Language testing and validation: an evidence-based approach

　　General Editors' Preface
　　Acknowledgements
　　Abbreviations
　　Introduction
　　Part I Testing as Validity
　　 1 Language Testing Past and Present
　　 1.1 The Cambridge Proficiency Examination 191'3-1945:'The Garden of Eden', 'the pre-scientific era'
　　 1.2 Developments in the 1960s:'themove towards a language-based examination
　　 1.3 The 1975 and 1984 revisions: 'The Promised Land'?
　　 2 The Nature of Test Validity
　　 3 Before the Test Event: A Priori Validity Evidence
　　 3.1 Theory-based validity
　　 3.2 Context validity
　　 4 After the Test Event: A Posteriori Validity Evidence
　　 4.1 Scoring validity
　　 4.2 Criterion-related validity
　　 4.3 Consequential validity
　　Part 2 New Frameworks for Developing and Validating Tests of Reading, Listening, Speaking and Writing Introduction
　　 5 Test Takers
　　 5.1 Physical/physiological characteristics: making accommodations
　　 5.2 Psychological characteristics: affective schemata
　　 5.3 Experiential characteristics: familiarity
　　 6 Context Validity in Action
　　 6.1 Task setting
　　 6.2 Task demands
　　 6.3 Setting and test administration
　　 7 Theory-based Validity in Action
　　 7.1 Reading
　　 7.2 Listening
　　 7.3 Speaking
　　 7.4 Writing
　　 8 Response Formats
　　 8.1 Techniques for testing reading comprehension
　　 8.2 Techniques for testing listening comprehension
　　 8.3 Techniques for testing speaking
　　 8.4 Techniques for testing written production
　　 9 Scoring Validity in Action
　　 9.1 Scoring written production
　　 9.2 Scoring speaking tests
　　 9.3 Internal reliability of receptive tests
　　 9.4 Scores, grading, and post-exam validation procedures
　　 10 External Validities in Action
　　 10.1 Criterion-related validity
　　 10.2 Consequential validity
　　Part 3 Generating Validity Evidence Introduction
　　 11 Research Methodologies for Exploring the Validity of a Test
　　 11.1 An introductory note on research
　　 11.2 A priori validation: investigating the specification of,the, construct and the operationalization of t.he test
　　 11.3 Establishing context validity
　　 11.4 Establishing theory-based validity evidence
　　 11.5 Establishing scoring validity evidence
　　 11.6 Establishing evidence on a posteriori validities
　　Part 4 Further Resources in Language Testing
　　 12 Key Sources
　　 12.1 Books
　　 12.2 Journals
　　 12.3 Professional associations
　　 12.4 Principal testing conferences
　　 12.5 Email lists and bulletin boards
　　 12.6 lnternet sites
　　 12.7 Databases
　　 12.8 Statistical packages
　　Postscript
　　References
　　Index