols 397
12.1 IEEE 802.11 PHY Operations 397
12.1.1 Frame Transmission 397
12.1.2 Frame Reception 398
12.1.3 CCA Operations 399
12.2 IEEE 802.11a OFDM PHY in 5 GHz 400
12.2.1 Modulation and Coding Schemes 400
12.2.2 OFDM PLCP Sublayer 401
12.2.3 Physical Medium\u2013Dependent (PMD) Operations 406
12.2.4 Reduced-Clock Operations 411
12.3 IEEE 802.11b HR/DSSS PHY in 2.4 GHz 411
12.3.1 PLCP Sublayer 412
12.3.2 Modulation Schemes 415
12.3.3 PMD Operations 417
12.4 IEEE 802.11g ER PHY in 2.4 GHz 420
12.4.1 Mandatory and Optional Modes 420
12.4.2 Coexistence with IEEE 802.11b 420
References 421
Chapter 13 Baseline MAC Protocol 423
13.1 MAC Frame Formats 423
13.1.1 General Frame Format 424
13.1.2 Data Frames 432
13.1.3 Control Frames 433
13.1.4 Management Frames 436
13.2 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) 439
13.2.1 CSMA/CA Basic Access Procedure 439
13.2.2 Interframe Spaces (IFSs) 444
13.2.3 Virtual Carrier Sensing 446
13.2.4 Recovery Via ARQ 446
13.2.5 RTS/CTS 447
13.2.6 Fragmentation 449
13.2.7 Throughput Performance 451
13.3 Point Coordination Function (PCF) 453
13.3.1 CFP Structure and Timing 453
13.3.2 Basic Access Procedure 454
13.4 Other MAC Operations 456
13.4.1 Unicast Versus Multicast Versus Broadcast 456
13.4.2 Multirate Support 456
13.5 MAC Management 459
13.5.1 Time Synchronization 459
13.5.2 Power Management 461
13.5.3 (Re)association 465
13.5.4 Management Information Base 466
References 466
Chapter 14 QoS Provisioning 469
14.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.11e 469
14.1.1 Limitations of Baseline MAC 470
14.2 Key Concepts 471
14.2.1 Prioritized Versus Parameterized QoS 471
14.2.2 Traffic Identifier (TID) 472
14.2.3 Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) 472
14.2.4 QoS Control Field 473
14.3 IEEE 802.11e Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) 475
14.3.1 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) 476
14.3.2 HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) 482
14.4 Admission Control and Scheduling 485
14.4.1 TS Operations 485
14.4.2 Information Elements for TS 488
14.4.3 Admission Control and Scheduling Policies 494
14.5 Other Optional Features 498
14.5.1 Direct Link Setup (DLS) 498
14.5.2 Block Ack 499
14.5.3 Automatic Power Save Delivery (APSD) 503
References 504
Selected Bibliography 505
Chapter 15 Security Mechanisms 507
15.1 Pre-RSNA Security 507
15.1.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 508
15.1.2 Pre-RSNA Authentication 510
15.1.3 Limitations of Pre-RSNA 512
15.2 Robust Security Network Association (RSNA) 513
15.2.1 IEEE 802.1X Port-Based Access Control 513
15.2.2 RSNA Establishment 515
15.2.3 Preauthentication 518
15.3 Keys and Key Distribution 519
15.3.1 Key Hierarchy 519
15.3.2 EAPOL-Key Frames 521
15.3.3 The Four-Way Handshake 523
15.3.4 Group Key Handshake 525
15.4 RSNA Data Confidentiality Protocols 525
15.4.1 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 525
15.4.2 Countermode with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP) 529
References 531
Chapter 16 Mobility Support 533
16.1 IEEE 802.11 Handoff Procedures 533
16.1.1 Scanning 534
16.1.2 Authentication 537
16.1.3 (Re)association 537
16.1.4 IEEE 802.11i Authentication and Key Management 539
16.1.5 IEEE 802.11e TS Setup 539
16.1.6 Layer-2 Versus Layer-3 Mobility 539
16.2 IEEE 802.11F for Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) 540
16.2.1 Inter-AP Communication 542
16.2.2 IAPP Operations 543
16.3 Mechanisms for Fast Scanning 545
16.3.1 Need for Fast Scanning 545
16.3.2 IEEE 802.11k for Fast Scanning 546
16.4 IEEE 802.11r for Fast Roaming 549
16.4.1 FT Key Hierarchy 550
16.4.2 FT Initial MD Association 552
16.4.3 FT Protocols 553
16.4.4 FT Resource Request Protocols 554
References 556
Selected Bibliography 557
Chapter 17 Spectrum and Power Management 559
17.1 Regulatory Requirements 559
17.1.1 TPC Requirements 560
17.1.2 DFS Requirements 561
17.2 Introduction to IEEE 802.11h 564
17.2.1 TPC Functions 564
17.2.2 DFS Functions 565
17.2.3 Layer Management Model 565
17.3 Transmit Power Control (TPC) 565
17.3.1 Association Based on Power Capability 566
17.3.2 Advertisement of Regulatory and Local Maximum 567
17.3.3 Transmit Power Adaptation 567
17.4 Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) 570
17.4.1 Association Based on Supported Channels 571
17.4.2 Quieting Channels for Testing 571
17.4.3 Measurement Request and Report 571
17.4.4 Channel Switch in Infrastructure BSS 573
17.4.4 Channel Switch in Infrastructure BSS 573
17.4.5 Channel Switch in IBSS 574
17.4.6 DFS Algorithm 575
References 577
Chapter 18 Ongoing Evolution of WiFi 579
18.1 IEEE 802.11n for Higher Throughput Support 579
18.1.1 HT Control Field for Closed-Loop Link Adaptation 580
18.1.2 Frame Aggregation 581
18.1.3 Other MAC Functions 583
18.1.4 HT PHY 586
18.2 IEEE 802.11s for Mesh Networking 593
18.2.1 WLAN Mesh Architecture 593
18.2.2 Frame Formats 594
18.2.3 Routing Protocols 595
18.3 IEEE 802.11k for Radio Resource Measurements 598
18.3.1 Measurement Types 598
References 599
Selected Bibliography 600
Acronyms 601
About the Authors 619
Index 623
Preface 17
Acknowledgments 23
Chapter 1 Preliminaries 25
1.1 Wireless Communication Channel Characteristics 26
1.1.1 Channel Gain 26
1.1.2 Fading 27
1.1.3 Channel Reinforcing Techniques 32
1.2 Frequency Spectrum for Wireless Communications 35
1.2.1 Frequency Spectrum for WiMAX 36
1.2.2 Frequency Spectrum for WiFi 40
1.3 Standardization History 44
1.3.1 IEEE 802.16/WiMAX Standardization 44
1.3.2 IEEE 802.11/WiFi Standardization 47
1.4 Mobile WiMAX Versus WiFi 54
1.4.1 Mobile WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access Networks 54
1.4.2 WiFi: Wireless Local Area Networks 58
1.4.3 Similarities and Differences 63
References 64
Selected Bibliography 66
Part I: Mobile WiMAX: Broadband Wireless Access Network 67
Chapter 2 Introduction to Mobile WiMAX Networks 71
2.1 Key Network Technologies 73
2.1.1 Duplexing: TDD 74
2.1.2 Multiple Access: OFDMA 75
2.1.3 Coding and Modulation 77
2.1.4 Multiple Antennas 80
2.1.5 Bandwidth Management 82
2.1.6 Retransmission: HARQ 83
2.1.7 Mobility Management 84
2.1.8 Security Management 86
2.2 Protocol Layering 87
2.2.1 Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer 88
2.2.2 MAC Common Part Sublayer 89
2.2.3 Security Sublayer 90
2.2.4 Physical Layer 90
2.3 Network Architecture 92
2.3.1 Network Reference Model 92
2.3.2 Functional Entities 93
2.3.3 Reference Points 95
2.4 Mobile WiMAX Versus Cellular Mobile Networks 96
2.4.1 Evolution of Cellular Mobile Networks 96
2.4.2 Comparison of Mobile WiMAX and Cellular Mobile Networks 99
2.4.3 Mobile WiMAX to Cellular Mobile Network Interworking 102
References 106
Selected Bibliography 107
Chapter 3 Network Initialization and Maintenance 109
3.1 Network Discovery 111
3.1.1 Scanning 112
3.1.2 Synchronization 112
3.1.3 Parameter Acquisition 112
3.2 Network Initialization 113
3.2.1 Initial Ranging 115
3.2.2 Basic Capabilities Negotiation 118
3.2.3 Authorization and Key Exchange 118
3.2.4 Registration 119
3.2.5 Establishing Connections 120
3.3 Connection Setup 120
3.3.1 Basic Connection Setup 120
3.3.2 QoS and Bandwidth Allocation 121
3.4 Nonconnected State 123
3.4.1 Sleep Mode 123
3.4.2 Idle Mode 124
3.5 Paging 124
3.6 Mobility 125
3.6.1 Nonconnected-State Mobility 126
3.6.2 Connected-State Mobility\u2014Handover 126
3.7 Maintenance 127
3.7.1 Synchronization 128
3.7.2 Periodic Ranging 128
3.7.3 Power Control 129
References 130
Selected Bibliography 130
Chapter 4 OFDMA PHY Framework 131
4.1 OFDMA Communication Signal Processing 131
4.1.1 Encoding and Modulation 132
4.1.2 Subcarrier Mapping and Transform 135
4.1.3 Transmit Processing 142
4.1.4 OFDMA System Parameters 146
4.2 Channel Coding and HARQ 148
4.2.1 Convolutional Code 148
4.2.1 Convolutional Code 148
4.2.2 Convolutional Turbo Code (CTC) 152
4.2.3 Hybrid ARQ 160
4.3 OFDMA Frame Structuring 163
4.3.1 OFDMA Slots and Bursts 163
4.3.2 OFDMA Frame 165
4.3.3 FCH and DL/UL MAPs 168
4.3.4 Burst Profiles 176
4.4 Subchannelization 180
4.4.1 DL PUSC 182
4.4.2 DL FUSC 184
4.4.3 UL PUSC 187
4.4.4 DL/UL AMC 189
References 193
Selected Bibliography 193
Chatper 5 MAC Framework 195
5.1 MAC Service-Specific Convergence Sublayer 195
5.1.1 Classification Functions 196
5.1.2 MAC SDU and CS PDU Formats 197
5.1.3 PHS Functions 199
5.2 MAC Common Part Sublayer 200
5.2.1 MAC CPS Functions 201
5.2.2 Addressing and Connections 203
5.2.3 MAC Management Messages 204
5.2.4 MAC PDU Formats 207
5.2.5 Construction and Transmission of MAC PDU 211
5.3 ARQ 212
5.3.1 ARQ Block Processing 212
5.3.2 ARQ Feedback 215
5.3.3 ARQ Operation 217
Reference 219
Selected Bibliography 219
Chapter 6 Bandwidth Management and QoS 221
6.1 Scheduling and Data Delivery Services 221
6.1.1 Scheduling Services 222
6.1.2 Data Delivery Services 226
6.2 Bandwidth Request and Allocation 227
6.2.1 Requests 227
6.2.2 Grants 228
6.2.3 Polling 228
6.3 QoS 229
6.3.1 Service Flows and Classes 231
6.3.2 QoS Messages and Parameters 232
6.3.3 QoS-Related Network Elements 234
6.3.4 Service Flow Setup/Release Procedures 237
6.3.5 Scheduling, CAC, and Policing 241
References 243
Selected Bibliography 243
Chapter 7 Mobility Support 245
7.1 Cellular Concept 245
7.1.1 Intercell Interference Management 246
7.1.2 Handover Management 251
7.2 Handover Procedure 253
7.2.1 Network Topology Acquisition 254
7.2.2 Handover Execution 254
7.2.3 Soft Handover 258
7.3 Power Saving 260
7.3.1 Sleep Mode 260
7.3.2 Idle Mode 265
References 271
Selected Bibliography 272
Chapter 8 Security Control 273
8.1 Fundamentals of Cryptography and Information Security 273
8.1.1 Cryptography 274
8.1.2 Encrypted Communication 275
8.1.3 Ciphers and Hash Functions 275
8.1.4 Practical Cryptographic Systems 279
8.1.5 Additional Security Components 282
8.1.6 Mobile WiMAX Security Overview 283
8.2 Security System Architecture 284
8.2.1 Security Association 285
8.2.2 Encapsulation 285
8.2.3 Authentication 286
8.2.4 Key Management 287
8.3 Key Management 288
8.3.1 PKMv1 289
8.3.2 PKMv2 291
8.3.3 State Machines for Key Exchange 296
References 302
Selected Bibliography 302
Chapter 9 Multiple Antenna Technology 305
9.1 Fundamentals of Multiple Antenna Technology 305
9.1.1 Multiple Antenna Techniques 306
9.1.2 Capacity of MIMO Channels 307
9.1.3 System Models 309
9.2 Open-Loop Technology 312
9.2.1 Transmit Diversity 313
9.2.2 Spatial Multiplexing 316
9.2.3 Mobile WiMAX Examples 319
9.3 Closed-Loop Technology 323
9.3.1 Precording 324
9.3.2 Multiuser MIMO 327
9.4 MIMO Receiver Algorithms 329
9.4.1 Maximum Likelihood Detection 329
9.4.2 Linear Detection 330
9.4.3 Near-Optimal Algorithms 332
References 335
Selected Bibliography 337
Chapter 10 WiBro: The First Mobile WiMAX System 339
10.1 WiBro Network Configuration 340
10.1.1 WiBro Network Architecture 340
10.1.2 ASN-GW 341
10.1.3 RAS (or BS) 342
10.1.4 CSN Servers 343
10.2 WiBro System Requirements 343
10.2.1 Requirements on Radio Access 343
10.2.2 Requirements on Networks and Services 344
10.2.3 Requirements on ACR and CSN 345
10.2.4 Requirements on RAS 346
10.3 RAS System Design 346
10.3.1 RAS Architecture 347
10.3.2 RAS Functions 349
10.4 ACR System Design 351
10.4.1 ACR Architecture 351
10.4.2 ACR Functions 352
10.5 Access Network Deployment 357
10.5.1 Access Network Planning 358
10.5.2 RNP Case Studies 360
10.5.3 Access Network Implementation and Optimization 361
10.6 Other Network Elements Deployment 362
10.6.1 Core Network Planning 363
10.6.2 Servers and Other Elements 364
10.7 WiBro Services 365
10.7.1 Service Platform 365
10.7.2 Core Application Services 366
10.7.3 Other Major Services 369
References 370
Selected Bibliography 370
Part II: WiFi: Wireless Local Area Networks 373
Chapter 11 Introduction to WiFi Networks 377
11.1 Network Architecture 380
11.1.1 Ad Hoc Network 381
11.1.2 Infrastructure Network 382
11.1.3 Distribution System (DS) and Extended Service Set (ESS) 383
11.2 Reference Model 384
11.3 Layer Interactions 385
11.3.1 MAC Message Types 386
11.3.2 Interaction Between MAC and PHY 386
11.3.3 Interaction Between MAC and IEEE 802.2 LLC 387
11.3.4 Interaction Between MAC and IEEE 802.1D MAC Bridge 389
11.4 Key Technologies 390
11.4.1 Multiple Access, Duplexing, and MAC 392
11.4.2 Multiple Transmission Rate Support 392
11.4.3 Power-Saving Schemes 393
11.4.4 Mobility Support 393
11.4.5 Access Control and Confidentiality Support 394
11.4.6 Spectrum and Transmit Power Management 394
11.4.7 Traffic Differentiation and QoS Support 394
References 395
Selected Bibliography 396
Chapter 12 PHY Protocols 397
12.1 IEEE 802.11 PHY Operations 397
12.1.1 Frame Transmission 397
12.1.2 Frame Reception 398
12.1.3 CCA Operations 399
12.2 IEEE 802.11a OFDM PHY in 5 GHz 400
12.2.1 Modulation and Coding Schemes 400
12.2.2 OFDM PLCP Sublayer 401
12.2.3 Physical Medium\u2013Dependent (PMD) Operations 406
12.2.4 Reduced-Clock Operations 411
12.3 IEEE 802.11b HR/DSSS PHY in 2.4 GHz 411
12.3.1 PLCP Sublayer 412
12.3.2 Modulation Schemes 415
12.3.3 PMD Operations 417
12.4 IEEE 802.11g ER PHY in 2.4 GHz 420
12.4.1 Mandatory and Optional Modes 420
12.4.2 Coexistence with IEEE 802.11b 420
References 421
Chapter 13 Baseline MAC Protocol 423
13.1 MAC Frame Formats 423
13.1.1 General Frame Format 424
13.1.2 Data Frames 432
13.1.3 Control Frames 433
13.1.4 Management Frames 436
13.2 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) 439
13.2.1 CSMA/CA Basic Access Procedure 439
13.2.2 Interframe Spaces (IFSs) 444
13.2.3 Virtual Carrier Sensing 446
13.2.4 Recovery Via ARQ 446
13.2.5 RTS/CTS 447
13.2.6 Fragmentation 449
13.2.7 Throughput Performance 451
13.3 Point Coordination Function (PCF) 453
13.3.1 CFP Structure and Timing 453
13.3.2 Basic Access Procedure 454
13.4 Other MAC Operations 456
13.4.1 Unicast Versus Multicast Versus Broadcast 456
13.4.2 Multirate Support 456
13.5 MAC Management 459
13.5.1 Time Synchronization 459
13.5.2 Power Management 461
13.5.3 (Re)association 465
13.5.4 Management Information Base 466
References 466
Chapter 14 QoS Provisioning 469
14.1 Introduction to IEEE 802.11e 469
14.1.1 Limitations of Baseline MAC 470
14.2 Key Concepts 471
14.2.1 Prioritized Versus Parameterized QoS 471
14.2.2 Traffic Identifier (TID) 472
14.2.3 Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) 472
14.2.4 QoS Control Field 473
14.3 IEEE 802.11e Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) 475
14.3.1 Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) 476
14.3.2 HCF Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) 482
14.4 Admission Control and Scheduling 485
14.4.1 TS Operations 485
14.4.2 Information Elements for TS 488
14.4.3 Admission Control and Scheduling Policies 494
14.5 Other Optional Features 498
14.5.1 Direct Link Setup (DLS) 498
14.5.2 Block Ack 499
14.5.3 Automatic Power Save Delivery (APSD) 503
References 504
Selected Bibliography 505
Chapter 15 Security Mechanisms 507
15.1 Pre-RSNA Security 507
15.1.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 508
15.1.2 Pre-RSNA Authentication 510
15.1.3 Limitations of Pre-RSNA 512
15.2 Robust Security Network Association (RSNA) 513
15.2.1 IEEE 802.1X Port-Based Access Control 513
15.2.2 RSNA Establishment 515
15.2.3 Preauthentication 518
15.3 Keys and Key Distribution 519
15.3.1 Key Hierarchy 519
15.3.2 EAPOL-Key Frames 521
15.3.3 The Four-Way Handshake 523
15.3.4 Group Key Handshake 525
15.4 RSNA Data Confidentiality Protocols 525
15.4.1 Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) 525
15.4.2 Countermode with CBC-MAC Protocol (CCMP) 529
References 531
Chapter 16 Mobility Support 533
16.1 IEEE 802.11 Handoff Procedures 533
16.1.1 Scanning 534
16.1.2 Authentication 537
16.1.3 (Re)association 537
16.1.4 IEEE 802.11i Authentication and Key Management 539
16.1.5 IEEE 802.11e TS Setup 539
16.1.6 Layer-2 Versus Layer-3 Mobility 539
16.2 IEEE 802.11F for Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP) 540
16.2.1 Inter-AP Communication 542
16.2.2 IAPP Operations 543
16.3 Mechanisms for Fast Scanning 545
16.3.1 Need for Fast Scanning 545
16.3.2 IEEE 802.11k for Fast Scanning 546
16.4 IEEE 802.11r for Fast Roaming 549
16.4.1 FT Key Hierarchy 550
16.4.2 FT Initial MD Association 552
16.4.3 FT Protocols 553
16.4.4 FT Resource Request Protocols 554
References 556
Selected Bibliography 557
Chapter 17 Spectrum and Power Management 559
17.1 Regulatory Requirements 559
17.1.1 TPC Requirements 560
17.1.2 DFS Requirements 561
17.2 Introduction to IEEE 802.11h 564
17.2.1 TPC Functions 564
17.2.2 DFS Functions 565
17.2.3 Layer Management Model 565
17.3 Transmit Power Control (TPC) 565
17.3.1 Association Based on Power Capability 566
17.3.2 Advertisement of Regulatory and Local Maximum 567
17.3.3 Transmit Power Adaptation 567
17.4 Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) 570
17.4.1 Association Based on Supported Channels 571
17.4.2 Quieting Channels for Testing 571
17.4.3 Measurement Request and Report 571
17.4.4 Channel Switch in Infrastructure BSS 573
17.4.4 Channel Switch in Infrastructure BSS 573
17.4.5 Channel Switch in IBSS 574
17.4.6 DFS Algorithm 575
References 577
Chapter 18 Ongoing Evolution of WiFi 579
18.1 IEEE 802.11n for Higher Throughput Support 579
18.1.1 HT Control Field for Closed-Loop Link Adaptation 580
18.1.2 Frame Aggregation 581
18.1.3 Other MAC Functions 583
18.1.4 HT PHY 586
18.2 IEEE 802.11s for Mesh Networking 593
18.2.1 WLAN Mesh Architecture 593
18.2.2 Frame Formats 594
18.2.3 Routing Protocols 595
18.3 IEEE 802.11k for Radio Resource Measurements 598
18.3.1 Measurement Types 598
References 599
Selected Bibliography 600
Acronyms 601
About the Authors 619
Index 623
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